UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY
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Comparative Gross and Biometrical Studies on the Heart of Gaddi Sheep and Gaddi Goats
Get PDFThis study presents a comparative gross and biometrical analysis of the heart in Gaddi sheep and Gaddi goats of Himachal Pradesh. Sixteen heart samples (eight from each species) were collected from healthy adult animals at a local abattoir. Gross anatomical observations revealed that the heart of both species was located ventrally within the mediastinum extending from the third to the sixth intercostal space. The heart of the goat appeared more conical as compared to the relatively less tapered heart of the sheep. In both species the heart exhibited a triangular shape with a blunt apex entirely formed by the left ventricle. A considerable amount of epicardial fat was observed on the surface of heart in both the species. Biometric analysis demonstrated that the mean heart weight was 107.5 ± 2.54g in Gaddi sheep and 113.8 ± 2.85 g in Gaddi goats. The mean length of the anterior border (base to apex) measured 68.0 ± 4.4 mm in sheep and 72.7 ± 2.2 mm in goats. The mean heart diameter was recorded as 174.0 ± 17.6 mm in sheep and 176.0 ± 3.0 mm in goats. Additional parameters including circumference at the coronary groove, thicknesses of the ventricular walls and moderator band and external diameters of the aorta and vena cava were also assessed. The comparative data indicated that most biometrical parameters were greater in Gaddi goats than in Gaddi sheep highlighting species-specific anatomical differences that may have physiological and clinical relevance
A preliminary Checklist of Butterfly Fauna from Bongaigaon District of Assam, India
Get PDFButterflies are an excellent biological indication of the health of the environment and the quality of their habitat. Bongaigaon district is situated in the north bank of mighty river Brahmaputra in western part of Assam, India. The area are mostly plain with traces of lofty green hills, moist deciduous forests, natural wetlands, rivers, etc, all combine to give it a impressive grandeur and is famous for endangered and endemic primate Golden Langur (Trachypithecus geei). The diverse flora and fauna in the forests of the district makes it an important location for conservation and research on the region’s biodiversity. Therefore a preliminary study was undertaken to observe the butterfly diversity with species richness based on observation and sighting records from January to December, 2024 in three (03) forest areas of Bongaigaon district, Assam, India. Transect counting method was used to track the population trend of butterflies for one year. A checklist has been created based on research on the diversity of butterflies in the study area. During the study period, 46 butterfly species from 5 families in the order Lepidoptera were identified. With 19 species, the family Nymphalidae was the most prevalent among them, followed by the families Lycaenidae (11), Papilionidae (6), Pieridae (6), and Hesperiidae (4). As not a single study was carried out on the current population, distribution, diversity and occurrence with habitat variability of the particular area, the study will promote and throw light for future studies. Additionally, it will highlight specific forest regions in the Bongaigaon district as a resource of biodiversity conservation practices
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Water in Selected Location Kiliyur Lake, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, Southern India
Get PDFLakes play a vital role in the economy of a region of a country and significant for various scholarly, societal, and economic reasons. They act as natural water reservoirs, storing large amounts of water that can be utilized for drinking, industrial processes, and irrigation, and other purposes, including hydropower generation. The quality of lake water is a critical concern for the surrounding environment and the survival of living organisms. The aim of this investigation was to explore the physico-chemical characteristics of Kiliyur Lake water. Physico-chemical parameters or factors are essential for determining water quality and identifying contaminants in specific water sources. Changes in these parameters reveal aspects of continuous change, so we must expect permanent alterations in the physical and chemical features of the lake over both spatially and temporally. As a result, describing the environment can be challenging. In our study, we divided the lake into four sites and observed the annual variations in physico-chemical parameters for the years 2022 and 2023. In the present study to examined the annual variations of physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and chloride levels. The findings from this qualitative study on the physico-chemical parameters will be invaluable for policy makers precautionary measures to protect the wetland
Effect on Haemato-biochemical Parameters in Response to Ketamine Anaesthesia Alongwith Diazepam, Butorphanol and Xylazine in Buffalo Calves
No full textThis study was designed to evaluate the effect on various haematological and biochemical parameters following administration of ketamine anaesthesia alongwith glycopyrrolate-diazepam, glycopyrrolate-butorphanol and glycopyrrolate-xylazine as preanaesthetics in 18 non-descript buffalo calves and were divided into three groups (A, B and C) with six animals in each. All the calves were administrated glycopyrrolate @ 0.01 mg/ kg body weight through intramuscular route prior to anaesthetic administration. Then the calves in all group A, B and C were administered diazepam @ 0.5 mg/kg body weight, butorphanol @ 0.075 mg/kg body weight and xylazine @ 0.16 mg/kg body weight respectively through intravenous route. Further, general anaesthesia was induced with ketamine @ 4 mg/kg body weight intravenously. Haematological parameters such as haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leucocyte count (TLC), differential leucocyte count (DLC) and biochemical parameters such as serum glucose, serum total protein, serum urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were estimated before sedation (0) and at 30, 60,120 min. and 6 hrs post ketamine anaesthesia. Hematological investigations indicated a non-significant (P>0.05) reduction in Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, and DLC after ketamine anesthesia across all groups. Hyperglycemia was observed in animals from all groups following ketamine anesthesia. Other biochemical indicators such as total serum protein, serum urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine levels exhibited non-significant (P>0.05) variations at different time points but stayed within the normal physiological limits. Thus, it can be concluded that the combinations of glycopyrrolate-diazepam-ketamine, glycopyrrolate-butorphanol-ketamine, and glycopyrrolate-xylazine-ketamine do not have any harmful effects on vital organs, and the changes stayed within physiological limits. Therefore, ketamine can be used safely and effectively as an induction agent in buffalo calves for general anesthesia
Behavioural, Respiratory and Histopathological Effects of the Strobilurin Fungicide Picoxystrobin on Riverine Fish, Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
No full textIn this study, the toxicity of the fungicide was assessed using behavioural and histopathological effects in freshwater cichlids, specifically tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Picoxystrobin is a broad-spectrum systemic cereal fungicide belonging to the strobilurin class. Its mode of action involves blocking mitochondrial electron transport at the Qo site of complex III, thereby reducing ATP production and inhibiting cellular respiration. Tilapia was selected as the target species due to its global economic significance and ecological relevance. As one of the most widely farmed freshwater fish, tilapia plays a vital role in food security, aquaculture, and rural livelihoods. To evaluate the fungicide\u27s toxicity, healthy and active tilapia fingerlings were exposed to low and high concentrations of the fungicide for 21 days. The mortality rate among the experimental fish was zero in the control group but increased in water treated with low- and high-concentration fungicides. In this study, fish exposed to various concentrations of Picoxystrobin exhibited a consistent and significant increase in opercular movement rate. The rise in opercular beats from control to higher concentrations was statistically significant (p = 0.05). Furthermore, oxygen consumption gradually decreased as Picoxystrobin concentration increased. Histopathological analysis showed that exposure to fungicide-contaminated water caused progressive alterations in target organs, including the intestine and gills. Overall, the behavioural, respiratory, and histopathological responses observed in this research emphasise the ecological risks of fungicide contamination in aquatic environments and highlight the need for stricter regulation of agrochemical residues in water bodies
Influence of Parity, Lactation Stage, Udder and Teat Morphology on Milk Yield and Composition of Kankrej Cows under Organized Farm Condition
No full textAims: A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of various factors on test day milk yield (TDMY) and milk composition of Kankrej cows. The study also aimed to evaluate the correlations between TDMY and key milk constituents. Sample: Data representing 305 Kankrej cows maintained at Livestock Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar were analyzed to determine the effect of parity, stage of lactation, udder and teat morphology on TDMY and milk composition.
Study Design: Simple random sampling
Place and Duration of Study: The present study was conducted at Livestock Research Station, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat during Apr-2024 to Mar-2025.
Methodology: Least squares analysis used to evaluate factors affecting test day milk yield and milk constituents, while Pearson’s correlation coefficients measured relationships among milk components and their association with TDMY.
Results: The least squares mean values for TDMY, fat, solid not fat (SNF), protein, lactose and total solids was found as 8.44 ± 0.30 kg, 3.96 ± 0.14%, 8.77 ± 0.07%, 3.23 ± 0.03%, 4.81 ± 0.05% and 12.73 ± 0.15%, respectively. Parity, stage of lactation and udder shape significantly (p<0.01) affected TDMY, which increased up to the fourth parity and declined thereafter whereas decreased with lactation stages. Cows with round udders produced higher milk yield than other udder shapes. Fat and total solids increased with lactation progression. TDMY showed a significant negative correlation with fat and non-significant negative total solids but positive correlations with SNF, protein and lactose. Strong positive correlations were observed among fat, SNF, protein, lactose and total solids.
Conclusion: Multiple physiological and morphological factors significantly influence milk yield and its compositional traits in Kankrej cows
Comparative Histology, Histometry and Histochemistry of the Right Coronary Artery in Sheep and Goats
No full textDiseases of the Right coronary artery (RCA) cause ischemia of the right ventricle, ventricular dysfunction and severe cardiac failure. Sheep and goats are among the preferred animal species in cardiovascular research. Histological and histochemical assessment of the coronary artery in health and disease are critical to evaluate disease progression in these animal models. This study aims to report in detail on the comparative histological, histometrical and histochemical features of RCA in sheep and goats to assess suitability. We found that RCA was a muscular artery in both species and consisted of all three tunics, i.e tunica intima, tunica media and tunica externa. The subendothelial tissue was thinner and was completely absent at the arterial termination in goats. The tunica media was formed of multiple layers of smooth muscle cells but was comparatively thinner in goats. Tunica adventicia was rich in elastic fibres in both species. Histometric observations revealed significant variations between species in parameters such as, mean wall thickness, its tunics and luminal diameter. Histochemical reactions for mucopolysaccharides, acid phosphatase enzyme, alkaline phosphatase enzyme revealed positive reactions at varying levels in the tunics of the RCA in these animals. The reaction for fat with Oil red O was negative in both species
Formulation and Evaluation of a Weed-Derived Hydrogel from Solanum nigrum for Anti-psoriatic Efficacy in Wistar albino Rats
No full textPsoriasis imposes a significant burden on both individuals and society. It is linked to several critical health issues, such as depression, psoriatic arthritis, and cardiometabolic syndrome. Solanum nigrum, also known as Black Nightshade, is used in Indian traditional medicine. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antipsoriatic activity of S. nigrum hydrogel against Imiquimod-induced psoriasis in Wistar albino rats. In this study, 20 Wistar albino rats were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups, each group consisting of 5 animals. Groups I-control, Group II- Disease control (Imiquimod 5%w/w), Group III- Standard (Tazarotene 0.05% w/w), Group IV- Treatment 1 (Solanum nigrum hydrogel/SNHG). Psoriasis was induced with Imiquimod 5%w/w cream in all the groups except the control group. On the 24th day, estimation of body weight, redness, scaling, erythema and thickness were evaluated. SNHG was found to control the psoriasis by lowering the psoriatic diameter, TNFα, IL-10 and serum albumin levels to normal, which might be due to the lowered skin inflammation, plaque formation and plaque-type psoriasis caused by imiquimod, and this was further supported by the PASI score. The IR spectrum of Solanum nigrum showed strong stretching vibrations at 3265.70 for the O-H group, at 2926.85 for aromatic C=H, and the structure also contains an aliphatic C-N stretch at 1030.13, for an S-S weak disulphide band at 521.13. In the estimation of TNF-α, the Control group maintains low TNF-α levels at day 12 and day 24, showing it does not show any inflammatory response. The Standard group and, SNHG group show comparatively similar levels of TNF-α. The study concluded that SNHG might offer a novel, natural, and effective treatment strategy for managing psoriasis, and it could be a potential source for the treatment of psoriasis
Integrated Assessment of Population and Reproductive Biology of Sperata seenghala the Giant River-catfish from Gomti River, Central India
No full textKnowledge on population characteristics and life history traits of fishes are of utmost importance for their sustainable exploitation and conservation. However, such studies are relatively limited in central India. With this background, we investigated the population parameters and biology of the Giant river-catfish, Sperata seenghala, inhabiting the Gomti River in the state of Uttar Pradesh. An integrated approach of diverse methods to study the growth pattern, food and feeding habits, and reproductive characteristics were used. The growth of the fish exhibited negative allometry (b < 3), with L∞ value 120.7cm, and K value 0.13 yr⁻¹. A year-round recruitment pattern observed; natural mortality (M) value was 0.3, fishing mortality (F) 0.32, total mortality (Z) value was 0.62 and the length of max. Exploitation (E) ranged from 95 to110 cm. The maximum exploitation rate (E) was less than 0.5, indicating sustainable exploitation. However, length at first capture (Lc) was lower than length at first maturity (Lm), indicating growth overfishing. The food and feeding study through gut contents analysis revealed carnivorous feeding habit of the fish, which was also supported by low RGL value (0.5-1.0). The major food items observed through IP and IRI indices were insects, molluscs, and annelids, further confirming carnivorous feeding. Hepatosomatic index was 0.77%-1.88%. The peak feeding and spawning were found in March as indicated by GaSI and GSI values. The absolute fecundity value was 31221-59296, and the relative fecundity was 13.57-16.94. The morphological development of the gonads of the species was in corroboration with the progression in GSI. Sex ratio was female-biased in S. seenghala. Our study suggests the need for size-based harvest policies for sustainable fishery management of this important catfish species in Central Indian rivers
Breed-Specific Growth and Development of Bombyx mori L. under Temperature and Humidity Stress
No full textHeat stress is one of the major environmental challenges effects on the growth, survival, and silk productivity of Bombyx mori, the most economically important insect in sericulture. With rising global temperatures, the identification of thermotolerant silkworm breeds has become important for supporting silk production. While several studies have addressed thermal effects on silkworm physiology, limited research exists on evaluation of multiple bivoltine breeds under uniform controlled conditions, creating a critical gap in understanding breed-specific thermotolerance. In this study, bivoltine silkworm breeds were reared as control (26 ± 1 °C, 85 ± 5% RH) and high-temperature (34 ± 1 °C, 50 ± 5% RH) conditions to evaluate key quantitative traits including fecundity, survival rate, cocoon weight, shell ratio, and filament length. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, coefficient of variation (CV%), and critical difference (CD) tests to determine the significance of inter-breed variation. Results show highly significant differences among breeds under heat stress. Breeds such as APDR105, APS45, and AC9 maintained higher survival, better cocoon weight, and longer filament length, whereas APS9 exhibited acute sensitivity, with drastic reduction in survival and complete cocoon failure. Elevated CV% values under heat stress indicated enhanced phenotypic variability across traits. The outcomes demonstrate that certain breeds possess inherent thermotolerant mechanisms, making them potential candidates for selective breeding programs targeting climate resistance. The study not only bridges the gap in identifying robust thermotolerant genotypes but also provides a foundation for breeding strategies to safeguard sustainable sericulture in heat-prone regions