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Physiotherapy process in individuals with sarcopenia
No full textSarkopenija obuhvaća progresivno smanjenje mišićne mase, a samim time i snage i funkcije. Uzroci sarkopenije primarno se pripisuju starenju, ali postoje i brojni drugi čimbenici koji pridonose njenom razvoju poput neaktivnosti, neadekvatne prehrane ili određenih bolesti. Zbog različitih uzroka, trajanja i težine stanja sarkopenije, razlikujemo više vrsta (primarnu i sekundarnu, akutnu i kroničnu, presarkopeniju, sarkopeniju te tešku sarkopeniju). Dijagnostika obuhvaća suvremene radiološke metode i brojne testove za procjenu mišićne mase, snage i funkcije. Od radioloških metoda, primjenjuju se magnetska rezonanca, računalna tomografija i dvoenergetska rendgenska apsorpciometrija dok fizioterapeuti provode analizu bioelektrične impendancije, mjerenje snage stiska šake i respiratornih mišića, manualni mišićni test, SARC-F upitnik i funkcionalne testove poput šestominutnog testa ili kratkog seta testova fizičke sposobnosti. Prilikom dijagnosticiranja važno je obratiti pozornost na diferencijalnu dijagnozu sarkopenije koja obuhvaća pothranjenost, kaheksiju, krhkost i sarkopenijsku pretilost. Na tijek napredovanja sarkopenije, najviše utječe postavljanje pravovremene dijagnoze. Što se prije dijagnoza postavi, sporije je napredovanje gubitka mišićne mase, snage i funkcije. Takav gubitak narušava kvalitetu života jer osobe gube sigurnost prilikom svakodnevnih aktivnosti što povećava rizik od pada i prijeloma. Upravo iz tih razloga, sarkopenija predstavlja veliki teret za zdravstveni sustav. Integrirani pristup koji uključuje fizioterapiju, prehranu i druge terapijske strategije ključan je za uspješno upravljanje sarkopenijom. Fizioterapeut svojom procjenom, preventivnom i terapijskom intervencijom može pozitivno utjecati na razvoj i napredovanje sarkopenije. S druge strane, pravilna prehrana koja uključuje adekvatan unos kalorija, proteina i drugih nutrijenata također može pozitivno utjecati na prevenciju i liječenje sarkopenije. Cilj integriranog pristupa je ne samo prevenirati ili usporiti napredovanje sarkopenije, već i poboljšati samostalnost, funkcionalnost i kvalitetu života svake osobe oboljele od sarkopenije.Sarcopenia involves a progressive loss of muscle mass, and thus strength and function. The causes of sarcopenia are primarily attributed to aging, but there are also numerous other factors that contribute to its development, such as inactivity, inadequate nutrition, or certain diseases. Due to the different causes, duration, and severity of sarcopenia, we distinguish several types (primary and secondary, acute and chronic, presarcopenia, sarcopenia, and severe sarcopenia). Diagnostics includes modern radiological methods and numerous tests to assess muscle mass, strength, and function. Among radiological methods, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry are used, while physiotherapists conduct bioelectrical impedance analysis, handgrip and respiratory muscle strength measurements, manual muscle testing, SARC-F questionnaire, and functional tests such as the six-minute test or a short set of physical fitness tests. When diagnosing, it is important to pay attention to the differential diagnosis of sarcopenia, which includes malnutrition, cachexia, frailty and sarcopenic obesity. The course of sarcopenia progression is most influenced by timely diagnosis. The earlier the diagnosis is made, the slower the progression of muscle mass, strength and function loss. Such loss impairs the quality of life because people lose confidence in everyday activities, which increases the risk of falls and fractures. For these reasons, sarcopenia represents a major burden on the healthcare system. An integrated approach that includes physiotherapy, nutrition and other therapeutic strategies is key to the successful management of sarcopenia. A physiotherapist can positively influence the development and progression of sarcopenia through their assessment, preventive and therapeutic intervention. On the other hand, a proper diet that includes an adequate intake of calories, proteins and other nutrients can also positively influence the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. The goal of an integrated approach is not only to prevent or slow the progression of sarcopenia, but also to improve the independence, functionality and quality of life of every person suffering from sarcopenia
Musculoskeletal Disorders and Work Efficiency of Physiotherapists
No full textUvod: Poremećaji mišićno-koštanog sustava opisuju širok spektar upalnih i degenerativnih poremećaja koji su iznimno praćeni, bolom, nelagodom i izazivaju smetnje tijekom obavljanja svakodnevnih kako privatnih tako i poslovnih obaveza. Sami fizioterapeuti imaju veliku predispoziciju za razvoj jednog od poremećaja mišićno-koštanog sustava, zbog prirode posla koji može biti izrazito težak i naporan, a uključuje, konstantne ponavljajuće pokrete, manualne tehnike, transfer pacijenta, a samim time i zauzimanje neugodnog i neprirodnog položaja zbog veće kvalitete terapije.
Cilj: Analizirati status mišićno-koštanog sustava i radne učinkovitosti fizioterapeuta u Republici Hrvatskoj s najmanje pet godina radnog iskustva u struci.
Materijali i metode: U svrhu istraživanja korištena je anketa napravljena pomoću Google Forms alata koja se sastojala od nekoliko dijelova. Prvi dio ankete sadržava socio-demografske podatke (dob, spol, radno iskustvo), antropometrijske podatke (tjelesna visina i težina), obrazovne podatke (stručna sprema), a u drugom dijelu upitnika pitanja su prilagođena iz nordijskog upitnika za mišićno-koštane probleme engl. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire-NMQ. Anketa je distribuirana pomoću Facebook grupa u kojima se nalaze fizioterapijski djelatnici.
Rezultati: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo ukupno 137 fizioterapeuta s najmanje pet godina radnog iskustva u Republici Hrvatskoj. Od ukupnog broja sudionika, 106 su bile žene (77,4 %), a 31 muškarac (22,6 %). Najzastupljenija dobna skupina bila je 35–40 godina, koju je navelo 34 ispitanika (24,8 %). S obzirom na radni staž, najveći broj sudionika (67 ispitanika; 48,9 %) imao je između 5 i 10 godina radnog iskustva. Mišićno-koštane tegobe pokazale su se kao čest problem u ovoj populaciji. Bolove u tijelu prijavilo je 52 ispitanika (38 %), dok je 21,2 % sudionika navelo da su bolovi u donjem dijelu leđa utjecali na njihovu sposobnost obavljanja svakodnevnih aktivnosti. Nadalje, više od polovice ispitanika (51,8 %) smatra da mišićno-koštani poremećaji imaju negativan utjecaj na kvalitetu svakodnevnog života, što ukazuje na širi zdravstveno-društveni značaj ovog problema.
Zaključak: Istraživanje je pokazalo da značajan broj fizioterapeuta osjeća bol, ukočenost i nelagodu, ponajviše u donjem dijelu leđa, vratu i ramenima. Ti simptomi negativno utječu na profesionalni i privatni život ispitanika. Istaknuta je važnost prevencije, edukacije o pravilnom kretanju, korištenja ergonomske opreme te prilagodbe radnog mjesta. Rano prepoznavanje simptoma i pravodobna intervencija ključni su za očuvanje zdravlja i radne sposobnosti fizioterapeuta.Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) encompass a broad spectrum of inflammatory and degenerative conditions frequently accompanied by pain, discomfort, and limitations in performing daily activities—both personal and professional. Due to the physically demanding nature of their work, physiotherapists are particularly susceptible to developing MSDs. Their professional duties often involve repetitive movements, manual therapy techniques, patient transfers, and the adoption of awkward or non-ergonomic postures to ensure effective therapeutic outcomes.
Objective: To assess the musculoskeletal health status and work efficiency of physiotherapists in the Republic of Croatia with a minimum of five years of professional experience.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire developed via Google Forms. The instrument consisted of multiple sections. The first part gathered socio-demographic data (age, gender, work experience), anthropometric data (height, weight), and educational background (level of professional qualification). The second section included items adapted from the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), a validated tool for assessing musculoskeletal symptoms. The questionnaire was disseminated via Facebook groups targeting licensed physiotherapists.
Results: A total of 137 physiotherapists with at least five years of professional experience in Croatia participated in the study. Of these, 106 (77.4%) were female, and 31 (22.6%) were male. The most represented age group was 35–40 years, reported by 34 participants (24.8%). Regarding work experience, 67 respondents (48.9%) had between 5 and 10 years of clinical practice.
Musculoskeletal symptoms were prevalent among the participants. Fifty-two respondents (38%) reported general bodily pain, while 21.2% indicated that low back pain impaired their ability to perform daily tasks. Moreover, 51.8% of participants stated that musculoskeletal disorders negatively affect their quality of life, highlighting the broader occupational and public health relevance of the issue.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that a substantial proportion of physiotherapists experience pain, stiffness, and discomfort, most commonly in the lower back, neck, and shoulders. These symptoms have a demonstrably negative impact on both professional performance and personal well-being. The results underscore the necessity of preventive strategies, including education on proper movement mechanics, the use of ergonomic equipment, and workplace modifications. Early detection and timely intervention are critical to preserving the health and functional capacity of physiotherapists
Design, manufacture and testing of a multifunctional turning tool
No full textU ovom radu prikazana je izrada višefunkcijskog alata za tokarenje, koji je osmišljen kako bi omogućio veću fleksibilnost i učinkovitost u proizvodnim procesima. U uvodnom dijelu rada opisana je obrada odvajanjem čestica, koja se koristi u brojnim industrijskim granama za oblikovanje materijala, te alatni strojevi koji omogućuju ovu vrstu obrade. Naglasak je stavljen na tokarenje, njegovu primjenu i značaj u suvremenoj proizvodnji. Drugi dio rada svodi se na proces izrade višefunkcijskog alata za tokarenje. Opisane su faze proizvodnje alata te je prikazana izrada tehnološkog procesa. Treći dio rada bavi se praktičnim dijelom istraživanja, gdje je izvršeno tokarenje uzoraka pomoću izrađenog alata. Analizirani su parametri procesa tokarenja, a posebna pažnja posvećena je mjerenju hrapavosti površine obrađenih uzoraka. Rezultati mjerenja hrapavosti dali su uvid u učinkovitost alata i njegovu sposobnost u održavanju željene kvalitete obrade tijekom korištenja.In this paper, the development of a multifunctional turning tool is presented, designed to provide greater flexibility and efficiency in manufacturing processes. The introductory section describes material removal processes, widely used in various industrial sectors for shaping materials, and the machine tools that facilitate this type of processing. Emphasis is placed on turning, its applications, and its significance in modern manufacturing.
The second part of the paper focuses on the process of creating the multifunctional turning tool. The stages of tool production are detailed, and the development of the technological process is outlined. The third part of the paper addresses the practical aspect of the research, where samples were turned using the developed tool. The parameters of the turning process were analyzed, with special attention given to measuring the surface roughness of the processed samples. Surface roughness measurements provided insight into the tool's efficiency and its ability to maintain the desired quality of machining during use
Knowledge level, attitudes and perception of pregnant women and mothers on the parasitic agent Toxoplasma gondii
No full textToxoplasma gondii je parazit koji je pronađen gotovo kod svih toplokrvnih životinja, ptica, tako i u čovjeka [1]. T. gondii je protozoa koja uzrokuje parazitarnu bolest toksoplazmozu. Pojavljuje se kao kongenitalna, transplacentarno prenesena infekcija ili stečena toksoplazmoza. Kod stečene toksoplazmoze nemamo izražene simptome ili oni mogu biti vrlo blagi, ali kod imunokompromitiranih osoba može izazvati teške komplikacije [2] . Domaće mačke i ostale životinje iz porodice mačaka su konačni nositelji parazita T. gondii te se u njih odvija spolno razmnožavanje parazita. Ostale životinje i čovjek su samo prijelazni nositelji.
U svrhu izrade ovog završnog rada, napravljeno je istraživanje pod nazivom “Razina znanja, te stavovi i percepcija trudnica i majki o parazitu Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii)“. Anketni upitnik sadržavao je 19 pitanja, sudjelovalo je 120 ispitanica, a za njegovo rješavanje potrebno je bilo izdvojiti oko 5 do 10 minuta. Anketni upitnik bio je proveden od 29. rujna do 11. listopada 2023. godine.
Dobiveni podatci pokazatelji su da edukacija žena za vrijeme trudnoće i prije trudnoće nije adekvatna i potpuna. Potrebno je napredovanje u samoj primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti i javnozdravstvena je poruka za potrebe za više edukacija o određenim infekcijama.
Stoga, razina znanja trudnica i majki o ovom parazitu ključna je za prevenciju infekcije, a trudnice bi trebale biti informirane i upućene o načinima prijenosa, prepoznavanju simptoma te mjerama prevencije. Edukacija i svijest o rizicima mogu utjecati na promjenu ponašanja i pridržavanja preventivnih mjera, zato je ovdje bitna uloga prvostupnice sestrinstva da edukacijom trudnica spriječimo infekciju ovim parazitom, a najbitnije je od svega pridržavanje preventivnih mjera, a jedna je od najjeftinijih opcija. Stavovi i percepcija trudnica i majki o ovom parazitu imaju značajnu ulogu u zaštiti njih i njihovih obitelji od toksoplazmoze.
Na temelju istraživanja koje je provedeno, možemo zaključiti da je mali broj ispitanica informirano i upućeno o toksoplazmozi, isto tako mali broj ispitanica je testirano na antitijela IgG i igM protiv T. gondii za dijagnosticiranje toksoplazmoze, što je zabrinjavajući podatak. Trebalo bi podići svijest javnosti o štetnosti zaraze parazitom T. gondii tijekom trudnoće te podići razinu znanja o preventivnim mjerama što je najjeftinija i najbrža solucija za cijelu populaciju te bi pogodovalo u zaštiti djece, majki i obitelji.Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite found in almost all warm-blooded animals, birds, and humans. T. gondii is a protozoan that causes the parasitic disease toxoplasmosis. In humans, it appears in three forms, as congenital, transplacentally transmitted infection or acquired toxoplasmosis. With acquired toxoplasmosis, we have no pronounced symptoms or they can be very mild, but in immunocompromised people it can cause severe complications. Domestic cats and other animals from the feline family are the final carriers of the T. gondii parasite, and sexual reproduction of the parasite takes place in them. Other animals and man are only transitional carriers.
For the purpose of creating this thesis, a research study entitled "Knowledge level, attitudes and perceptions of pregnant women and mothers about the parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii)" was conducted. The survey questionnaire contained 19 questions, 120 respondents participated, and it took about 5 to 10 minutes to solve it. The survey questionnaire was conducted from September 29 to October 11, 2023.
The obtained data are indicators that the education of women during pregnancy and before pregnancy is not adequate and complete. Advancement is needed in primary health care itself, and there is a public health message for the need for more education about certain infections.
Therefore, the level of knowledge of pregnant women and mothers about this parasite is crucial for the prevention of infection, and pregnant women should be informed and instructed about the ways of transmission, recognition of symptoms and prevention measures. Education and awareness of the risks can affect behavior change and adherence to preventive measures, that is why the role of the bachelor's degree in nursing is important here to prevent infection with this parasite by educating pregnant women, and the most important thing is to adhere to preventive measures, and it is one of the cheapest options. The attitudes and perceptions of pregnant women and mothers about this parasite play a significant role in protecting them and their families from toxoplasmosis.
Based on the research conducted, we can conclude that a small number of subjects were informed and educated about toxoplasmosis, and a small number of subjects were tested for IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii to diagnose toxoplasmosis, which is worrying information. Public awareness should be raised about the harmfulness of infection with the parasite T. gondii during pregnancy and the level of knowledge about preventive measures should be raised, which is the cheapest and fastest solution for the entire population and would be beneficial in protecting children, mothers and families
The influence of cutting parameters on the surface roughness during plasma cutting of steel 25CrMo4
No full textTema ovog rada je optimizacija parametara pri rezanju plazmom čelika za poboljšavanje. Teorijski dio rada detaljno opisuje postupak rezanja plazmom, različite varijante tog postupka te najvažnije karakteristike svake varijante. Definira plazmu kao četvrto agregatno stanje tvari. Navedeni su glavni sustavi i njihove komponente. Opisane su različite mogućnosti izvedbi tehnologija rezanja plazmom, uz naglasak na njihove karakteristike. Na kraju teorijskog dijela navedene su najvažnije karaketristike vrste čelika na kojoj se provodi eksperiment.
U eksperimentalnom dijelu istraživanja provedenom u laboratoriju za tehnike spajanja na Sveučilištu Sjever, upotrijebljen je plazma uređaj Hypertherm Powermax30 AIR za rezanje čelika za poboljšanje 25CrMo4 debljine 4 mm u nepoboljšanom stanju. Uzorci su rezani s različitim brzinama u vidu optimizacije brzine rezanja s obzirom na kvalitetu reza. Različite brzine rezanja su primijenjene radi optimizacije, varirajući od 70 do 90 cm/min, kako bi se procijenio utjecaj brzine rezanja na kvalitetu reza. Nakon rezanja, mjerenja hrapavosti površine reza su provedena korištenjem uređaja za mjerenje hrapavosti, izražena parametrom Ra [μm]. Na temelju tih rezultata, izračunata je prosječna vrijednost parametra Ra [μm].
Na samom kraju rada, napisan je zaključak na dobivene rezultate eksperimenta.The topic of this thesis is optimization of plasma cutting parameters for alloy steel enhancement. The theoretical part of the study provides a detailed description of the plasma cutting process, different variations of the process, and the key characteristics of each variation. It defines plasma as the fourth state of matter and outlines the main systems and their components involved. Various performance possibilities of plasma cutting technologies are described, with emphasis on their characteristics. At the end of the theoretical part, the most important characteristics of the type of steel used in the experiment are listed.
In the experimental part of the research conducted at the Joining Techniques Laboratory at the University North, the plasma device Hypertherm Powermax30 AIR was used to cut 4 mm thick 25CrMo4 steel in its untreated state. Samples were cut at different speeds to optimize cutting speed regarding the quality of the cut. Various cutting speeds were applied for optimization, ranging from 70 to 90 cm/min, to assess the impact of cutting speed on the quality of the cut. After cutting, measurements of surface roughness were performed using a surface roughness measuring device, expressed by the parameter Ra [μm]. Based on these results, the average value of the Ra parameter [μm] was calculated.
At the very end of the work, a conclusion was written about the obtained results of the experiment
"By a whisker" Production of an animated short
No full textTema ovog diplomskog rada bavi se proučavanjem i opisivanjem svih faza nužnih za izradu animiranog filma. Riječ animacija svoje korijene vuče iz latinske riječi anima što u prijevodu znači duša, što nas ujedno navodi na svrhu animiranog medija, a to jest neživim, statičnim crtežima ili predmetima dati život i omogućiti im iluziju pokreta.
Proučit ćemo faze produkcije koje obuhvaćaju pripremu materijala za kratki animirani film, poput izrade storyboarda, zahvate u dizajnu likova, animacijske zahvate i tehnike, crtanje podloga, a u konačnici montaža i sinkronizacija.
Kako bi započeli bilo kakav film potrebna nam je ideja koju ćemo proširiti, a zatim razraditi u storyboard, u kojem definiramo kadrove i sve njene filmske elemente, od glavnih likova u kadru, kompozicije, pokreta kamere, rezova, do pretapanja. Zatim se storyboard prilagođava u animatik, koji nam okvirno prikazuje kako bi konačan film u punoj minutaži mogao izgledati.The topic of this master thesis deals with explaining each necessary step in creating an animated movie. The word animation has its roots in the Latin word anima, which in translation means soul. This leads us to the purpose of animation as a medium, which is to give life to inanimate, static drawings or objects and enable them to move and create an illustion of movement.
We’ll examine phases of production which cover the steps of preparing material for a short movie, character design, animation techniques, drawing of backgrounds, and finally editing and synchronizing.
When starting any type of movie it is necessary to decide on an idea which we will expand on and adapt into a storyboard, where the shots and their cinematic elements are elaborated, such as mentioning present characters in their respective shots, the composition of the shot, camera movements, cuts, and transitions between shots. Later on the storyboard is adapted into an animatic which roughly shows us what the final movie might look like in its planned duration
Development of an prototype application for dog walking and care - DogFit
No full textU ovom završnom radu bavit ću se UI/UX dizajnom aplikacije pod nazivom DogFit. Aplikacija DogFit namijenjena je vlasnicima pasa i fokusira se na tri glavna aspekta : brigu o psima, šetnje i praćenje fitness aktivnosti te organiziranje dog sleepovera, gdje vlasnici mogu ostaviti svoje pse kod drugih korisnika ili primiti pse na čuvanje.
Prototip aplikacije ključan je alat u razvoju aplikacije jer omogućava vizualizaciju i evaluaciju izgleda, funkcionalnosti i korisničkog iskustva prije same implementacije. Prvi korak bit će istraživanje značenja korisničkog sučelja, a zatim opisivanje značajki i mogućnosti alata UI/UX dizajna Figma, koji će se koristiti za grafički dizajn aplikacije.
Kao što je već navedeno, aplikacija DogFit imat će tri glavna sektora : briga o psima, šetnje i praćenje fitness aktivnosti te dog sleepover. Sektor za brigu je u obliku foruma gdje ljudi mogu objavljivati objave i komunicirati s drugim ljudima vezano za brigu i njegu pasa, a omogućava praćenje zdravlja i potreba pasa. Sektor za šetnje i fitness aktivnosti omogućava planiranje i praćenje dnevnih aktivnosti. Sektor dog sleepover služi za dogovaranje čuvanja pasa kod drugih korisnika ili primanje pasa u svoj dom na određeni period.
Na kraju rada bit će prikazan zaključak koji će analizirati prednosti i nedostatke tehnike iza aplikacije, te kako se prototip može pretvoriti u funkcionalnu i korisnu aplikaciju. Cilj je identificirati ključne korake i preporuke za daljnji razvoj kako bi DogFit postao praktičan alat za sve vlasnike pasa.In this final paper I will focus on the UI/UX design of an application called DogFit. The DogFit app is intended for dog owners and focuses on three main aspects : dog care, walking and tracking fitness activities, and organizing „dog sleepovers“ where owners can leave their dogs with other users or take in dogs for a certain period.
The application prototype is a crucial tool in the development process as it allows visualization and evaluation of the design, functionality, and user experience before implementation. The first step will be to explore the meaning of the user interface, followed by describing the features and capabilities of the UI/UX design tool Figma, which will be used for the graphic design of the application.
As previously mentioned, the DogFit application will have three main sectors : dog care, walking and tracking fitness activities, and dog sleepovers. The dog care sector is a forum where people can post and communicate with others regarding dog care and needs, allowing users to track their dogs' health and needs. The walking and fitness activities sector enables planning and tracking of daily activities. The dog sleepover sector is for arranging dog sitting with other users or taking dogs into their own homes for a certain period.
The conclusion of the paper will analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques behind the application and how the prototype can be transformed into a functional and useful application. The goal is to identify key steps and recommendations for further development to make DogFit a practical tool for all dog owners
Spinal deformations and physiotherapeutic assessment of kyphosis and kyphotic posture based on video-raster-stereography
No full textRastući trend zdravstvenih tegoba povezanih s deformitetom kralježnice dovodi u pitanje kvalitetu modernog stila života posebice kod mladih. Globalizacija i digitalizacija, koje su postale ključne odrednice suvremenog društva, znatno su pridonijele sjedilačkom načinu života. Ovaj način življenja, koji se često provodi sjedeći ispred računala ili pametnih uređaja, negativno utječe na držanje tijela i položaj kralježnice, često već od najranije dobi. S obzirom na navedeno, sve su učestaliji deformiteti povezani s držanjem tijela tj. kralježnicom. Cilj ovog rada je analizirati tjelesne aktivnosti i životne navike studenata kao i prisutnost deformacije kifoze. Istraživanje je provedeno putem online anketnog upitnika i uređaja DIERS Formetric 3D/4D na uzorku od osamnaest (N = 18) zdravih studenata koji studiraju na Sveučilištu Sjever u Varaždinu, smjer Fizioterapija. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na visoku prisutnost kifoze kod mladih (39 % sudionika) od kojih se 67 % bavi tjelesnom aktivnošću i rekreativnim sportom. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na to da se kifoza i kifotično loše držanje u najvećoj mjeri pripisuje lošim životnim navikama i sjedilačkom načinom života. U tretiranju kifoze bitnu ulogu imaju i fizioterapeuti koji moraju prilikom fizioterapijske procjene pravilno procijeniti stanje kao i prisustvo oštećenja ili ograničenja s kojim se pojedinac susreće. U nastavku rada detaljnije je opisana anatomija kralježnice, njena uloga i deformacije kralježnice s naglaskom na kifozu i kifotično loše držanje. Također je opisan i postupak fizioterapijske procjene i fizioterapijske intervencije kao i rezultati provedenog istraživanja.The growing trend of health problems related to spinal deformity calls into question the quality of the modern lifestyle, especially among young people. Globalization and digitalization, which have become key determinants of modern society, have significantly contributed to a sedentary lifestyle. This way of life, which is often spent sitting in front of a computer or smart devices, has a negative effect on body posture and the position of the spine, often from an early age. Consequently, postural and spinal deformities are becoming increasingly common. The aim of this paper is to analyze the physical activities and life habits of students as well as the presence of kyphosis deformation. The research was conducted using an online questionnaire and the DIERS Formetric 3D/4D device on a sample of eighteen (N = 18) healthy students studying Physiotherapy at the University North in Varaždin. The results of the research indicate a high presence of kyphosis in young people (39 % of participants), 67 % of whom engage in physical activity and recreational sports. The obtained results indicate that kyphosis and kyphotic bad posture are mostly attributed to bad lifestyle habits and a sedentary lifestyle. Physiotherapists also play an important role in the treatment of kyphosis, who must properly assess the condition during the physiotherapy assessment, as well as the presence of impairments or limitations that the individual is facing. The paper further details the anatomy of the spine, its function and spinal deformities with an emphasis on kyphosis and poor kyphotic posture. The procedure of physiotherapy assessment and physiotherapy intervention as well as the results of the conducted research are also described
Aspects of infiltration and infiltration buildings
No full textPrimjena infiltracijskih građevina za zbrinjavanje i skupljanje oborinskih voda u ne zaštićenim i vodozaštićenim područjima igra ključnu ulogu u očuvanju kvalitete podzemnih voda i održivom upravljanju vodnim resursima. Ove građevine pružaju efikasno rješenje za prihvat velikih količina pročišćene oborinske vode s neporoznih površina (uglavnom manipulativne površine) te također i kvalitetnu pripremu za infiltraciju u podzemne tokove na način da se u kontroliranim uvjetima površinska voda upusti u tlo, čime se smanjuje rizik od zagađenja, oštećenja, a istovremeno i očuvanja ekosustava. Infiltracija ima dodatnu korist smanjenja površinskog otjecanja oborinskih voda, što doprinosi prevenciji poplava i erozije te čini urbana područja otpornijima na ekstremne vremenske uvjete. Unatoč očiglednim prednostima, uspješna implementacija infiltracijskih građevina u vodozaštićenim područjima zahtijeva
pažljivo planiranje i suradnju između različitih dionika, uključujući lokalnu zajednicu, urbaniste, inženjere i ekologe. Ključno je identificirati prikladna mjesta za ugradnju ovih sustava uzimajući u obzir specifičnosti tla, hidrogeološke uvjete te područja koja treba štititi. Predmet rada istražuje održive metode upravljanja oborinskim vodama kroz korištenje infiltracijskih građevina. Fokus je na analizi principa i funkcija različitih tipova infiltracijskih
sustava te njihovoj primjeni u urbanim područjima. Cilj ovog rada je pružiti razumijevanje principa i funkcija infiltracijskih građevina te njihov doprinos održivom upravljanju oborinskim vodama. Također je potrebno analizirati utjecaj infiltracije na ravnotežu tla s naglaskom na razvoj održivih metoda odvodnje oborinskih voda u urbanim područjima.The application of infiltration structures for the management and collection of stormwater in unprotected and water-protected areas plays a crucial role in preserving the quality of groundwater and sustainable water resource management. These structures provide an efficient solution for capturing large volumes of purified stormwater from impermeable surfaces (mostly manipulated surfaces) and also preparing it for infiltration into underground streams by allowing surface water to penetrate the soil under controlled conditions, thereby reducing the risk of pollution, damage, while simultaneously preserving ecosystems.
Infiltration has the additional benefit of reducing surface runoff of stormwater, contributing to flood and erosion prevention, and making urban areas more resilient to extreme weather conditions. Despite the obvious advantages, successful implementation of infiltration
structures in water-protected areas requires careful planning and collaboration among various stakeholders, including the local community, urban planners, engineers, and ecologists. It is crucial to identify suitable locations for the installation of these systems, taking into account soil characteristics, hydrogeological conditions, and areas that need protection. The subject of this study explores sustainable methods of stormwater management through the use of infiltration structures. The focus is on analyzing the principles and functions of different types of infiltration systems and their application in urban areas. The aim of this study is to provide an understanding of the principles and functions of infiltration structures and their contribution to sustainable stormwater management. It is also necessary to analyze the impact of infiltration on soil balance with an emphasis on the development of sustainable stormwater drainage methods in urban areas