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Civil Society Involvement in Smart Cities: Citizen Participation or User Co-Creation?
Get PDFThe concept of smart city development – understood as practices in which multiple and diverse actors collaboratively pursue technology-based urban governance – has evolved significantly over the past decades. Once linked to governance practices in which large technology companies became indispensable providers of know-how and technological devices, smart city development increasingly also involves civil society actors in variegated – and understudied – ways. In this dissertation, I argue that diverging understandings of smart city development are linked to different forms of civil society involvement. On one hand, smart city development represents a technologically-orientated instrument of urban planning. Citizens are involved in this planning instrument as democratically legitimated stakeholders whose citizenship prescribes them a say in urban planning decisions. On the other hand, smart city developments are also urban governance practices concerned with the creation and improvement of a technology-orientated entrepreneurial ecosystems. As such entrepreneurial ecosystems, smart city developments involve civil society actors as value co-creating users that provide indispensable day-to-day knowledge that improve entrepreneurial activities.
I first looked into Amsterdam’s smart city development as a “most likely” critical case to test the limits of civil society involvement in these developments. I then drew on two “paradigmatic” cases – the Gebiedonline and Decidim platforms – to analyze the relational structures through which civil society actors can overcome the limits established in the preceding case study. My findings advance an understanding of smart city development as being both a planning instrument and an entrepreneurial ecosystem in which both citizen participation and value co-creation can take place. Despite efforts to highlight its participatory character; and while civil society involvement is configured around ideals enabling citizen participation and co-creating value with users; involvement in smart city development emphasizes broadening the sets of actors involved in the creation of value rather than involving more citizen as participants in political debates. This is the case for the following reasons. Firstly, civil society involvement is more selective than propagated in the official rhetoric. Secondly, the involvement of social civil society actors is limited to specific thematic areas and actor constellations. Thirdly, the pro-active engagement of social civil society actors is only enabled through intermediary actors such as local government organizations and economic civil society actors (e.g. cooperatives). This dissertation thus disentangles two notions of civil society involvement – citizen participation and user co-creation. This way, I advance the debates on how and to what extent civil society actors are involved in the instruments of digital and algorithmic urban governance that smart city development implies. Furthermore, I propose new conceptualizations for the field economic geography concerning the relational constellations in which value is co-created with users.Das Konzept der Smart City Entwicklung – hier definiert als Praktiken, bei denen mehrere und diverse Akteursgruppen gemeinsam eine technologiegestützte städtische Governance anstreben – hat sich in den vergangenen Jahren dahingehend entwickelt, dass zwingend auch verschiedene zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure auf unterschiedliche – und untererforschte – Weisen einbezogen werden. Diese Dissertation zeigt auf, wie unterschiedliche Auffassungen der Smart City Entwicklung mit verschiedenen Formen von zivilgesellschaftlicher Teilnahme verknüpft sind. Auf der einen Seite stellt die Entwicklung von Smart Cities ein technologiebasiertes Instrument der Stadtplanung dar. Die Bürger: innen sind an diesem Planungsinstrument als demokratisch legitimierte Akteure beteiligt. Auf der anderen Seite beinhaltet Smart City Entwicklung aber auch städtische Governance-Praktiken, die sich mit der Schaffung und Verbesserung eines technologieorientierten unternehmerischen Ökosystems befassen. Als solche bezieht die Entwicklung von Smart Cities zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure als wertschöpfende Nutzer (vgl. engl. value co-creating user) mit ein, mit Alltagswissen unternehmerischen Aktivitäten unterstützen.
In dieser Dissertation untersuche ich zunächst die Smart City Entwicklung in Amsterdam als "wahrscheinlichsten" kritischen Fall, um die Grenzen der Beteiligung der Zivilgesellschaft zu testen. Im Anschluss ziehe ich zwei paradigmatische Fälle – die Platt-formen Gebiedonline und Decidim – heran, um die Beziehungsstrukturen zu analysieren, durch die zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure, die in der vorangegangenen Fallstudie ermittelten Grenzen überwinden können. Meine Ergebnisse unterstützen ein zweiseitiges Verständnis der Entwicklung von Smart Cities, das diese Entwicklungen sowohl als Planungs-instrument und als auch als unternehmerisches Ökosystem erkennt. Die Entwicklung von Smart Cities stützt sich, auch wenn in unterschiedlicher Intensität, sowohl auf Bürger-beteiligung als auch auf gemeinsame Wertschöpfung (vgl. engl. value co-creation). Trotz der Bemühungen, den partizipatorischen Charakter hervorzuheben; und obwohl die Beteiligung der Zivilgesellschaft auf den Idealen der Ermöglichung von Bürgerbeteiligung und der gemeinsamen Wertschöpfung mit den Nutzern beruht; fokussiert sich die zivilgesellschaftliche Teilnahme in der Smart City Entwicklung vor allem auf die Erweiterung der an der Wertschöpfung beteiligten Akteure und nicht auf größere Partizipation in politische Debatten. Dies begründet sich darin, dass die Beteiligung der Zivilgesellschaft zum einen selektiver ist als in der offiziellen Rhetorik propagiert. Darüber hinaus ist sie auf bestimmte Themenbereiche und Akteurskonstellationen beschränkt. Außerdem wird das proaktive Engagement sozialer zivilgesellschaftlicher Akteure nur mittelbar durch lokale Regierungsorganisationen oder hybride wirtschaftlich-zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure (z.B. Genossenschaften) ermöglicht. Diese Dissertation entflechtet somit zwei Begriffe der zivilgesellschaftlichen Beteiligung: Bürgerbeteiligung und gemeinsame Wertschöpfung mit dem Nutzer. Hierbei werden Debatten darüber vorangetrieben wird, wie und in welchem Ausmaß zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure an den Instrumenten der digitalen und algorithmischen urbanen Governance beteiligt sind. Ferner wird auch die wirtschaftsgeographische Konzeptualisierung der relationalen Konstella-tionen durch welche Nutzer an Wertschöpfung teilnehmen weiterentwickelt
The transformational power of real-life experiments for the mobility transition in cities: How temporary car-free zones are changing city centres for the long term
Get PDFTo reduce CO2 emissions to a sufficient extent, transformations are needed that have an impact and inspire people to imagine different futures. Real-life experiments (e. g., temporary car-free zones) are seen as a suitable instrument to induce transformation and to contribute to the mobility transition. Through a literature review on transformative research and the empirical case analysis of two temporary car-free zones in Hamburg, Germany, the transformative effect of real-life experiments was investigated. In this article, the history and evolution of experimental practice in urban spaces is described and four types of car-free zones are introduced. The analysis demonstrates that real-life experiments are drivers of transformation. A newly developed ideal-typical process, consisting of eight steps for initiating and planning temporary car-free zones is presented. It is aimed at helping practitioners design such zones to optimize their transformational power for sustainable urban development
Wärmeverluste von Kunstoffmantelrohrverbindungen
Get PDFDie Berechnung der Wärmeverluste erfolgt in der Fernwärmepraxis nach der DIN EN 13941-1 Anhang D und mit den vom Hersteller angegebenen Kennwerten. Mit diesen Methoden bestimmte Wärmeverluste weichen aufgrund der enthaltenen Annahmen häufig von den im Betrieb gemessenen Wärmeverlusten ab, sodass für eine genaue Bestimmung eine kosten- und zeitaufwändige Modellierung des Systems erforderlich ist. In der Berechnung der Wärmeverluste in der DIN EN 13941-1 werden die Rohrverbindungen, die bei diskontinuierlich hergestellten Systemen etwa alle 6-12 Meter montiert werden müssen, nicht berücksichtigt. In einer Studie an der HCU wurde ein Probekörper mit einer Schrumpfmuffenverbindung auf 120 °C temperiert und die Temperatur an der Mantelrohroberfläche mit einer Wärmebildkamera gemessen, um den Einfluss der Rohrverbindung auf die Wärmeverluste des Systems abschätzen zu können. Für das untersuchte System sind die Wärmeverluste der Rohrleitung rund 15 % höher als die Wärmeverluste der Muffenverbindung. Bei Muffenverbindungen mit Querschnittsaufweitung werden die Wärmeverluste durch die Berechnung nach DIN EN 13941-1 überschätzt, wenn die Schaumeigenschaften der Verbindung denen des geraden Rohres entsprechen. Die Differenz der Wärmeverluste hängt in diesem Fall maßgeblich von dem Durchmesserunterschied zwischen dem Rohr und der Verbindung ab. Aufgrund der abweichenden Randbedingungen bei erdverlegten Fernwärmeleitungen und dem gegenseitigen thermischen Einfluss von Vorlauf und Rücklauf, sind die Ergebnisse nur bedingt auf erdverlegte Systeme übertragbar
Selective inclusion: Civil society involvement in the smart city ecology of Amsterdam
Get PDFAlthough research on smart cities increasingly acknowledges the involvement of civil society actors, most studies fall short when it comes to clarifying the specific modalities of civil society involvement. By probing into the smart city ecology that has developed around the Amsterdam Smart City-Foundation, we explore not only the extent to which the civil society is part of a smart city ecology but also what role civil society actors hold within this ecology. This article draws on data gathered and analyzed through quantitative and qualitative methods. The qualitative analysis focuses on analyzing the institutional dynamics that shape civil society involvement in Amsterdam’s smart city ecology. The quantitative data are used to unravel the relational dynamics by quantifying collaborative patterns between different types of organizations in Amsterdam’s smart city ecology. Our findings reveal that powerful institutional dynamics, manifested through normative pressures, favor the involvement of socially oriented civil society actors. At the same time, however, relational dynamics that shape the collaborative patterns in the projects of the ecology rather exclude the socially oriented civil society at the benefit of an economically oriented civil society. In other words, while the entire ecology rhetorically adheres to an ethos of pervasive civil society involvement, politically, socially, and civically oriented civil society actors lack inter-organizational collaboration—even in the supposedly inclusive context of Amsterdam
Uncertainties of GRACE-Based Terrestrial Water Storage Anomalies for Arbitrary Averaging Regions
Get PDFThe application of terrestrial water storage (TWS) data observed with GRACE and GRACE-FO often requires realistic uncertainties. For gridded TWS data, this requires the knowledge of the covariances, which can be derived from the formal, i.e., formally estimated in the parameter estimation, variance-covariance matrix provided together with the Stokes coefficients. However, the propagation of monthly variance-covariance matrices to TWS data is computationally expensive, so we apply a spatial covariance model for TWS data. The covariance model provides non-homogeneous (location depending), non-stationary (time depending), and anisotropic (orientation depending) covariances between any two given points. Further, the model accommodates wave-like behavior of East-West-directed covariances, which residuals of GRACE striping errors can cause. The main application of such spatial covariances is the estimation of uncertainties for mean TWS time series for arbitrary regions such as river basins. Alternatively, regional uncertainties can be derived from the above mentioned formal variance-covariance matrices of the Stokes coefficients. This study compares modeled basin uncertainties for GFZ RL06 and ITSG-Grace2018 TWS data with the formal basin uncertainties from the ITSG-Grace 2018 solution. The modeled and formal uncertainties fit both in the spatial and temporal domain. We further evaluate the modeled uncertainties by comparison to empirical uncertainties over arid regions. Here, again the appropriateness of the modeled uncertainties is shown. The results, namely the TWS uncertainties for global river basins, are available via the GravIS portal. Further, we provide a Python toolbox, which allows computing uncertainties and covariance matrices
Determination of the melting point depression of PB-1-CO2 solutions through image analysis
Get PDFIn the context of replacing polyurethane foam in DH pre-insulated pipes due to the toxicity of the diisocyanates, and facilitating recycling by eliminating the need to separate material layers of the sandwich structure, the foaming of PB-1 with CO2 is being studied. The assessment of the plasticization effect induced by CO2 in the polymer melt and determination of the melting point depression is required for the establishment and optimization of the foaming processing window. In this paper, a method for the determination of the melting point through image analysis is presented, validated and used for the study of PB-1 – CO2 solutions. The obtained results through image analysis agree with those obtained with differential scanning calorimetry, validating the method. The CO2 - induced melting point depression of PB-1 was determined as ΔT = 140C
Modelling Health Data on a Small Urban Scale Using Deterministic Iterative Proportional Fitting : A Contribution to Setting up Citywide Health Monitoring Systems
Get PDFBig cities are often regarded as unhealthy places. Poor air quality, noise pollution, and scarce public green space are usually part of everyday life in metropolises. Yet, the physical attributes of the urban environment can vary significantly across neighbourhoods, thus leading to unequal living conditions. This is often the result of social deprivation – while some have the luxury of choosing where in the city to live, others are left only with the affordable options.
Over time, the continuous exposure to adverse factors of the living environment may trigger chronic illnesses such as hypertension or asthma. Nevertheless, health-related dynamics at the neighbourhood scale usually remain hidden. In Germany, health data is published exclusively in aggregated form for spatial units encompassing tens of thousands of inhabitants. As each health insurance fund manages its own data, there is currently no centralised point of contact for health data acquisition. This situation poses a challenge for researchers, who strive to quickly gain insight into ongoing health processes and their manifestation within the spatial realm of the city. In this context, the appreciation for small-scale data is growing – especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. In North America, such data is used to estimate local risk of infection and its potential severity, and to prioritise vulnerable populations for vaccination.
Against this background, the dissertation proposes a spatial microsimulation method for generating individual health data on a small urban scale – one corresponding to the perception of neighbourhoods. To that end, the city of Hamburg serves as case study. Prior to introducing the chosen modelling method, the advantages and limitations of the main established approaches to creating a synthetic population are discussed. The perspective of several public health researchers, based in Germany, on the necessity of small-scale health data and the implementation of modelling strategies for its generation is also brought to attention.
The generated spatial microsimulation model is product of a well-established data modelling technique, which is being implemented for decades in countries such as the UK, Australia, and the USA. The data modelling process is divided into several main stages: input data selection and preprocessing, population synthesis using deterministic iterative proportional fitting, and model evaluation with sample survey data and data from three of Hamburg’s health insurance funds – AOK Rheinland/Hamburg, BKK Mobil Oil, and DAK-Gesundheit.
The biggest asset of the introduced approach is the proposed two-tier modelling strategy, which allows constraining the synthetic population at two of Hamburg’s spatial scales simultaneously – that of the city quarters and the statistical areas. Thus, available health data aggregated at the level of the city quarters is used to optimise the reliability of the modelled disease prevalence at the smaller, neighbourhood scale.
The synthetic population allows combining individual health data with available social, economic, and geodata to put all the pieces of the puzzle together. It thus lays a foundation for further analysis of a broad range of topics regarding cities and health. In this regard, two application examples for the generated individual health data are introduced: examining the small-scale distribution of people with hypertension and their exposure to excessive noise from road and/or air traffic; and identifying hotspots of individuals at elevated risk of developing severe symptoms of COVID-19.
The limitations of the model and the necessary prerequisites for transferring the proposed method to other cities are also discussed
Wohnen und Leben im Alter - zwischen Tradition und neuem Lebensstil. Anforderungen an Wohnraum und Wohnquartiere
Get PDFRessourceneffiziente Erneuerung von Wohnsiedlungen : Formelle und informelle Entwicklung im Vergleich : Hamburg und Tirana Narrative
Get PDFThis publication is a collection of interviews and photos of residents living in an informal settlement along Lana river in Tirana, Albania and in the Large Housing Estate (LHE) of Steilshoop in Hamburg, Germany. The publication offers a first glimpse of two different housing solutions built under different cultural, geographic, socio-economic and path dependent conditions, through the visual and oral narratives of residents, workers and visitors. These narratives reflect upon the historical development of each housing solution, highlight considerations and/or neglect for resource efficient planning, pinpoint current challenges
and opportunities, discuss opportunities for participation and the efficiency of implemented measures as well as what aspects could be improved.Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD
HafenStadt Hamburg - Eine neue Zukunftsperspektive für den Hafen?! Untersuchung der Rolle des Hamburger Hafens im Kontext der Stadtentwicklung
Get PDFDer Hamburger Hafen gilt seit jeher als bedeutendster Wirtschaftsmotor und wichtigstes Aushängeschild der Hansestadt. Allerdings lässt sich gerade in den letzten Jahren feststellen, dass der Hafen trotz des stetigen Wachstums des Welthandels zunehmend mit stagnierenden bzw. nur noch gering wachsenden Umschlagsquoten zu kämpfen hat. Es zeichnet sich ab, dass der Hamburger Hafen auch künftig aufgrund individueller, standortspezifischer Herausforderungen sowie absehbarer weltweiter handelswirtschaftlicher und geopolitischer Veränderungen die Umschlagsentwicklungen nicht wesentlich steigern kann. Dennoch hält die Hamburger Politik weiterhin am Hafen fest und möchte auch künftig
nur in eine reine wirtschaftliche und industrielle Weiterentwicklung des Hafens investieren, obwohl das Hafenareal aufgrund seines einzigartigen Standorts inmitten des Stadtgebiets und dem damit einhergehenden
Lagepotenzial auch zunehmend in den Fokus der Stadtentwicklung für eine urbanere Flächeninanspruchnahme rückt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird sich daher kritisch mit der zukünftigen Hafenentwicklung auseinandergesetzt. Auf Basis einer umfassenden Analyse der städteräumlichen und
handelswirtschaftlichen Ausgangslage des Hamburger Hafens sowie dessen hafenspezifischen Rahmenbedingungen
wird diskutiert und anschließend konzeptionell dargestellt, welchen Stellenwert der Hafen zukünftig aus Sicht einer nachhaltigen Stadtentwicklung für die Hansestadt einnehmen sollte und welche Potenziale sich durch eine integrierte Hafen- und Stadtentwicklung ergeben.The Port of Hamburg has always been the most important economic driving force and significant flagship of the Hanseatic city. However, especially in the last few years the port is increasingly struggling with stagnating or only slightly growing transhipment rates despite the steady growth of the world maritime trade. It is becoming apparent, that the Port of Hamburg will not be able to considerably increase the trade volume in the future either due to individual, location-specific challenges and foreseeable global trade and geopolitical changes. Nevertheless, Hamburg‘s politicians are still sticking to the port and prospectively want to invest only in its economic and industrial development, although the port’s areas are also in the focus of urban development due to its unique position in the middle of the city and the associated potential for a more urban land use. Therefore it is this paper’s objective to questioning
the future port development. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the urban setting and the trading economy situation of the Port of Hamburg as well as its specific framework conditions, it will be discussed and conceptually illustrated which future value the port should have for the city from the perspective of a sustainable urban development and what potentials result from a more integrated port and urban
development