European Journal of Medical and Health Research
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The Pathophysiology of Scoliosis Across the Spectrum of Human Physiological Systems
Get PDFScoliosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. It can lead to various health issues, affecting mobility, respiratory function, and overall quality of life. There are several types of scoliosis, including idiopathic, congenital, neuromuscular, degenerative, and functional. The severity of scoliosis is measured by the degree of spinal curvature, typically expressed in degrees through a system known as the Cobb angle. Early detection and intervention are fundamental in managing scoliosis, as more severe forms may necessitate bracing or surgical intervention. Healthcare professionals must understand the different types of scoliosis and their unique characteristics to tailor appropriate treatment plans.Scoliosis can significantly impact various physiological systems, including the circulatory, digestive, endocrine, integumentary, lymphatic, muscular, nervous, and respiratory systems. In the circulatory system, scoliosis can cause hemodynamic changes, impaired venous return, cardiac strain, and pulmonary complications. In the digestive system, scoliosis can lead to gastric displacement, impaired intra-abdominal pressure, gastroesophageal reflux, and nutritional implications. The endocrine system can be affected by scoliosis, leading to neuroendocrine dysregulation, growth hormone abnormalities, cortisol dysregulation, and impact on thyroid function. Scoliosis can also affect the integumentary system, leading to pressure ulcers, altered skin sensation, and hygiene challenges. In the lymphatic system, scoliosis can cause lymphatic obstruction, impaired immune response, altered inflammatory responses, fibrosis, and secondary lymphedema. Scoliosis can affect the muscular system, leading to muscle imbalance, myofascial pain, respiratory muscle weakness, and mobility issues. The nervous system can also be impacted by scoliosis, leading to neural compression, central nervous system impact, neurological dysfunction, and coordination challenges. In the respiratory system, scoliosis can cause thoracic deformities, reduced lung compliance, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, respiratory muscle weakness, increased work of breathing (WOB), and an increased risk of respiratory infections.Recognizing and addressing the interplay between scoliosis and these physiological systems is integral for healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care to individuals with scoliosis.Current research on scoliosis has made progress in diagnostic tools and techniques, including the use of imaging methods like MRI and X-ray, wearable sensors, and 3D reconstruction techniques for better evaluation of spinal motion and function, along with treatment strategies like Schroth exercises and braces, and management measures for respiratory and circulatory problems. However, there are limitations to current studies, such as the heterogeneity of scoliosis, compartmentalized approaches, limited longitudinal studies, reliance on retrospective data, and the need for standardized measures and diagnostic criteria. Future research prospects include advancements in genetic research, biomechanics, artificial intelligence and machine learning, longitudinal studies, non-invasive treatments, and multidisciplinary collaborations among researchers, clinicians, and technologists
Profile of Hemodialyzed Patients with Renal Insufficiency at Bab el Oued University Hospital
Get PDFHemodialysis emergencies are common and pose a threat to the prognosis of patients. We receive patients with acute renal failure requiring dialysis sessions daily at the Bab el Oued University Hospital Center. Through this study, we aimed to delineate the clinical, biological, etiological, and evolutionary profile of these patients in order to adapt and improve their management in collaboration with various stakeholders. This was a longitudinal, descriptive study conducted at the hemodialysis center of the Bab el Oued University Hospital, between December 2018 and November 2019, including patients with acute renal failure requiring one or more hemodialysis sessions. In addition to demographic data, the collected information included: source institution, medical history, acute or chronic renal involvement and its etiology, indication for dialysis, vascular access, and evolution.During this period, we provided 1621 hemodialysis sessions involving 250 patients, 162 with acute renal failure (ARF) and 88 with chronic renal failure (CRF). We included the 88 patients with ARF and excluded those with CRF. The mean age was 59 years with a range of 10 to 94 years. There were 66% males and 34% females, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.93. Approximately 39% of patients were hypertensive, 32% were diabetic, and 26% had mainly urological neoplasms. Our patients came from various departments of the Bab el Oued University Hospital in 66% of cases and from other institutions in 34% of cases. As for etiologies, we identified 68% tubulointerstitial nephropathies, 17% obstructive nephropathies, 10% glomerular nephropathies, and 5% vascular nephropathies. Regarding dialysis indications, uremic syndrome accounted for 39% of cases, hyperkalemia for 33%, acute pulmonary edema for 14%, acidosis for 11%, and urgent transfusion for 3% of cases. Vascular access consisted of femoral catheters in 77% and jugular catheters in 23% of cases. The outcomes were complete recovery in 14%, partial recovery in 20%, transfer to chronic dialysis in 8%, death in 35%, and loss to follow-up in 23%. The morbidity and mortality among patients undergoing emergency dialysis remain high despite the availability of dialysis and improvements in renal failure management in Algeria. We should work more collaboratively with various stakeholders and strive to computerize patient records to be more responsive and better track and manage these patients with high morbidity and mortality
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Primary Health Care, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Get PDFBackground: Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is identified as a cluster of risk factors that significantly increase the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. It is characterized by obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Multiple definitions and criteria of MS exist. The most widely used set of criteria are the US National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) ATP III and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), both of which are used in this study. Due to different defining criteria and population demographics, the prevalence of MS varies widely across countries, regions, and continents.Objective: This study investigates the prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome among primary healthcare attendees in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over 12 months at the Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC) Wazzarat Center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, involving 262 participants. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and predictors of MS among primary healthcare attendees using ATP III and IDF criteria. Participants were assessed for sociodemographic features, comorbidities, vital signs, and laboratory data related to MS. Statistical analysis utilized R v 4.3 for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, Chi-square tests for categorical variables, and the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables.Results: Among the study participants, 20.2% met the criteria for MS according to ATP III, and 19.9% according to IDF criteria, with a strong concordance between the two (Kappa statistic = 0.92, P < 0.001). The median age of individuals with MS was significantly higher (45 years) than those without (35 years, P < 0.001). Significant predictors included age, with BMI and fasting blood glucose showing a strong positive correlation (r > 0.5, P < 0.001). Notably, 60.7% of the cohort were medically free from conditions contributing to MS.Conclusion: The prevalence of MS among primary healthcare attendees in Riyadh, as defined by ATP III and IDF criteria, underscores the importance of age and lifestyle factors as predictors. The findings advocate for targeted preventive strategies focusing on lifestyle modifications to mitigate the risk of MS. Further research is suggested to explore the long-term impact of these interventions
Comparative Analyses of Hamstring Tightness and Sitting Duration Among Professional and Non-Professional Drivers in a Nigerian Community
Get PDFThis study investigated the prevalence of hamstring tightness among male professional, non-professional and non-drivers in a Nigerian community. It also compared the hamstring tightness of the three classes of participants.Ethical clearance was granted for the study. The design was a mixed-method of cross-sectional and comparative designs. Convenience sampling technique was used to select 150 participants who are commercial drivers (professional), private car owner who drives (non-professional) and non-drivers. Fifty individuals were recruited for each class. The hamstring tightness of the participants was determined using the Active Knee Extension Test (AKET) which was measured in degrees. Descriptive statistics and Inferential statistics of Paired t-test, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to analyse the data obtained. The level of significance was set at 0.05.The result showed that only 16% of the non-drivers had hamstring tightness while 78% and 54% of the professional and non-professional drivers were with hamstring muscle tightness in both lower limbs. The hamstring muscle tightness was significantly higher among the driver than non-drivers (p= 0.000) and the non-professional drivers (p = 0.015). The driving experience of the professional drivers (18.90 ± 6.06 years) was significantly higher than that of non-professional drivers (6.08 ± 4.13 years), (t = 81.538, p = 0.000). The duration of sitting of the professional drivers was significantly higher than that of the non-professional drivers and non-drivers (F = 74.39, p = 0.000). There was no significant relationship between BMI and prevalence of hamstring tightness across the groups.In conclusion, the prevalence rate of hamstring muscle tightness was higher in professional than non-professional drivers and non-drivers. Also, the duration of sitting was significantly higher among the professional driver
PTSD Treatment Literature
Get PDFPTSD cases represents a growing expense for society and the U.S. Veterans Administration since the proportion of veterans with PTSD symptom exceed proportions in the civilian population. The PTSD literature is not in agreement whether a “cure” for PTSD exists and what a “cure” would look like. A wide variety of PTSD treatment approaches have been applied with differing results regarding mitigation of symptoms and the duration of the mitigation. Authoritative sources from the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia identity specific psychotherapies as the “gold standard” for treatment. Despite warnings, patients have been prescribed pharmacological remedies. In the United States only two drugs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for PTSD treatment. However, a wider array of drugs has been prescribed. The US Department of Veteran Affairs (DVA) specifically concluded that benzodiazepines use is not a recommended strategy for PTSD treatment, yet it is dispensed to veterans, although at a more limited rate than previously. Knowledge about relative effectiveness of alternative treatments is still emerging. As indicated by changes in US guidelines, the conventional wisdom regarding PTSD treatment is fluid and in need of periodic reassessment. Research on new types of treatment should be ongoing
Integrated Approach for the Assessment of Real Risk of Population Exposure in Industrial Areas
Get PDFResearch goal is to identify an integrated approach for assessing real risk exposure of population located in areas of extractive industries. We focused on environmental data evaluation (diffusion model), figures and contextual analysis of active health surveillance data of the population (questionnaire, chemistry panel, spirometry and activation of a biobank). Environmental exposure data crossed with the calculation of the AQI (Air Quality Index) did not highlight any critical issues. A cohort of 600 locals subjected to health surveillance was analysed by calculating risk perception; a questionnaire aimed at assessing risk perception was administered to the population sample.All data (environmental and clinical) were georeferenced and analysed using GIS (Geographic Information System) software; study of contaminant distribution was carried out using a Q-GIS software shows average exposure conditions well below regulatory limits, with minor exceptions relative to concentrations of finer particulate matter (PM 2.5) and with reference only to the major urban centers; analysis of risk perception evince “incorrect” perception, with little confidence in relation to the environmental monitoring of the Regional Agencies
Learning from the Experience of COVID-19 Pandemic in Tanzania
Get PDFThe COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly influenced social, economic, and public health landscapes globally, and Tanzania is no exception. This article examines the moral implications its moral response to the crisis and what the government should do for future pandemics.It explores the multifaceted moral responses elicited by the COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania, emphasizing the origin, meaning, and significance of human life within the context of both a culture of life and a culture of death. It delves into the stewardship of life, analyzing the moral responsibilities individuals and societies hold in safeguarding health and well-being. The article starkly highlighted the Covid 19 as one of the many causes of deaths in Tanzania and Africa at large, and other causes like those that are manmade like abortion. Hence presenting a complex picture that intertwines healthcare access to pandemics, economic stability, and social cohesion.The impacts of lockdowns are scrutinized, revealing the intricate balance between public health measures and their socioeconomic repercussions, particularly on vulnerable populations in Tanzania. The article also addresses the death tolls, the puzzling nature, effectiveness of vaccine rollouts, and the perceived worth of life amid such crises. Through these discussions, the narrative underscores the fear of death that has paralyzed many, stifling the courage to live fully.Ultimately, this reflection seeks to project a message of hope beyond the grave, urging an understanding of life’s intrinsic value and the importance of resilience in such times of crisis. By learning from the COVID-19 experience, Tanzania and Africa can cultivate a more profound appreciation for life, encouraging proactive measures to preserve health with an African approach and vitality in future crises. This moral examination invokes a collective call to transcend fear and embrace a renewed commitment to life, fostering a culture anchored in hope and human dignity
The History and the Structure of Hospices in Uzbekistan
Get PDFIn the modern world, there is a constant increase in the number of patients suffering from incurable forms of diseases in the terminal stage of development. This trend actualizes the study of palliative care, which is a special area of social and medical care for terminally ill people. Palliative care is an integrated part of cancer patient care. However, the situation in palliative care in Uzbekistan is very critical. Implementing palliative care and hospice into medicine began in 2017 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The first Children’s Hospice -Taskin was opened in 2022 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Despite the fact that 2 years have passed since the opening of the hospice in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the concept of hospice has not yet formed in the minds of the population, there is still an idea that people perceive the concept of “hospice” as a house of death. This article is intended to study the history and structure of palliative care in Uzbekistan and study the perception of hospice among the population
Transformative Advancements in Diagnostic Imaging: Reducing Risks, Enhancing Accuracy, and Promoting Sustainability
Get PDFThe review discusses the risks posed by conventional medical imaging methods, including radiation exposure, allergic reactions, and environmental contamination. It explores recent innovations, such as advanced modalities like photon-counting computed tomography (CT) scanners and ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems, which provide high-resolution images with reduced radiation doses. Artificial intelligence (AI) further enhances the field by automating tasks, improving image analysis, and personalizing protocols, including real-time and predictive monitoring. Non-invasive techniques, such as elastography and photoacoustic imaging, are highlighted for minimizing reliance on ionizing radiation. AI-driven strategies also address environmental concerns through the use of biodegradable contrast agents and energy-efficient technologies. Economic assessments reveal the cost-effectiveness of imaging technologies and their impact on healthcare budgets while acknowledging persistent disparities in access. The review examines contrast agents and radiation: their long-term and broad-ranging adverse health impacts and how new imaging techniques aim to eliminate or mitigate these effects. It also considers how advancements in AI improve diagnostic accuracy and workflow efficiency. Also, the integration of imaging with genomics and telemedicine is discussed, alongside efforts to address economic and accessibility challenges and promote sustainable practices. Imaging technology and AI innovations are transforming diagnostic practices and addressing existing challenges, with ongoing innovation and collaboration essential for optimizing benefits for patients, medical staff, and the environment
The Effect of Training Program on Nurses’ Knowledge and Practices Regarding Nursing Care of Children with Type-I Diabetes Mellitus in Wad Medani Pediatrics Teaching Hospital Gezira State, Sudan
Get PDFType-1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that originate when very little or no insulin is produced by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Nurses are in a key position to disseminate knowledge and provide proper nursing care resulting in control of the disease and prevent complications. This study was conducted in Pediatrics Teaching Hospital Gezira State, Sudan. This study aimed at assessing the effect of the training program on nurse's knowledge and practice regarding nursing care of children with type-I diabetes mellitus. training program was done to assist nurses in the Pediatric Teaching Hospital knowledge and skills need in caring of infant with type-1 diabetes mellitus. The program package contains sex session with different learning objectives and use many different teaching techniques methods include lecture, practical, audio visual aids and demonstration. Every session with different title around the diabetic knowledge. Data analysis was performed by using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version (22). The results of nurse knowledge regarding definition of diabetes for correct answer in post-intervention were highly increased in percentage. Also The results of nurse knowledge regarding definition of insulin for correct answer in post-intervention were highly increased in percentage for all questions. The results of nurse knowledge regarding definition of diabetes, insulin and combination insulin products for correct answer in post-intervention were highly increased in percentage. The study concluded that results of nurse knowledge regarding definition of diabetes, insulin and combination insulin products for correct answer in post-intervention were highly increased in percentage. The study recommended that periodic training program on care of children with type-I diabetes mellitus must be conducted and log book must be design and available for nurses in the hospitals