UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY
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Zebra Fish Model as a Promising Alternative to Laboratory Rodents in Pharmacological and Biomedical Research
Get PDFZebra fish (Danio rerio) belonging to the Cyprinidae family, are useful model organisms for researching vertebrate biology because of their transparent embryos and quick growth. For high-throughput pharmacological and genetic screening, they are superior to mice, especially when studying human disease and its remedies. Zebra fish embryos are a valuable biological model since they are transparent and develop outside of the uterus. More than 80% of the proteins that causes disease have been maintained, and 70% of their genomes resemble those of humans. Because the bodily tissues and growth and development biology of Zebra fish are similar to those of humans, models of a variety of illnesses, and different thrust areas viz. cancers, hepatic, circulatory, and cardiovascular diseases where rodents are replaced by this model. Treatments for epilepsy, behavioural neuroscience, neuropharmacology, viral infections, and other topics are being studied with Zebra fish. Currently Zebra fish applications in a variety of therapeutic fields are extremely important
Effect of Glazing and Frying on Shelf Life and Quality Attributes of Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp During Frozen Storage: A Comparative Study
Get PDFDuring the present study, the effect of glazing and frying on the shelf life of shrimps, Litopenaeus vannamei was recorded after 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of storage. Glazing and frying significantly influenced the biochemical and organoleptic properties in frozen shrimps, Litopenaeus vannamei. Among the treatments, pan fry was significantly better in reducing trimethyl amine content (4.65 mg/ 100g), total volatile basic nitrogen content (11.96 mg/ 100g), moisture (10.17%), pH (6.65) followed by air fry (5.81, 12.90 mg/ 100g, 10.51%, 6.73) and turmeric glazing (6.05, 13.53 mg/ 100g, 10.65%, 6.78). The appearance (7.44, 7.38, 7.44), smell (7.39, 7.34, 7.31), and taste (7.30, 7.28, 7.23) scores of frozen shrimps were significantly better in turmeric glazed, air fry and pan fry treatments showing no significant difference with each other after 16 weeks. The texture (7.41) and overall quality (7.81) score of turmeric-glazed frozen shrimps was significantly higher than the scores at other treatments
Evaluation of Some Inorganic Salts Against Land Snails, Monacha obstructa and Eobania vermiculata under Laboratory and Field Conditions
Get PDFEffect of different concentrations of four inorganic salts (sodium hydroxide, potassium bromide, sodium nitrite, and copper sulfate) against the terrestrial snails, Monacha obstructa and Eobania vermiculata, was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Results commonly revealed that the tested materials exhibiting noticeable land snails impacts under laboratory and field conditions. In laboratory experiments, mortality percentages increased with the increase of concentration. Sodium nitrite was the most effective compound followed by copper sulphate, potassium bromide, sodium hydroxide for Monacha obstructa recording mortality percentages of 86.67, 80.00, 80.00 and 73.00%, respectively. The corresponding LC50 values were 8.69, 0.1548, 1.2966 and 4.7173% for the four inorganic salts, respectively. It was obvious that copper sulphate was the most effective followed by sodium nitrite sodium hydroxide, potassium bromide for Eobania vermiculata, where the mortality rate of infested snail reached 86.67, 80,80 and 60%, respectively at the highest concentrations of four salts. The corresponding LC50 values were 0.6901, 40.3541, 19.3519 and 12.037% for the four inorganic salts, respectively. It is interest to note that the used inorganic salts completely supressed egg production. Under field conditions, copper sulfate was more potent against Eobania vermiculata than sodium nitrite, but the reverse took place in case of Monacha obstructa
Insights into Apicomplexan Parasites: Exploring Diversity in Insects of Economic Importance
Get PDFThe largest group of invertebrates infested on land is the insects which plays many important roles in balancing the ecosystem. Some of them are helpful in pollination, producing the economically important byproducts; while some are the pests of different crop plants along with it most of themselves are the host of many protozoan (Apicomplexan) parasites. The Apicomplexa group is made up of lots of parasitic creatures, with over 6,000 species that we know of and probably even more that we haven\u27t discovered yet. They all rely on hosts to survive, and nearly every kind of animal, including vertebrates like us and many invertebrates, can host at least one type of these parasites. Apicomplexans like Plasmodium are the common parasite of mosquito and human, causes malaria in humans which is having greatest impact on human health. Among insects, Orthoptera, Odonata, Blattodea, Diptera, and Coleoptera have been reported to be infected by gregarine parasites but most of other apicomplexan parasites of insects are not introduced well. Study of their diversity in insects is necessary to support Integrated Pest Management for the betterment of economy. Therefore, they have received great attention from many researchers, including those interested in the parasite-host coevolution, pathogenicity and protection of host from parasites as well as those interested in biological control of insects. In the present review diversity of Apicomplexan parasites from Phylum Arthropoda (Class- Insecta) is examined. Study of diversity of Apicomplexan parasites from insects with the help of their morphology will brings about the availability of conformational data for classification and systematic study of protozoan parasites of insects. Checklist made by studying the host parasite relationship of phylum Arthropoda and phylum Apicomplexa will help in maintaining them by IPM. Studying their coevolution with host & existence of new species recorded will help the protozoologist for its further study and encourage the new researchers for working in this area
Spermatogenic and Genetic Investigations of Spodumene on the Reproductive Qualities of Male Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Get PDFSpodumene, a lithium aluminum silicate mineral, is widely employed in industrial applications; however, its effects on reproductive health remain unexplored. This study evaluated the reproductive parameters of male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to varying concentrations of spodumene. Spodumene collected from a mining site in Kakafu village, Patigi, Kwara State, Nigeria, was processed into powdered form. Thirty-five (35) adults male Wistar rats (weight 150 – 250g) were exposed to varying concentrations of spodumene at doses of 0 mg/kg (tap water; control), 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg for 28 days. Reproductive parameters assessed include sperm count (SC), daily sperm production (DSP), and comet assay to analyse the DNA integrity in the epididymis. The results showed that the SC and DSP of the control group had the highest values of 830×106 ± 900×104 M/ml and 190.74×10⁵ ± 264.2×10²/100mg of the testis respectively. While the group with the highest concentration of spodumene had the least SC and DSP of 52.25×10⁶ ± 25×10⁴ M/ml and 13.75×10⁵ ± 53.9×10²/100 mg of the testis respectively. DNA assessment revealed the control group had the least tail DNA (%), tail moment and tail olive moment with values of 5.69 ± 1.00 %, 0.31 ± 0.06 µm and 1.57 ± 0.57 respectively. Spodumene exposure resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in SC and DSP. Notably, no significant DNA damage was observed in the epididymis. The findings indicated that gradual intake or exposure to spodumene could negatively affect reproductive health, posing a significant risk to workers in mining environments. Further research is recommended to check for the DNA damage in prolonged exposure duration
Population Dynamics of Butterflies from Two Selected Areas of South Goa, India
Get PDFBiodiversity issues are very crucial in preventing the permanent extinction of variety of species on the planet earth. Butterflies, moths and skippers are included in the order Lepidoptera. There are about 10% butterfly species of Lepidoptera. Butterflies are well known for their diversity in shape, size and beautiful wing colours, having slender bodies and antennae with club-like tips. In general, in butterflies the wings are held vertically when at rest. They are cosmopolitan in distribution, found everywhere around the world except near the poles. They are diurnals. Our country is gifted with rich butterfly diversity but due to various anthropogenic activities, they are gradually depleting from certain habitats. We have to take appropriate measures to bring them back to optimum level. For this, protection, preservation and propagation are the most sought activities. First and foremost, the important act in this direction is making an inventory of butterfly diversity in the selected and significant habitats. Present investigation is aimed to understand the status of butterfly diversity in the state of Goa, one of the smallest states of the Indian Union and exploring conservation practices. Hence, the present study was undertaken to provide baseline information on the checklist of butterflies and their diversity in Quepem and Sanguem talukas of South Goa. In Quepem, Grey County and Brush-footed Butterfly recorded least relative abundance of 2.991, Grey pansy recorded maximum relative abundance of 6.196. In Sanguem, Nymphalid butterfly, Statira sulphur recorded maximum relative abundance of 3.835 and White peacock recorded least relative abundance of 2.191. Total butterfly abundance at different selected sites of Quepem is Borimal; 31.19, Xeldem; 26.70, Nanda Lake; 20.08, Palacio do deao; 22.00 and Sanguem is Selaulim dam; 25.47, Pattem; 21.09, Kotto ;27.67, Vorcotto; 25.75 during the survey period
Study on the Effect of B. Serrata and Bovine Follicular Fluid on Hydroxyproline Content in Achilles tendon Defect in Dogs
Get PDFBackground: Calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) consists of multiple tendons from several muscles of the posterior limb and represent as strongest tendon in body. Traumatic injury is the most common affection of the Achilles tendon which may cause tendon damage lead the foot to fall flat – much like humans walk.
Objective: The present study is designed to compare the efficacy of B. Serrata extract and bovine follicular fluid on tendon healing and regeneration process in dog.
Material and Methods: Twenty-seven adult local breed dogs, weighing 18-20 kg. Dogs were categorized into three equal groups (9 dogs), as control, treated 1 and treated 2. Surgical site was prepared under aseptic technique, After Achilles tendon exposure, tendon defect was induced as a core lesion in all dogs by penetrating tendon using 16-gauge needle. Tendon defect was treated with local application of autologous PRF in controls group. Tendon defect in treated group1 was treated via local usage of autologous PRF and B. Serrata extract. While in treated group 2 the tendon defect was treated by Autologous PRF and Bovine Follicular Fluid via local application. The surgical site was closed routinely and the animals were evaluated clinically, macroscopically, microscopically, and hydroxyproline test was performed along study period.
Results: Clinically, redness and swelling of the surgical site were less and disappeared in treated groups as a compare with control group. While lameness was significantly disappeared in B. Serrata group in 9 days\u27 post-surgery when compared with bovine follicular fluid and control groups. Hydroxyproline content of Achilles tendon was significantly increase in B. serrata group as a compare with Bovine follicular fluid and control group after 30-day post-surgery. on the other hand, Bovine FF group exhibited a high level of hydroxyproline when contrast with control group at the same period.
Conclusion: B. serrata extract and bovine follicular fluid can enhance tendon healing and regeneration process but B. Serrata showed the most effective results in tendon rebuilding process
Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Essential Oil Extract from Salvia leucantha in Experimental Animal
Get PDFThis study investigates the analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of Salvia leucantha (Mexican bush sage), a medicinal plant traditionally used for its therapeutic properties. The aerial parts of the plant were collected, shade-dried, and subjected to maceration using 95% ethanol to obtain a crude ethanolic extract. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, and phenolic compounds—known for their pharmacological relevance. The extract was evaluated for analgesic activity using Eddy’s hot plate and acetic acid-induced writhing models in Swiss albino mice, and for anti-inflammatory activity using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model in Wistar albino rats. The results demonstrated a significant increase in pain threshold and a marked reduction in inflammatory response in a dose- dependent manner. The efficacy of the extract was found to be comparable to standard reference drugs such as diclofenac and indomethacin. These findings suggest that the ethanolic extract of Salvia leucantha holds promising analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, potentially offering a safer alternative to conventional NSAIDs
Fatty Liver Syndrome in Dairy Cattle: A Comprehensive Review
Get PDFFatty Liver Syndrome (FLS), also known as hepatic lipidosis, is a metabolic disorder affecting high-producing dairy cows, particularly during the early weeks of lactation. It is most prevalent in systems where all cows, regardless of their milk yield potential, are fed the same ration. This condition is more common in adult cows than in heifers and typically manifests within the first two weeks postpartum, though it can develop upto a month after calving. FLS occurs when high-producing dairy cows become over-conditioned during late pregnancy or in the dry period, resulting in a body condition score (BCS) greater than 3.5 at calving. At calving, these dairy cows experience a negative energy balance due to the sudden energy demands of lactation. Consequently, the body mobilizes excess fat reserves to meet the energy requirements. However, cows with a high BCS often have reduced appetite, leading to lower energy intake. This reduced intake exacerbates fat mobilization, overwhelming the liver\u27s capacity to process the mobilized fat. The excess fat accumulates in the liver, impairing its function and leading to hepatic lipidosis. Early intervention is critical to prevent severe complications and to improve recovery outcomes. Implementing these preventive and management strategies can significantly reduce the incidence and impact of Fatty Liver Syndrome in dairy herds, leading to improved animal health and farm productivity
Effect of Deltamethrin on the Activities of the Alkaline and Acid Phosphatases in the Air Breathing Fish Clarias batrachus (Linn.)
Get PDFIntensive use of pyrethroids as a new class of agricultural insecticides to control agricultural pesticides crops has concomitantly increased the level of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems. It is against this backdrop that the present study was undertaken, which reflects the changes in the activities of alkaline and acidic phosphatases in the plasma, liver and kidney of the fish Clarias batrachus exposed to sub-lethal (0.145ppm) concentration of deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroids for a period of 35 days. A significant (P<0.05) increase, amounting to 92 %, in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, was observed in plasma of fish treated with sub-lethal doses of deltamethrin when compared to control group. However, due to exposure to deltamethrin, the activity of acid phosphatase (ACP) decreases significantly (P<0.05) in the liver and kidney. The result of the present study suggests that the tested concentrations of deltamethrin cause significant adverse effects on the enzymological parameters of air-breathing fish C. batrachus. The alterations of these parameters can be effectively used to monitor the impact of deltamethrin on aquatic ecosystems