Journal of Economics and Trade
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Tenurial Arrangements and Agricultural Efficiency: Empirical Evidence from Jammu and Kashmir, India
No full textThis study investigates the comparative efficiency of farmers in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, focusing on three categories of cultivators: owner-operators, fixed renters, and sharecroppers. Farm-level data consisting of 144 farmers analyzed through efficiency measurement techniques namely Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) reveal that owner-operators exhibit significantly higher levels of both technical and cost efficiency compared to tenant farmers. Among the tenancy systems, fixed renters outperform sharecroppers, indicating that the latter are comparatively less efficient. These results provide empirical confirmation of the Marshallian inefficiency hypothesis, which posits that sharecropping leads to lower efficiency due to disincentives for optimal input use. The findings suggest that enhancing tenure security and promoting efficient tenancy arrangements could improve productivity in the region. Policy interventions should therefore focus on reforming tenancy laws, facilitating access to credit, and incentivizing transitions toward more secure and efficient cultivation systems
Credit Access among Arable Crop Farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria. Implication for Agricultural Productivity Enhancement
No full textThe study assessed credit access among arable crop farmers in Ondo State. A three stage random sampling techniques used in selection of respondents. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The bulk of farmers were in the age range of 40-49, with a mean age of 40 years. There was a higher percentage of female farmers (55%) compared to male farmers (45%). Most respondents had household sizes of 4-6 members. A significant portion of farmers (80.8%) had applied for loans, primarily from Cooperative Societies. Challenges to credit access included lack of collateral, high interest rates, lengthy loan approval processes, limited access to credit, inadequate financial literacy, unclear loan requirements, insufficient loan amounts, lack of farmer support, and inflexible repayment terms. The coefficient for age is 0.007, which advocates that for each extra year of age, there was a positive increase in credit access. The negative t-value of -6.255 and the p-value of 0.000 of the sex indicate that this relationship was statistically significant. The negative t-value of -3.687 and the p-value of 0.000 for marital status indicates that this relationship was statistically significant at 5% level of probability. The result showed that education (p-value of 0.000) has significant relationship with credit access. Based on the findings, it is recommended that government should develop and implement educational programs to enhance financial literacy among farmers. Strengthen and support existing cooperative societies, as they emerged as a significant source of credit
Bridging the Rural-Urban Divide: A Systematic Review of Social Media\u27s Role in Connecting Farmers to Urban Markets
No full textOver the past few years, we have witnessed significant growth in the adoption of digital technologies and this has completely changed every sector including agriculture. It has enabled rural farmers to access global markets, something that they found quite challenging due to the lack of information and the presence of middlemen. The most significant digital platform has been social media which has opened new communication avenues and created a platform for knowledge sharing. Social media platforms like Instagram, Facebook and WhatsApp have become quite popular among farmers to connect with the global consumer base. The purpose of this research is to gain a deeper understanding of the role of social media as a tool connecting rural farmers with urban markets. A systematic review has been done of 21 articles following the PRISMA framework using the Google Scholar database. This systematic review based on twenty-one peer-reviewed articles selected through the PRISMA framework focuses on the role of social media in providing access to markets, facilitating knowledge sharing, and supporting innovation among farmers in the rural areas. The review found that social media helps rural farmers easily market their products to the urban market. Nonetheless, the review also identified challenges like lack of awareness, poorly-developed infrastructure and lack of proper information for rural farmers to connect with urban markets. Hence, by understanding the important role of social media in bridging the rural-urban divide, policymakers and stakeholders would develop interventions that address these challenges and increase the sustainability of the agriculture industry
Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility on the Agricultural Export Revenues: Evidence from China-USA Trade
No full textThe research states that there is an impact of exchange rate volatility on the agricultural export revenues of China. The agricultural sector is one of the most important industries in China, which contributes significantly to the GDP. However, the nation also exports a substantial level of products to the United States. Given the recent global shocks, the study aims to analyse the impact of exchange rate volatility on China\u27s agricultural export revenue. Using agricultural export data as well as macroeconomic data from China between 1994 and 2023, a quantitative analysis has been performed to understand the relationship between exchange rates and agricultural exports. An OLS regression is used as the primary method to examine the linear relationship, while ARDL and NARDL models are applied to explore the long-term and asymmetric effects of exchange rate volatility. Based on this, it has been found that higher levels of exchange rate instability significantly reduce both agricultural export volumes and total export revenues. Agricultural export revenues reduce by -2.7539 percentage points, whereas total exports decrease by 1.5692 percentage points. ARDL and NARDL model finds negative impact of ERV shocks on agricultural export revenue. These results highlight the importance of exchange rate stability in maintaining China’s agricultural trade performance, as maintaining exchange rate risk is key for government. 
AI Literacy in Business: Preparing Executives for Augmented Decision-Making
No full textThis review examines the significance of AI literacy for corporate executives, highlighting its impact on enhanced decision-making and organisational leadership. As AI technologies are increasingly incorporated into business operations, leaders must cultivate the requisite abilities to utilise AI for strategic decision-making, competitive advantage, and operational efficiency. The study consolidates 38 papers published from 2020 to August 31st 2025, emphasizing the benefits of AI literacy, including greater data-driven decision-making, optimised resource allocation, and increased innovation. Nonetheless, obstacles such as the absence of standardised executive training, organisational reluctance, and time limitations hinder the extensive use of AI by business leaders. The review advocates for customised training programs, ongoing learning opportunities, and interdepartmental collaboration to enhance AI literacy among CEOs, thereby ensuring their adaptability in a swiftly changing technological environment. This study addresses the inadequately examined domain of executive AI literacy and offers practical recommendations for organisations aiming to incorporate AI into their leadership development initiatives
Strategic Trade Engagement as a Catalyst for Sustainable Development: A Systematic Review of Policies and Outcomes in Developing Economies
No full textInternational commerce serves as a vital conduit for economic transformation in underdeveloped nations. This study rigorously analyzes how strategic participation in global trade might act as a catalyst for sustainable development, addressing the opportunities and problems encountered by developing economies in the current trade environment. The study examines the mechanisms by which trade facilitates economic transformation, the significance of human capital development, and the policy frameworks required for equitable and sustainable results. This study utilizes a systematic literature review methodology, examining 87 peer-reviewed publications, policy documents, and reports published from 2010 to 2024. The review integrates theoretical frameworks such as comparative advantage, export-led growth, and inclusive trade policy with empirical data from developing nations. The analysis identified five pivotal factors affecting trade-driven sustainable development: strategic identification and enhancement of comparative advantages (73% of reviewed studies), development of human capital and skill formation (68%), integration into global value chains with upgrading capabilities (64%), inclusive trade policies promoting social equity (52%), and incorporation of environmental sustainability (47%). Countries exhibiting successful trade-driven development allocated an average of 4.5-6% of GDP to education and infrastructure, attained annual export growth rates of 8-12%, and diminished poverty rates by 15-25% over ten-year spans. Strategic involvement in international trade, along with comprehensive policies promoting social inclusion and environmental sustainability, can effectively propel sustainable growth in developing economies. Success necessitates the integration of coordinated policy frameworks encompassing trade promotion, investment in human resources, infrastructure development, and social protection systems. Policymakers must prioritize the enhancement of institutional capacity for trade facilitation, invest in educational and technological infrastructure, and guarantee that trade advantages extend to vulnerable communities. The evidence robustly advocates for transcending GDP-centric growth models in favor of holistic development strategies that guarantee equitable distribution of benefits and environmental sustainability
Enhancing Agricultural Sustainability through Corporate Responsibility: Evidence from Guangxi
No full textThe context of corporate responsibility highlighted the impact of an organisation on the environment. In the rural region of Guangxi, agriculture plays a dominant role and has an impact on the surroundings. This study highlights the problems related to environmental pollution, water pollution, climate problems, and labour issues in the Guangxi region\u27s agricultural sector. The objectives of the study show the connection between sustainable activity and the factors of corporate social responsibility. This study follows a qualitative method through the selection of peer-reviewed resources published in academic sources. The findings of the study highlighted that CSR plays a crucial role in resource management and also reduces the ecological footprint of an organisation. The social connection is also improved through corporate responsibility, which provides social stability to an organisation. However, there were some challenges like high cost and lack of knowledge related to the adoption of sustainability. However, bringing changes in the internal policy and practices has helped to overcome the challenges and the adoption of a sustainable culture in the agriculture of Guangxi
Optimising Employee Performance: A Flexibility, Job Design, and Ethics Approach
No full textAims: This study aims to analyze the influence of work flexibility, work characteristics, and work ethics on employee performance, both partially and simultaneously, in the context of public organizations.
Methodology: This study uses a quantitative design with an explanatory approach to test the causal relationship between the variables studied. The research was conducted at the Intermediate Tax Service Office (KPP) Medan, North Sumatra Province, for three months, from January 2025 to March 2025. The research population amounted to 118 employees with a sample of 54 people determined through proportional random sampling techniques. Primary data was collected through a Likert scale-based questionnaire. Data analysis used multiple linear regression with stages of validity, reliability, classical assumption, t-test, F-test, and determination coefficient.
Results: The results of the study show that work flexibility and work ethics have a significant positive effect on employee performance. Meanwhile, the characteristics of the job did not have a significant effect. Simultaneously, the three variables had a significant influence with a determination coefficient value (R²) of 0.718, which means that 71.8% of the variation in performance can be explained by the research model.
Conclusion: Work flexibility and work ethics are the dominant factors in improving employee performance at KPP Madya Medan, while job characteristics require further management in order to be able to make a real contribution to performance. The novelty of this research lies in its focus on examining the combined influence of work flexibility, job characteristics, and work ethics on employee performance within a public-sector taxation institution, a context that has received limited empirical attention
The Long-term Effects of FDI on Myanmar’s Economy: Economic Performance Across Government Transitions (2000–2024)
No full textThis study examines the long-term impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Myanmar\u27s economic growth across four government transitions from 2000 to 2024: SPDC, USDP, NLD, and SAC. Using econometric models, including ANOVA, regression analysis, and the Chow test, the study evaluates the relationship between FDI and economic growth while considering key moderating factors such as political stability, human capital, inflation, and government expenditure. The findings indicate that FDI significantly contributed to GDP growth, particularly under stable governance, while political instability and inflation weakened its effects. The results highlight a structural break in economic performance following the 2021 government transition, with a sharp decline in GDP growth and investor confidence. This is the first study to offer these findings for Myanmar, providing valuable insights for policymakers and investors aiming to optimize FDI\u27s role in economic development
Impact of Digital Trade on Export Competitiveness: Evidence from Chinese Enterprises Using FEM
No full textDigital trade has become one of the most important parameters in global trade in recent times. The presence of digital trade helps smaller businesses integrate into international models. However, the micro-level impact of firms’ digital trade capabilities on their export competitiveness remains unknown. To address this issue, this paper uses firm-specific data from China and analyses the impact of digital trade score on export competitiveness. Doing so, 9705 firm-year observations were analysed between 2013 and 2023. A FEM Model and GMM Model was utilised to analyse the same. The analysis found that the digital score has a negative impact on the competitiveness of exports by 13.54 per cent. GMM found a negative impact of 6.29 per cent. Factors such as intangible assets impacted exports positively, whereas ROA and leverage had a negative impact