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Digitalisierung und Georeferenzierung einer überdimensionalen historischen Karte der Landvogtei Neuland (Winsen/Luhe) mittels Structure-from-Motion (SfM) Photogrammetrie
Full text linkThe study of historical maps has gained significant importance in recent years due to their ability to shed light on past geographical and topographic landscapes since they serve as crucial sources for understanding past conditions. They not only provide insights into the geography and topography during the time they were created but also allow for studying long-term changes over time. In this study, an oversized historical map of the Bailiwick of Neuland from the years 1780 to 1790 was discovered in the archives of the municipal building office in Winsen an der Luhe, Germany. The map, measuring approximately 5 m × 2 m, was digitised by photogrammetric methods and subsequently georeferenced. The process involved photographing the map with two different cameras and two UAV systems at the Geodetic Laboratory of HafenCity University Hamburg. This allowed to generate a high-resolution orthophoto from each data set. The resulting orthophoto achieved a pixel size of 0.2 mm, ensuring a detailed representation of the map. To ensure accuracy, the best photo block was scaled in a bundle block adjustment using ground control points with an accuracy of 1 mm and scale bars with an accuracy of 0.1 mm. Georeferencing of the historical map was conducted using current digital orthophotos of Lower Saxony with a resolution of 20 cm. A third-degree polynomial transformation was applied during georeferencing, resulting in mean residuals of 2.5 m at the ground control points. This process ensured that the historical map was accurately aligned with the current digital orthophotos, allowing for precise spatial referencing.Historische Karten sind eine wichtige Quelle für Informationen über die geografische und topografische Situation zum entsprechenden Zeitpunkt in der Vergangenheit. Mit Hilfe dieses Wissens lässt sich nicht nur erforschen, wie die Geografie und Topografie zur Zeit der Karte aussahen, sondern auch, wie sich die Situation über lange Zeiträume hinweg verändert hat. Eine überdimensionale historische Karte der Vogtei Neuland aus den Jahren 1780 bis 1790 wurde in einem Spezialmagazin des städtischen Bauamtes in Winsen an der Luhe, Deutschland, gefunden. Sie misst etwa 5 m × 2 m und wurde mit photogrammetrischen Methoden digitalisiert und anschließend georeferenziert. Die Karte wurde im Geodätischen Labor der HafenCity Universität Hamburg mit zwei verschiedenen Kameras und zwei UAV-Systemen erfasst, um aus den verschiedenen Datensätzen jeweils ein hochauflösendes Orthophoto zu erzeugen. Als höchste Auflösung wurde für das Orthophoto eine Pixelgröße von 0,2 mm erreicht, und der beste Bildverband wurde mit einer Genauigkeit von 1 mm anhand von Passpunkten und 0,1 mm anhand von Maßstäben in einer Bündelblockausgleichung skaliert. Die Georeferenzierung der historischen Karte erfolgte anhand von digitalisierten natürlichen Passpunkten in aktuellen digitalen Orthophotos mit einer Auflösung von 20 cm. Als Ergebnis für die Georeferenzierung mit einer Polynomtransformation 3. Grades wurden durchschnittliche Residuen von 2.5 m an den Passpunkten erreicht
The green window view index: automated multi-source visibility analysis for a multi-scale assessment of green window views
Full text linkContext: Providing accessible urban green spaces is crucial for planning and ensuring healthy, resilient, and sustainable cities. The importance of visually accessible urban green spaces increases due to inner urban development processes.
Objectives: This article proposes a new index, the Green Window View Index (GWVI) for analyzing and assessing visible vegetation, that promotes an integrated planning of urban green spaces and buildings at different scales and levels. It is defined as the proportion of visible vegetation area in a field of view when looking out of a specific window with a defined distance to the window.
Methods: The method for estimating GWVI consists of three steps: (a) the modeling of the three-dimensional environment, (b) the simulation of the two-dimensional window views using modern rendering engines for three-dimensional graphics, (c) the computation of the GWVI. The method is proposed and tested through a case study of the urban area of Bonn, Germany, using a Digital Terrain Model (DTM), CityGML-based semantic 3D City Model at level of detail (LoD) 2, airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data, and 2D land use data from the official German property cadaster information system (ALKIS).
Results: With an average processing time of 0.05 s per window view, an average GWVI of 26.00% could be calculated for the entire study area and visualized in both 2D and 3D.
Conclusion: The proposed engine generates multi-scale visibility values for various vegetation shapes. These values are intended for use in participatory citizenship and decision-making processes for analysis by architects, real-estate appraisers, investors, and urban as well as landscape planners
Exploring a geodesign approach for circular economy transition of cities and regions: Three European cases
Full text linkTransitioning towards a circular built environment and turning waste into resources have become one of the new sustainability paradigms today. However, a circular transition can be considered a ‘wicked problem’. The multiple dimensions and scales of the circular transition and its substantial spatial implications fit well into the planning approach of Geodesign. The Horizon 2020 funded project “Resource Management in the periurban Areas - Going beyond Urban Metabolism (REPAiR)” implemented an innovative Geodesign approach. Moreover, it explored its capability to support spatial decision-making processes for the circular economy transition of the built environment within urban planning practices. This article aims to understand to what extent a process of Geodesign, which is conducted with the support of a digital tool and a Living Lab approach, can support the creation of localised circular economy strategies and foster the circular economy transition in cities and territories. The analysis explores and compares the results of three European cases -Amsterdam, Hamburg and Naples. It considers the kind of data input required to run the process in every phase, the stakeholders involved and their typology, the specific urban or territorial, planning and governance scales of analysis, and the final output definition after the Geodesign process implementation. The approach outputs constitute a decision support system for easing negotiations between local actors regarding the circularity strategies to implement. The findings reveal an intertwinement between different forms of knowledge included in the process, ranging from sustainability to governance and design, and the actors engaged in planning a circularity transition spatially. However, even using similar starting data, the local information and the starting conditions strongly influence the process and the types of strategies elaborated in each case
Die Auswirkungen von Bewohnerparkgebieten auf das Mobilitätsverhalten der Bewohner*innen
Full text linkDas Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die Auswirkungen von Bewohnerparkgebieten auf das Mobilitätsverhalten der Bewohner*innen anhand von zwei Hamburger Bewohnerparkgebieten zu erforschen. Dazu wird die folgende Forschungsfrage formuliert: Inwiefern hat die Ausweisung und Einführung von Bewohnerparkgebieten in Hamburg Auswirkungen auf das Mobilitätsverhalten der Bewohner*innen?
Um die Forschungsfrage zu beantworten, wurde eine quantitative Bewohner*innenbefragung in den sich soziodemografisch voneinander unterscheidenden Gebieten „Spielbudenplatz“ und „Altonaer Kinderkrankenhaus“ durchgeführt. Ergänzend fanden Gespräche mit verschiedenen Expert*innen statt.
Die Befragung zeigte, dass die Bewohner*innen ihr Mobilitätsverhalten aufgrund der Einrichtung von Bewohnerparkgebieten wenig verändern. Der Großteil beider Stichproben gibt ein gleichbleibendes Mobilitätsverhalten an. Lediglich ein kleiner Teil nutzt den Pkw seltener oder legt häufiger Wege zu Fuß, mit dem Fahrrad oder dem öffentlichen Personennahverkehr zurück.
Dies zeigt, dass die Einrichtung von Bewohnerparkgebieten wenig Einfluss auf das Mobilitätsverhalten der Bewohner*innen beider Stichproben hat. Es ist vielmehr eine Maßnahme, welche im Zusammenspiel mit weiteren verkehrlichen und straßenräumlichen Maßnahmen gedacht werden sollte, um auch die Bewohner*innen zu einer umweltfreundlicheren Mobilität zu motivieren.The goal of this thesis is to investigate the impact of residential parking zones on the mobility behaviour of residents, by means of considering two residential parking zones in Hamburg. For this, a research question has been set: in how far has the designation of speicific residential parking zones an impact on the mobility behaviour of the residents?
In order to answer the research question, a quantitative survey of residents was carried out in two areas with diverging socio-demographic factors, namely „Spielbudenplatz“ and „Altonaer Kinderkrankenhaus“. Complementary conversations with experts were conducted.
The survey showed that the change in behaviour of the respondents due to the establishment of resident parking zones was exceedingly slight. Most respondents of both sample groups stated that their mobility behaviour remained identical. Only a small share of respondents said that they use the car less often, or undertake trips more regularly by foot, bike or public transport.
All in all, this demonstrates that the establishment of resident parking zones had very little influence on the mobility behaviour of both sample groups. Therefore, it is rather a provision that should be used in interaction with other public street space as well as traffic-oriented measures, in order to encourage environmental friendly forms of mobility of the residents
Influence of GIA Uncertainty on Climate Model Evaluation With GRACE/GRACE‐FO Satellite Gravimetry Data
Full text linkGlobal coupled climate models are in continuous need for evaluation against independent observations to reveal systematic model deficits and uncertainties. Changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS) as measured by satellite gravimetry missions GRACE and GRACE-FO provide valuable information on wetting and drying trends over the continents. Challenges arising from a comparison of observed and modelled water storage trends are related to gravity observations including non-water related variations such as, for example, glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). Therefore, correcting secular changes in the Earth's gravity field caused by ongoing GIA is important for the monitoring of long-term changes in terrestrial water from GRACE in particular in former ice-covered regions. By utilizing a new ensemble of 56 individual realizations of GIA signals based on perturbations of mantle viscosities and ice history, we find that many of those alternative GIA corrections change the direction of GRACE-derived water storage trends, for example, from gaining mass into drying conditions, in particular in Eastern Canada. The change in the sign of the TWS trends subsequently impacts the conclusions drawn from using GRACE as observational basis for the evaluation of climate models as it influences the dis-/agreement between observed and modelled wetting/drying trends. A modified GIA correction, a combined GRACE/GRACE-FO data record extending over two decades, and a new generation of climate model experiments leads to substantially larger continental areas where wetting/drying trends currently observed by satellite missions coincide with long-term predictions obtained from climate model experiments
Democratizing the Design and Planning of the Built Environment Through Participation in Digital Age
Full text linkContemporary approaches and attitudes toward participation and digital participation are drawn from articles, legislation, and guidelines. However, it was observed that there is a lack of material covering critique of the subject. This includes past digital participation experiences in the city of Hamburg and other European cities, debates, and presentations, as well as conversations with professionals who work in connection to digital participation. Additionally, fields outside of architecture were also considered, looking at texts by theorists in sociology, political theory, architecture, and urbanism. The aim is to go beyond architectural discourse through the lens of an architect to provide a critical point of view on digital participation. Through this, it is intended to offer new perspectives and contribute to better digital participatory design.
In this paper, digital participation and participation in the built environment were considered. The sector of design is public projects, both publicly and privately funded. From the theoretical view, it is planned to start with explaining why the democratic approach is important and see participation as the backbone of democracy. Then, participation is considered as a design and planning tool, and by having a critical view of it, the threats and dangers of participation are discussed, especially in the digital age. In the next step, it is observed in which areas the digital format of participation could provide possible solutions and also in which areas they face the same hindrances. The context for the topic of digital participation is mostly happening at the urban level. The focus of these projects is on a wider scale, and mostly they are pilot projects to understand the way people communicate with these tools. The participation domain may stretch widely across different layers of a project, from design to construction. The primary motive for the involvement of people is the strong belief of the architects that with participation, we achieve higher quality design.
In the end, after a comparison of different projects with the approach of participation and expert interviews, a set of guidelines for participation with the help of digital tools is concluded
Dark-is-More Bias auch im Dunkelmodus? Wahrnehmung von Farben in Choroplethenkarten im Dunkelmodus
Full text linkDark mode is an increasingly common design option in which a dark screen background is used with light-coloured text and graphic elements. This option is, therefore, also relevant for the design of screen maps. This article examines the question of whether a “light-is-more bias” also applies in dark mode for the display of choropleth maps, analogous to the “dark-is-more bias” with light backgrounds (i.e. that dark colours are associated with greater attribute values). However, the results of an online study with 214 people show that the dark-is-more bias is still clearly the most frequently used strategy. This frequency is slightly lower compared to the light mode, and it is depending on the specific colour scheme for the dark mode and on user’s expertise. The study results also allow general design recommendations for dark-mode colour schemes for maps.Der Dunkelmodus (engl.: dark mode) ist eine immer häufiger verwendete Gestaltungsoption, bei der ein dunkler Bildschirm-Hintergrund mit hellen Text- und Graphikelementen verwendet wird. Diese Option gewinnt auch wachsende Bedeutung für die Gestaltung von Bildschirmkarten. In diesem Beitrag wird der Vermutung nachgegangen, dass bei der Nutzung von Choroplethenkarten analog zum „dark-is-more bias“ bei hellen Hintergründen (d. h., dass dunkle Farben größere Attributwerte repräsentieren) ein „light-is-more bias“ im Dunkelmodus gilt. Die Ergebnisse einer Online-Studie mit 214 Personen belegen jedoch, dass weiterhin der dark-is-more bias auch für den Dunkelmodus die eindeutig die häufigste Anwendung findet. Diese Häufigkeit fällt gegenüber dem Hellmodus etwas geringer aus, ist abhängig vom gewählten Farbschema für den Dunkelmodus und variiert je nach Nutzerexpertise. Die Studienergebnisse erlauben auch generelle Gestaltungsempfehlungen für künftige Dunkelmodus-Farbschemata für Karten
UBER IN EXURBIA: Peripheral Platformization, Post-Suburbanization and the Public–Private Ridehail Partnership in the Toronto City Region
Full text linkAfter their widespread legalization, ridehailing companies Uber and Lyft soon embarked on a new stage of their respective business models: the initiation of a wave of strategic partnerships with local and regional transit agencies across the North American continent. This article accounts for this trend by putting forward the concept of the public–private ridehail partnership (PPRP). It aims to render visible the PPRP as a variously contradictory attempt to splice Uber and Lyft's platform-based business models with the existing social and physical realities of North American post-suburban space. While conceived as a strategic response to pressing sub- and exurban problems such as low physical densities, widespread car centrism and extensive transit undersupply, the PPRP, as I argue, is neither able to adequately address these dilemmas nor to ultimately resolve them. Rather, the PPRP latches onto old—and sets in motion new—powerful dynamics of heightened uneven development and continued urban entrepreneurialism. Each of these two dynamics is explored through empirical analyses of two recent PPRPs in the Toronto city region: the Lyft–Metrolinx pilot carried out between July and December 2019; and Uber's ongoing partnership with the town of Innisfil, located about 80 km north of downtown Toronto
Diasporic Urbanism: Social and spatial agency of the Eritrean and Ethiopian community in the (trans)local urban context of Hamburg
Full text linkThis master thesis in the field of urban design explores spatial and social, material and immaterial aspects of ‘Diasporic Urbanism’ as an expression of the interdependencies between globalization and rapid urbanization in present times. A grounded and ‘creolized’ research approach guides the empirical analysis starting from stories out of the Eritrean and Ethiopian community and concrete places they create, use, transform and maintain in the city of Hamburg, Germany. Ethnographic mappings of socio-cultural and economic practices of particular localities, as well as network drawings tracing (trans)local flows of people, money, goods and information, are used to document and analyse multiple, cross-scale dimensions of diasporic space and agency in the urban setting. The situated findings regarding diasporic organizing and place-making uncover existing challenges and coping strategies from within the community. These are contextualized and discussed referring to theory from urban and cultural studies. This work aims to move beyond debates of integration of ‘the other’ by acknowledging the active, space-constituting role of diasporic subjects in the unfolding story of contemporary cities. By means of a radical change in perspective, this research challenges existing urban planning practices and offers knowledge for future development processes in post-migrant cities that take the realities of growing transnational and transcultural urban communities into account
Factoring Building Refurbishment and Climatic Effect into Heat Demand Assessments and Forecasts: Case Study and Open Datasets for Germany
Full text linkReducing the heat demand of existing buildings is an essential prerequisite for achieving a greenhouse gas-neutral energy supply. Numerous studies and open-source tools deal with heat demand mapping. It is not uncommon that estimated heat demands deviate from real heat consumption, so existing approaches should be improved by including in-depth building information. Some tools have recognised this problem and offer built-in functions for factoring various parameters into their assessments. Nevertheless, the necessary information is usually missing and should be obtained first. In this paper, we analyse the impact of thermal refurbishment and climate on building heat demand; hence, generate public datasets with corresponding key figures for each building type in different efficiency states and years. Accounting for already performed refurbishments in methodologies for assessing the actual state heat demand for cities will result in a reduction of at least 8% up to more than 21%, depending on whether conventional or passive house components were installed. As a result of climatic differences within Germany, a building’s heat demand can be up to 39% higher or up to 21% lower than the heat demand of an identical building in the reference climate of Germany. By further developing the approaches of the tools Hotmaps and Heat Cadastre Hamburg, we could improve the estimated heat demand of Hamburg to a value approximating the real consumption