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The role of physiotherapy in cervicobrachial syndrome
No full textCervikobrahijalni sindrom poznat i pod nazivom cervikalna radikulopatija karakteriziran je bolovima u vratnoj kralježnici koji se šire u jednu ili obje ruke, a označava disfunkciju korijena živaca u donjem dijelu vratne kralježnice. Uzrok nastanka bolesti je kompleksan. Kod mlađih osoba najčešći uzrok može biti pomak intervertebralnog diska ili trauma,dok su degenerativne promjenenajčešći uzrok kod starijih osoba.Simptomcervikobrahijalnog sindroma je bol u ruci često praćena senzornim poremećajima u području dermatoma zahvaćenog živčanog korijena, dok su motorički poremećaji nešto rjeđi. Dijagnoza se postavlja na temelju anamneze i kliničke slike. U liječenju sindroma fizioterapija igra ključnu ulogu, a usmjerena je na smanjenje boli, poboljšanje pokretljivosti i jačanje mišićnog sustava. Ovaj rad analizira različite fizioterapijske postupke, uključujući manualnu terapiju, terapijske vježbe i elektroterapiju, te njihove učinke na smanjenje simptoma i poboljšanje funkcionalnosti pacijenata. Također fokusira se na identifikaciju čimbenika koji mogu utjecati na uspjeh rehabilitacije, kao što su individualne karakteristike pacijenata, stupanj oštećenja i vremenski okvir započinjanja terapije.Cervicobrachial syndrome, also known as cervical radiculopathy, is characterized by pain in the cervical spine that spreads to one or both hands, and means dysfunction of nerve roots in the lower part of the cervical spine. The cause of the disease is complex. In younger people, the most common cause can be disc iv displace mentor trauma, while degenerative changes are the most common cause in the elderly. A symptom of cervicobrachialsyndrome is pain in the arm, often accompanied by sensory disorders in the area of the dermatome of the affected nerve root, while motor disorders are also some what rarer. Diagnosis is made based on history and clinical presentation. Physiotherapy plays a key role in the rehabilitation of patients with cervicobrachialsyndrome, aimed at reducing pain, improving mobility and strengthening the muscular system. This paper analyzes various physiotherapy procedures, including manual therapy, therapeutic exercises and electrotherapy, and their effects on reducing symptoms and improving the functionality of patients. The research also focuses on identifying factors that can influence rehabilitation success, such as individual patient characteristics, degree of impairment, and time frame for starting therapy. The results will contribute to the improvement of rehabilitation approaches and provide guidelines for future therapeutic strategies
Women in entrepreneurship and the challenges they face in the business world
No full textŽene u poduzetništvu suočavaju se s brojnim izazovima koji proizlaze iz kulturnih, društvenih i ekonomskih okolnosti, a usprkos porastu broja žena u poslovnom svijetu, prepreke koje otežavaju njihov uspjeh i dalje postoje. Ovaj rad analizira te prepreke, uključujući diskriminaciju, društvene stereotipe, poteškoće u pristupu financijama i balansiranje privatnih i poslovnih obveza, s posebnim naglaskom na institucionalnu podršku i kulturne norme. Istraživanje se temelji na analizi žena poduzetnica u Hrvatskoj te na kvantitativnom istraživanju koje uključuje 190 ispitanica.
Glavni cilj istraživanja bio je razmotriti specifične prepreke i izazove s kojima se žene suočavaju u poslovnom svijetu, kao i istražiti političke i institucionalne mjere koje bi mogle pomoći u njihovom prevladavanju. Istraživačka pitanja odnose se na društvene i kulturne norme koje oblikuju poslovne prilike za žene, na povezanost obiteljskih obveza s njihovim poslovanjem te na postojeće strategije podrške ženskom poduzetništvu.
Rezultati istraživanja potvrđuju da se žene poduzetnice suočavaju s većim izazovima u poslovanju nego njihovi muški kolege, osobito zbog kulturnih normi, diskriminacije i stereotipa. Također, usklađivanje poslovnog života s obiteljskim obvezama predstavlja značajnu prepreku, dok političke i institucionalne mjere, poput povećanja financijske podrške i fleksibilnosti radnih uvjeta, mogu značajno smanjiti te barijere.
Podrška ženskom poduzetništvu u obliku obrazovnih programa, mentorskih mreža i financijske pomoći također se smatra važnom za smanjenje prepreka. Istraživanje pokazuje da ženu poduzetnicu najviše podržava obitelj, ali da je i institucionalna i pravna pomoć važna za prevladavanje izazova.
Ovaj rad naglašava važnost daljnjih inicijativa i strategija za smanjenje prepreka koje žene poduzetnice susreću i omogućuju im da u potpunosti iskoriste svoj potencijal. Preporučuje se nastavak razvoja jasnih i učinkovitih mjera podrške koje mogu pomoći u stvaranju ravnoteže u poslovnom sektoru i promicanju rodne ravnopravnosti.Women in entrepreneurship face numerous challenges stemming from cultural, social, and economic circumstances. Despite the increasing number of women in the business world, barriers that hinder their success still persist. This paper analyzes these obstacles, including discrimination, social stereotypes, difficulties in accessing finance, and balancing personal and professional responsibilities, with a particular focus on institutional support and cultural norms. The research is based on the analysis of women entrepreneurs in Croatia and a quantitative study involving 190 respondents.
The main objective of the research was to examine the specific obstacles and challenges women face in the business world, as well to explore political and institutional measures that could help overcome them. The research questions address the social and cultural norms that shape business opportunities for women, the connection between family responsibilities and their business activities, and the existing strategies for supporting female entrepreneurship.
The research results confirm that women entrepreneurs face greater challenges in business than their male counterparts, especially due to cultural norms, discrimination, and stereotypes. Furthermore, balancing business life and family responsibilities represents a significant barrier, while political and institutional measures, such as increased financial support and flexible working conditions, can significantly reduce those obstacles.
Support for female entrepreneurship in the form of educational programs, mentoring networks, and financial assistance is also considered important for reducing barriers. The study shows that women entrepreneurs are mostly supported by their families, but institutional and legal support is also crucial for overcoming challenges.
This paper emphasizes the importance of further initiatives and strategies to reduce the obstacles that women entrepreneurs encounter and enable them to fully utilize their potential. It is recommended to continue developing clear and effective support measures that can help create balance in the business sector and promote gender equality
Comparison of web design tools: analysis of interfaces, functionalities, and practical applications
No full textOvaj diplomski rad bavi se analizom i usporedbom alata za web dizajn kroz višeaspektni pristup koji uključuje povijesni pregled, tehničke temelje, suvremene trendove i dizajnerske principe korisničkog iskustva (UX) i korisničkog sučelja (UI). U uvodnom dijelu rada istaknuta je važnost web dizajna kao ključnog elementa digitalne prisutnosti u suvremenom društvu. Slijedi detaljna razrada povijesti web dizajna s naglaskom na razvoj HTML-a, CSS-a i JavaScripta, uz paralelno praćenje razvoja preglednika, stilskih standarda i alata.
Treće poglavlje posvećeno je temeljnim web tehnologijama, u kojem se objašnjava funkcionalna uloga HTML-a kao strukturne osnove web stranice, CSS-a kao jezika vizualnog oblikovanja te JavaScripta koji omogućuje interaktivnost. Nakon tehničke osnove, istražuje se važnost web dizajna u kontekstu digitalnog društva, pri čemu se naglašava njegova uloga u jačanju korisničke angažiranosti, pristupačnosti i brend identiteta.
Središnji dio rada prikazuje proces izrade web stranice kroz šest ključnih faza: istraživanje i definiranje zahtjeva, konceptualni dizajn, vizualni dizajn, implementaciju, testiranje i optimizaciju te lansiranje. Posebno poglavlje posvećeno je razlikovanju i povezivanju UX i UI dizajna, uz naglasak na njihovu sinergijsku vrijednost u postizanju kvalitetnog korisničkog doživljaja.
U nastavku se analiziraju aktualni trendovi u web dizajnu za 2025. godinu, uključujući integraciju umjetne inteligencije u dizajn, primjenu mikrointerakcija, rast popularnosti brutalizma, proširene upotrebe 3D elemenata te etičke i održive prakse u dizajnu. Ti trendovi predstavljeni su kao odgovor na potrebe korisnika, tehnološki napredak i promjene u estetici.
Ključno poglavlje rada obuhvaća analizu pet odabranih alata za web dizajn (Figma, Wix, Webflow, Framer, Siter.io), ocijenjenih prema kriterijima: korisničko sučelje, dizajn i prilagodba, responzivnost, dostupnost predložaka i komponenti, suradnja i timski rad, izvoz i kodiranje web stranice te krivulja učenja. Za objektivnu analizu primijenjena je SAW (eng. Simple Additive Weighting) metoda višeatributnog odlučivanja, uz tabelarni prikaz rezultata i preporuke za pojedine tipove korisnika.
Kroz ovakav multidimenzionalni pristup, rad pruža pregled evolucije web dizajna, trenutnih izazova i alata dostupnih dizajnerima, a istovremeno nudi smjernice za odabir odgovarajuće platforme prema specifičnim potrebama korisnika i timova.This thesis focuses on the analysis and comparison of web design tools through a multi-faceted approach that includes a historical overview, technical foundations, contemporary trends, and the design principles of user experience (UX) and user interface (UI). The introductory section highlights the importance of web design as a key element of digital presence in modern society. It is followed by a detailed account of the history of web design, emphasizing the development of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, alongside the evolution of browsers and design tools.
The third chapter is dedicated to fundamental web technologies, explaining the functional role of HTML as the structural backbone of a website, CSS as the language of visual styling, and JavaScript as the enabler of interactivity. Building upon this technical foundation, the thesis explores the significance of web design in enhancing user engagement, accessibility, and brand identity.
The central part of the thesis outlines the website creation process through six key phases: research and requirement definition, conceptual design, visual design, implementation, testing and optimization, and launch. A dedicated chapter explores the distinction and connection between UX and UI design, with emphasis on their synergistic value in creating a high-quality user experience.
The thesis also examines current web design trends for 2025, including the integration of artificial intelligence, the use of microinteractions, brutalism, expanded use of 3D elements, and ethical and sustainable design practices. These trends are presented as responses to user needs, technological progress, and changes in visual culture.
A key chapter presents an analysis of five free web design tools (Figma, Wix, Webflow, Framer, and Siter.io), evaluated according to criteria such as user interface, design and customization, responsiveness, templates, collaboration, export options, and learning curve. The SAW (Simple Additive Weighting) method was applied for objective analysis, with tabular results and recommendations for various user types.
Through this multidimensional approach, the thesis provides an overview of the evolution of web design, current challenges, and tools available to designers, while offering guidance for selecting the most suitable platform based on specific user and team needs
Entrepreneurship and e-Government : Legal and digital aspects of establishing business entities in a modern environment
No full textU ovom radu obrađena je tema osnivanje poslovnih subjekata u Republici Hrvatskoj s naglaskom na pravni okvir i ulogu digitalnih alata javne uprave. Cilj rada bio je analizirati zakonske i institucionalne aspekte poslovnog okruženja, identificirati glavne prepreke te istražiti kako digitalizacija, osobito sustav e-Uprava, utječe na učinkovitost procesa osnivanja i vođenja poslovanja. Prikazan je pregled dostupnih pravnih oblika poslovanja, postupaka registracije te nadležnih tijela uključenih u taj proces. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na funkcionalnost i dostupnost digitalnih alata koje pružaju institucije poput Porezne uprave, FINA-e i Ministarstva gospodarstva. U sklopu istraživačkog dijela provedena je anketa među poduzetnicima kojom su ispitani stavovi, iskustva i zadovoljstvo korištenjem digitalnih usluga javne uprave. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na pozitivne učinke digitalizacije, ali i na prisutne tehničke i organizacijske poteškoće koje utječu na korisničko iskustvo. Utvrđeno je kako sustav e-Uprava doprinosi većoj transparentnosti i dostupnosti informacija, ali i da je potrebno dodatno ulagati u edukaciju korisnika, stabilnost sustava i međuinstitucionalnu povezanost. U radu su predložena i moguća poboljšanja u razvoju digitalnih usluga s ciljem daljnjeg jačanja poduzetničke klime u Hrvatskoj. Zaključeno je da je nastavak digitalne transformacije javne uprave ključan za suvremeno, efikasno i inkluzivno poslovno okruženje.This paper addresses the topic of starting a business in the Republic of Croatia, with emphasis on the legal framework and the role of digital tools in public administration. The aim of the paper was to analyse the legislative and institutional aspects of the business environment, identify key obstacles, and examine how digitalisation, particularly the e-Government system, affects the efficiency of starting and running a business. An overview of available legal business forms, registration procedures, and the relevant institutions involved in these processes is provided. Special attention is given to the functionality and availability of digital tools offered by institutions such as the Tax Administration, FINA, and the Ministry of Economy. As part of the research, a survey was conducted among entrepreneurs to explore their opinions, experiences, and satisfaction with digital public services. The results indicate positive effects of digitalisation, but also highlight technical and organisational challenges that affect user experience. It was found that the e-Government system improves transparency and access to information, yet further investment is needed in user education, system stability, and interinstitutional coordination. The paper also offers suggestions for improving digital services to further strengthen Croatia’s entrepreneurial climate. It is concluded that continued digital transformation of public administration is essential for a modern, efficient, and inclusive business environment
Police Communication and Trust: The Role of Public Campaigns and Public Relations in Shaping Perceptions of Safety
No full textOvaj diplomski rad istražuje povezanost između policijske komunikacije, povjerenja građana i percepcije sigurnosti u Republici Hrvatskoj. Kroz pregled literature, statističke analize stranih i domaćih istraživanja i provedbu vlastitog anketnog istraživanja, rad nastoji utvrditi koliko javne kampanje i alati odnosa s javnostima utječu na stavove građana o policiji. Bavi se pitanjima policijskog integriteta, legitimnosti i policijske komunikacije s javnosti te istražuje njihov učinak na percepciju javnosti. Također, istražuje imaju li na mišljenje i percepciju javnosti utjecaj razni alati odnosa s javnostima kao što su javne kampanje, priopćenja i konferencije za medije Ministarstva unutarnjih poslova Republike Hrvatske (MUP). Poseban naglasak stavljen je na model policije u zajednici, čija je provedba u Hrvatskoj još uvijek ograničena. Temeljem analize brojne znanstvene literature koja seže od sedamdesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, rad zaključuje da je komunikacija između policije i javnosti, u kontekstu percepcije sigurnosti građana, važnija čak i od stvarne učinkovitosti policije. Iako se građani Hrvatske općenito osjećaju sigurno, izražena je potreba za većim brojem operativnih policajaca, vidljivijim pješačkim ophodnjama i pristupačnijom policijom. Preporuke uključuju jačanje komunikacijskih vještina policijskih službenika, edukaciju građana o policijskom radu i dosljednu primjenu modela policije u zajednici uz naglasak na proceduralnu pravednost. Ovaj pristup, temeljen na transparentnosti, uvažavanju i partnerskom odnosu, dugoročno može ojačati povjerenje građana i povećati učinkovitost policijskog rada.This thesis explores the connection between police communication, public trust, and the perception of safety in the Republic of Croatia. Through a review of relevant literature, statistical analysis of international and domestic research, and by conducting an original survey, this thesis aims to determine the extent to which public campaigns and public relations tools influence citizens’ attitudes toward the police. It addresses issues of police integrity, legitimacy, and communication with the public, and examines their impact on public perception. It also investigates whether various public relations tools, such as the Ministry of the Interior’s public campaigns, press releases, and media conferences, have an impact on public opinion and perception. Special emphasis is placed on the Community policing model, whose implementation in Croatia still remains limited. Based on an analysis of extensive academic literature dating back to the 1970s, the thesis concludes that communication between the police and the public, within the context of perceived public safety, is even more important than the actual operational effectiveness of the police. Although Croatian citizens generally report feeling safe, there is a need for an increased number of operational police officers, more visible foot patrols, and a more approachable police force. Recommendations include strengthening the communication skills of police officers, educating citizens about police work, and consistently implementing the Community policing model with a strong emphasis on procedural justice. Such an approach, based on transparency, mutual respect, and a partnership-based relationship, has the potential to strengthen public trust and enhance the effectiveness of police work in the long term
Historical development of television
No full textRad se sastoji od 4 poglavlja uz uvod i zaključak.
Uvod objašnjava osnovne informacije o televiziji.
Prvo poglavlje „Radio“ objašnjava povijest radija, što je elektromagnetski val, koje osobe
su ga otkrile i kada su ga primijenile te tko je osnovao prvu radio stanicu i kada.
Drugo poglavlje „Analogni televizor“ opisuje mehanički televizor i njegovog izumitelja,
dijelove analogne televizije i njihove izumitelje te prve televizijske postaje i godine emitiranja.
Treće poglavlje „Digitalna televizija“ objašnjava kada i zašto je došlo do prijelaza na
digitalnu televiziju i koje standarde su imale države u svijetu. Opisati će 5 vrsta televizije, kako
funkcioniraju, što je Internet, tko i kada ga je razvio i tehnologije televizijskih ekrana.
Četvrto poglavlje „Televizijski standardi i formati“ opisuje kako su se televizijski standardi
mijenjali kroz povijest, čemu služe standardi, što je kompresija i vrste nosača video sadržaja.
Zaključak nabraja najvažnije informacije o televiziji opisane u radu.The paper consists of four chapters, along with an introduction and a conclusion.
The introduction explains the basic information about television.
The first chapter, "Radio", explains the history of radio, what an electromagnetic wave is,
which individuals discovered it and when it was applied, as well as who founded the first radio
station and when.
The second chapter, "Analog Television", describes the mechanical television and its
inventor, the components of analog television and their inventors, as well as the first television
stations and the years of their broadcasts.
The third chapter, "Digital Television", explains when and why the transition to digital
television occurred and which standards were used by countries around the world. It will
describe five types of television, how they work, what the Internet is, who developed it and
when, and technologies used in television screens.
The fourth chapter, "Television Standards and Formats", describes how television
standards have changed throughout history, what standards are used for, what compression is,
and the types of video content carriers.
The conclusion lists the most important information about television described in the paper
Integration of Design, Communication and Advertising in the Branding Process: A Case Study of the SH:BE Studio Startup in the Creative Industry
No full textU današnjem digitaliziranom društvu, brendiranje postaje jedan od ključnih alata za uspješno pozicioniranje na tržištu, a posebno unutar kreativne industrije. Ovaj završni rad temelji se na integraciji dizajna, komunikacije i oglašavanja u procesu stvaranja brenda prikazanom kroz primjer kreativnog studija SH:BE.
SH:BE studio zamišljen je kao mali i autentičan kreativni studio koji povezuje teorijska znanja stečena tijekom studija s praktičnim iskustvom u dizajnu, komunikaciji i oglašavanju. Studio nudi usluge brendiranja odnosno vizualnog oblikovanja, digitalnog oglašavanja i strateške komunikacije kako bi pomogao malim i srednjim poduzetnicima u izgradnji vlastitog brenda.
U procesu oblikovanja brenda SH:BE studija obrađene su sve ključne faze, od istraživanja tržišta i definiranja ciljne skupine preko izrade vizualnog identiteta pa sve do oblikovanja digitalnih profila i strategije objava. Praktični dio rada temelji se na dizajnerskom razmišljanju i obuhvaća izradu stvarnih vizuala, promotivnih materijala i digitalne prisutnosti studija.
Teorijski dio rada analizira komunikacijske modele i teorije, vizualnu komunikaciju, teorije brendiranja te suvremene pristupe oglašavanju. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na važnost emocionalnog storytellinga, etičke komunikacije i edukativnog sadržaja u izgradnji povjerenja s publikom.
Praktični dio rada obuhvaća cijeli proces stvaranja brenda te kroz odabir palete boja, izradu loga, vizuala i promotivnih materijala dokazuje kako dizajn nije samo estetski dodatak već snažno sredstvo komunikacije koje gradi identitet, prenosi vrijednosti i stvara dublju povezanost s ciljanom skupinom i korisnicima. Završni rad dokazuje da i mali studio uz jasnu viziju, dosljednu komunikaciju i promišljenu strategiju može izgraditi prepoznatljiv i uspješan brend na konkurentnom tržištu.In today's digitalized society, branding has become one of the key tools for successful market positioning, especially within the creative industry. This final thesis is based on the integration of design, communication, and advertising in the process of brand creation, illustrated through the example of the creative studio SH:BE.
SH:BE was initially envisioned as a small and authentic creative studio that connects theoretical knowledge acquired during academic studies with practical experience in design, communication, and advertising. The studio offers branding services, including visual identity design, digital advertising, and strategic communication to support small and medium-sized enterprises in building their own brands.
The process of shaping the SH:BE brand includes all essential phases — from market research and target audience definition to the development of a visual identity, social media presence, and content strategy. The practical part of the thesis is based on design thinking and involves the creation of real visual materials, promotional content, and the studio’s digital presence.
The theoretical section analyzes communication models and theories, visual communication, branding concepts, and contemporary approaches to advertising. Special emphasis is placed on the importance of emotional storytelling, ethical communication, and educational content in building trust with the audience.
The practical part encompasses the complete branding process — from selecting the color palette and creating the logo to designing visuals and promotional materials — proving that design is not merely an aesthetic addition, but a powerful communication tool that builds identity, conveys values, and establishes a deeper connection with the target audience and clients.
This final thesis demonstrates that even a small studio, with a clear vision, consistent communication and a well-thought-out strategy, can build a recognizable and successful brand in a competitive market
Welding of Dissimilar Materials in the Production of Railway Components
No full textOvaj diplomski rad sastavljen je od teorijskog dijela u kojem je opisano zavarivanje raznorodnih čelika u proizvodnji željezničkih komponenti. Objašnjen je odabrani postupak zavarivanja raznorodnih čelika te proces definiranja parametara. Eksperimentalni dio se sastoji od određivanja potrebnih parametara, tehnologije i izvedbe zavarenog spoja nelegiranog općeg konstrukcijskog i austenitnog nehrđajućeg čelika. Prikazane su i navedene greške u zavarenom spoju te je napravljena i prikazana analiza makroizbrusaka zavarenog spoja. Pomoću Schaefflerova dijagrama pretpostavljena je mikrostruktura, te je napravljeno mjerenje tvrdoće i feritometrija.This thesis consists of a theoretical section describing the welding of dissimilar steels in the production of railway components. The selected welding process for dissimilar steels and the procedure for defining the welding parameters are explained. The experimental section involves determining the required parameters, welding technology, and execution of a welded joint between a non-alloy structural steel and an austenitic stainless steel. Welding defects are identified and presented, and a macrographic analysis of the welded joint is conducted and displayed. Using the Schaeffler diagram, the microstructure is predicted, followed by hardness measurement and ferrite content analysis
The influence of colors and layout elements on the cognitive perception of visual informations
No full textNačin oblikovanja i raspored elemenata u korisničkom sučelju utječu na kognitivnu percepciju vizualnih informacija. Boja, kontrast, tipografija i raspored sadržaja imaju ključnu ulogu u usmjeravanju pažnje korisnika i percepciji informacija. Korisnička sučelja dizajniraju se kako bi svojom jednostavnošću i intuitivnošću omogućila lakšu interakciju s računalnim sustavom. S druge strane, korisničko iskustvo obuhvaća cjelokupni dojam i reakciju korisnika s proizvodom.
U teorijskom dijelu rada objašnjava se razlika između korisničkog sučelja i korisničkog iskustva te ulozi boja, tipografije i kompozicije u privlačenju pažnje. Također se spominju psihološki aspekti vizualnog usmjerenja te osnove kako ljudsko oko percipira informacije.
Praktični dio rada obuhvaća istraživanje koje je provedeno na 80 ispitanika. Sudionici su imali zadatak pročitati tekst bez prethodne informacije da će kasnije odgovarati na pitanja vezana uz vizualne elemente poput boja, oblika i pozicije elemenata. Cilj je bio ispitati kako boje i elementi utječu na kognitivnu percepciju. Dobiveni rezultati analizirani su i prikazani grafički, a na kraju je napravljen rezime svih grupa.The way elements are designed and arranged within a user interface affects the cognitive perception of visual information. Color, contrast, typography, and content layout play a key role in guiding the user’s attention and shaping how information is perceived. User interfaces are designed to facilitate easier interaction with computer systems through simplicity and intuitiveness. On the other hand, user experience encompasses the overall impression and emotional response of the user while interacting with a product.
The theoretical part of this paper explains the difference between user interface and user experience, as well as the role of color, typography, and composition in attracting attention. Psychological aspects of visual direction and the basic principles of how the human eye perceives information are also addressed.
The practical part of the paper includes a study conducted with 80 participants. The participants were instructed to read a text without being informed that they would later be asked questions related to visual elements such as colors, shapes, and the positioning of elements. The goal was to examine how visual design influences cognitive perception. The collected results were analyzed and presented graphically, followed by a summary combining the findings from all participant groups
Hygiene maintenance and infection prevention in children after the first year of life
No full textOsobna higijena je važan dio očuvanja zdravlja za svakoga, a posebno je važna za djecu od
najranije dobi. Uloga roditelja je usaditi djeci naviku za brigu o osobnoj higijeni i paziti na osobnu
higijenu same djece. S druge strane nedovoljna briga o osobnoj higijeni povećava rizik od zaraznih
bolesti, čiji se uzročnici najčešće šire preko ruku te ulaze u tijelo kapljičnim putem kroz nos, usta,
oči ili putem oštećene kože.
Posljedično takvom ponašanju javlja se infekcija, koja se može manifestirati kao gljivična, virusna
i bakterijska. Njega djeteta nakon prve godine života samo je nastavak, odnosno nadogradnja njezi,
koja se provodila u dojenačkoj dobi. Opće je poznato da se djeca igraju na podu, tepihu ili
pločicama gdje dolaze u dodir s nečistoćom ili prašinom u kojoj se mogu nalaziti crijevni paraziti
(mala dječja glista, gljivice i bakterije). Pravilna higijena u tom trenutku igra glavnu ulogu.
Održavanjem čistoće ruku prije jela i nakon nužde, te pravilnom higijenom lica i rezanjem noktiju
smanjujemo mogućnost dolaska djeteta u dodir s nečistoćom. Djeca u drugoj godini života trebaju
biti učena pravilnoj higijeni ruku kako bi im taj postupak prešao u naviku. Kupanje djeteta i dalje
se provodi svaki dan s napomenom da to bude navečer, to jest nakon cjelodnevnih aktivnosti koje
je dijete imalo toga dana. Djeca se rađaju bez osjećaja za higijenu i čistoću, stoga ih treba naučiti
tom osjećaju i potrebi. Zdravstveni odgoj mora biti planirani i usmjereni na kreiranje postupaka
koji će omogućiti djetetu da stekne pozitivne navike i vještine korisne za zdravlje. Navike se
započinju formirati još u ranom djetinjstvu, stoga je uloga odgojitelja gotovo jednako važna kao i
uloga roditelja koji provode najviše vremena s djetetom a potom i uloga samih zdravstvenih
djelatnika. Cilj istraživanja provedenog u sklopu izrade ovog rada bio je dobiti uvid u educiranost
i stavove opće populacije o osobnoj higijeni i sprečavanju infekcija nakon prve godine života. U
samom istraživanju sudjelovalo je 114 osoba u dobi od 18 - 65 god. Istraživanje je provedeno
online putem Google Forms upitnika. Rezultati provedenog istraživanja ukazuju na visoku razinu
informiranosti i pozitivne stavove opće populacije o važnosti osobne higijene i prevenciji infekcija
nakon prve godine života. Većina ispitanika prepoznaje svakodnevnu higijenu kao ključan
čimbenik u očuvanju zdravlja, osobito kod djece. Osobna higijena predstavlja temelj prevencije
zaraznih bolesti u dječjoj dobi, osobito nakon prve godine života kada djeca sve više dolaze u
kontakt s okolinom. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati razinu znanja potom stavove roditelja i
opće populacije o važnosti higijene te identificirati područja koja zahtijevaju dodatnu edukaciju.
Rezultati su pokazali da većina ispitanika prepoznaje važnost higijenskih navika i njihovu
povezanost s prevencijom infekcija, ali i da velik dio populacije nije sudjelovao u formalnim
edukativnim programima. Medicinske sestre prepoznate su kao ključne osobe u promicanju zdravlja, osobito u kontekstu
edukacije roditelja i djece o pravilnoj higijeni. Njihova uloga obuhvaća individualni i grupni rad,
provedbu preventivnih programa i izravno djelovanje u zajednici. Usklađeno s međunarodnim
smjernicama, intervencije medicinskih sestara mogu značajno pridonijeti oblikovanju zdravih
higijenskih navika od najranije dobi. Dobiveni nalazi upućuju na potrebu jačanja edukacijskih
aktivnosti i osnaživanje uloge zdravstvenih djelatnika u promociji higijene. Sustavna edukacija,
dostupni informativni materijali i suradnja s roditeljima ključni su za unapređenje zdravstvene
pismenosti i prevenciju infekcija u ranoj dječjoj dobi.Personal hygiene is an important part of maintaining health for everyone, and it is especially
important for children from an early age. It is the responsibility of parents to instill in their children
the habit of caring for personal hygiene and to monitor the hygiene of the children themselves. On
the other hand, insufficient attention to personal hygiene increases the risk of infectious diseases,
the causative agents of which are most commonly spread via hands and enter the body through
droplets via the nose, mouth, eyes, or through damaged skin. As a consequence of such behavior,
infections may occur, which can manifest as fungal, viral, or bacterial. The care of a child after the
first year of life is a continuation and enhancement of the care provided during infancy. It is well
known that children play on the floor, carpets, or tiles, where they come into contact with dirt or
dust that may contain intestinal parasites (such as pinworms), fungi, and bacteria. Proper hygiene
plays a crucial role in these situations. By keeping hands clean before eating and after using the
toilet, as well as by maintaining facial hygiene and trimming nails, the chances of the child coming
into contact with dirt are significantly reduced. Children in their second year of life should be
taught proper hand hygiene so that the practice becomes a habit. Bathing should still be carried
out daily, preferably in the evening, after the child has completed all activities for the day. Children
are born without a sense of hygiene and cleanliness, so they must be taught to develop this
awareness and need. Health education must be planned and directed toward creating routines that
will help the child acquire positive habits and skills beneficial to their health. These habits begin
to form in early childhood; therefore, the role of educators is almost as important as that of parents,
who spend the most time with the child, and subsequently the role of healthcare professionals. The
aim of the research conducted for the purpose of this paper was to gain insight into the level of
education and attitudes of the general population regarding personal hygiene and the prevention
of infections after the first year of life. A total of 114 individuals aged 18 to 65 participated in the
study, which was conducted online via a Google Forms questionnaire. The results of the study
indicate a high level of awareness and positive attitudes within the general population regarding
the importance of personal hygiene and the prevention of infections after the first year of life. Most
respondents recognize daily hygiene as a key factor in maintaining health, especially in children.
Personal hygiene is the foundation of infectious disease prevention in childhood, particularly after
the first year of life when children increasingly come into contact with their surroundings. The
goal of this research was to examine the level of knowledge and the attitudes of parents and the
general population about the importance of hygiene, as well as to identify areas that require further
education. The results showed that most respondents acknowledge the importance of hygienic habits and their link to infection prevention, but that a significant portion of the population has not
participated in formal educational programs.
Nurses are recognized as key figures in health promotion, especially in the context of educating
parents and children about proper hygiene. Their role includes individual and group work, the
implementation of preventive programs, and direct action within the community. In line with
international guidelines, nursing interventions can significantly contribute to the development of
healthy hygiene habits from an early age. The findings point to the need to strengthen educational
activities and empower healthcare workers in promoting hygiene. Systematic education, accessible
informational materials, and collaboration with parents are crucial for improving health literacy
and preventing infections in early childhood