Journal of Economics and Trade
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AI-Powered Marketing: Shaping the Future of the Pharmaceutical Industry
No full textIntroduction: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the pharmaceutical marketing landscape by enabling more data-driven, personalized, and efficient strategies. Traditionally cautious in adopting new marketing technologies, the pharmaceutical industry is now embracing AI to enhance decision-making and customer engagement.
Background: Pharmaceutical marketing has historically relied on conventional methods, but the advent of AI technologies such as natural language processing, machine learning, and predictive analytics is reshaping how companies approach customer relationship management, brand positioning, and market forecasting. These tools allow for deeper insights into customer behavior, sentiment analysis, and omnichannel engagement, which are critical in a highly regulated and competitive environment.
Methodology: This review synthesizes current literature and case studies from leading pharmaceutical companies to evaluate the applications and impact of AI in marketing. It examines AI-driven tools used to optimize sales operations, improve medical representative efficiency, and ensure regulatory compliance. Challenges such as data privacy, ethical concerns, and regulatory constraints are also critically analyzed.
Results: Findings indicate that AI adoption leads to measurable benefits including increased return on investment (ROI), enhanced market segmentation, and improved drug adoption rates. AI facilitates more personalized communication strategies and streamlines marketing workflows, contributing to cost efficiency and patient-centric approaches.
Conclusion: AI integration marks a pivotal shift toward smarter, ethical, and more effective pharmaceutical marketing. Future trends such as generative AI, conversational analytics, and digital twins promise to further revolutionize the sector, driving sustainable digital growth
The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth: Evidence from Myanmar
No full textThis study investigates the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Myanmar\u27s economic growth from 2000 to 2020, focusing on key factors that influence FDI\u27s effectiveness. The results show that FDI has a significant positive impact on economic growth, with human capital and political stability further enhancing its effect. However, high inflation weakens FDI\u27s contribution, and excessive government expenditure reduces its marginal benefits. The study highlights the importance of stable governance, skilled labor development, inflation control, and efficient public spending to optimize FDI\u27s role in fostering economic growth. This is the first study to offer these findings for Myanmar, providing valuable insights for policymakers and investors
Gender Disparities in Labour Force Participation in India: A State-wise Analysis of Rural and Urban Trends
No full textGender disparities in labour force participation remain a significant challenge in India, despite notable improvements in recent years. While male participation in the workforce has remained consistently high, female labour force participation has historically been low due to socio-cultural norms, household responsibilities, and limited employment opportunities. The study has been conducted to examine gender disparity in the labour force participation in both rural and urban areas of Indian states. Secondary data (2021-22) on state-wise Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) has been collected from the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), National Statistical Office. Gender gap analysis (absolute and relative terms), rural v/s urban gender gap and Gender Parity Index (GPI) tools were employed to examine the disparity. It was evident from the study that states like Himachal Pradesh lead in gender parity for rural LFPR (0.84), followed by Sikkim (0.76) and Telangana (0.74), while Bihar has the lowest GPI (0.14). In the case of urban areas, Meghalaya ranks highest (0.57), whereas Bihar again records the lowest (0.15). The national average GPI was 0.52 for rural and 0.35 for urban areas, indicating that male labour participation in the workforce is relatively higher than female labour force participation (0.35) in urban areas. The results from the study reveal that some states exhibit relatively higher gender inclusivity in labour markets, while others continue to face severe gender gaps. Even though numerous women empowerment schemes are currently in force to encourage female workforce participation, there remains a lacuna in monitoring their effectiveness. Therefore, ensuring inclusivity, along with rigorous monitoring and evaluation of these schemes, is essential
Data Sovereignty and Digital Trade: China’s Legal Strategy under CPTPP and DEPA Frameworks
No full textThis study employs a qualitative case study analysis approach to demonstrate how the general exception clauses have been integrated into CPTPP and DEPA frameworks in lieu of digital trade. Simultaneously, it focuses on China’ regulatory model. The study examines the legal flexibility offered by these agreements and evaluates the compatibility with China’s data governance laws such as PIPL, DSL and Cybersecurity laws with international obligations. The study finds that exception do account for public interest protections, yet China’s broad security justifications posit a serious challenge. The study concludes that strategic engagement and modular compliance are essential to balance digital sovereignty with international cooperation in an increasingly data-driven global economy
From Connectivity to Smart Finance: Evaluating the Impact of 5G on Digital Transactions
No full textBackground: The emergence of 5G networks represents a significant milestone in the evolution of digital finance, offering enhanced bandwidth, ultra-low latency, and large-scale device connectivity that enable more efficient and sophisticated financial services.
Objective: This narrative review aims to systematically examine the implications of 5G for mobile payments, digital banking, and financial market infrastructure, emphasizing technological, economic, and regulatory dimensions.
Methods: A narrative review approach was employed to examine the impact of 5G on financial services. Relevant literature was identified through a comprehensive search of electronic databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, covering publications from 2015 to 2025. Studies focusing on mobile payments, digital banking, and financial market infrastructure in the context of 5G were included. Articles were screened for relevance, and data were extracted on technological, economic, and regulatory aspects. The findings were synthesized qualitatively to highlight trends, opportunities, challenges, and future research directions.
Key Findings: The analysis demonstrates that 5G enhances transaction speed, reliability, and user experience while enabling advanced applications such as real-time analytics, AI-driven personalization, and secure remote onboarding. The review identifies opportunities, including improved financial inclusion, business model innovation, and productivity gains, as well as challenges such as emerging security vulnerabilities in complex device ecosystems.
Conclusion: 5G has the potential to transform digital finance, and future research should focus on its integration with AI and blockchain, regulatory considerations in interconnected financial systems, and potential transformations associated with the transition toward 6G
Enterprise ESG Excellence through the Lens of Investors’ Attention: Perspective of Polluting and Non-Polluting Firms
No full textESG is a key package for enterprise change and sustainable development. Recently, many investors have taken ESG as an essential part of their capital budgeting decisions and given it importance. Investors are more likely to invest in the capital market but pay minimum attention to ESG practices because of the time and energy limitations. This article uses empirical methods to examine investor attention\u27s impact on business ESG performance. All 100 companies from the Shanghai Stock Exchange between 2015 and 2024 are chosen as the research sample for this study. There are 1000 observations as a result of the application of selection criteria. Drawing on previous research (Tang & Zhu, 2017), this study uses the Internet search index for listed businesses revealed in the CNRDS database as a proxy variable (InvAtt) to quantify the degree of investor attention to listed companies precisely. Empirical data show that investor attention can significantly enhance the ESG standards of publicly traded corporations. According to additional analysis, investor attention substantially impacts ESG performance in private enterprises and high-polluting companies. The findings of this investigation add to and enhance the body of knowledge in corporate ESG studies. Additionally, they offer policy implications and theoretical support for listed businesses looking to develop their ESG investment philosophies and procedures. The study suggests that regulatory authorities should improve investor guidance and encourage listed companies to implement ESG standards
Analysis of the Effect of Leadership Supervision, Motivation and Compensation on Employee Work Discipline at the East Medan Primary Tax Service Office in 2024
No full textAims: The complexity of the tasks faced, ranging from tax administration to public services, East Medan Tax Office is the right location to observe how leadership, motivation, and compensation affect employee work discipline. This complexity allows for a more comprehensive testing of research variables. This study aims to analyze the influence of leadership supervision, motivation, and compensation on employee work discipline at the East Medan Pratama Tax Service Office, both partially and simultaneously.
Study Design: The object of this research is leadership supervision, motivation and compensation as independent variables and employee work discipline as the dependent variable.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Medan Maimun District, Medan City, North Sumatra. The research process was carried out and completed in August to October 2024.
Methodology: Data were collected through interviews, questionnaires, and documentation, then analyzed using multiple regression with SPSS version 24. With a research population of 90 employees and a sample of 88 employees.
Results: The results of the study indicate that leadership supervision has a positive and significant effect on employee work discipline, with a t-count value > t-table (4.644 > 1.988) at n = 88 and a significance level of 95%. Motivation also has a positive and significant effect with a t-count value > t-table (9.038 > 1.988).
Conclusion: Similarly, compensation has a positive and significant influence with a t-count value > t-table (2.000 > 1.988). Simultaneously, leadership supervision, motivation, and compensation have a significant influence on employee work discipline with an F-count value > F-table (56.672 > 2.71). Thus, the proposed hypothesis is accepted
Property Rights and Bank Performance in the MENA Region
No full textBanks must be financially secure to effectively carry out their function as financial service providers smoothly. Their profitability heavily impacts the financial security of banks. This study investigates the impact of legal regulations, specifically property rights and the strength of the legal system, on bank performance in five Middle Eastern economies (Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE) from 2014 to 2023. Using static panel data analysis with return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) as performance measures, the research finds a positive relationship between stronger legal regulations and improved bank profitability. Control variables include bank-specific factors like size, liquidity, credit risk, and macroeconomic indicators. The results underscore the critical role of robust legal institutions in fostering financial stability and efficiency, providing valuable insights for policymakers aiming to enhance the banking sector in emerging markets. Multicollinearity is not a significant concern because the correlation coefficients between the explanatory variables are often less than 0.50. A weak correlation between ROE and ROA (r=27) suggests that banks in the sample likely have varying debt levels, as some may rely heavily on borrowed funds, others on equity. The Hausman test indicates that the coefficient difference is not systematic since p = 0.151 > 0.05, so the random effects model is applicable. Broadly, our study can contribute to policy decisions and discussions around reforms in the legal system, promoting transparency and accountability as well as the efficiency of the courts. The limitations of this study include how the panel data analysis takes place over a period of 9 years, which can be elaborated to include a broader timeframe
Digital vs. Physical: How Technology is Redefining the Retail Landscape
No full textDue to quick technological progress and new demands from buyers, the global retail industry is changing rapidly. Shopping, which used to be only in stores, has now changed to mostly being done online and tailored to each person. The paper looks at how retail is being transformed as digital and physical ways of shopping come together due to advances in technology and what customers want. The primary aim of this paper is to explore how technology is redefining the retail landscape. Even though online shopping is convenient and flexible, going to a store gives a unique experience and emotional connection. Recent studies and industry trends are analysed to see how both formats compare in terms of strategy and how omnichannel retail is becoming the main model. Artificial intelligence, mobile platforms, augmented reality, and immersive environments are assessed to see how they influence customers, their loyalty, and the company’s ability to respond quickly. The paper also looks at ethical and management issues, pointing out that balancing innovation with trust, privacy, and inclusivity is very important. It appears that the future of retail will involve using digital tools while maintaining the originality of physical stores, making it possible for retailers to adapt to what consumers want. Practitioners should understand that to succeed in the future, businesses need to concentrate on forming adaptable, inclusive, and experience-centred retail environments
The Correlation of Job Promotion, Motivation and Competence in Managerial Practice toward Performance: A Case Study in PT. Samudera Sawit Subur
No full textAims: This study aims to explore the dynamics of job promotion, work motivation, and employee competence in influencing employee performance at PT. Samudera Sawit Subur. This study seeks to understand how each variable individually and collectively contributes to organizational effectiveness.
Study Design: This qualitative case study involved 10 purposively selected informants (managers, section heads, and staff) to explore promotion, motivation, and competencies in a real organizational setting. Data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation, and analyzed thematically to ensure depth and rigor.
Place of Study: The study was conducted at PT. Samudera Sawit Subur, a palm shell trading company located in North Sumatra, Indonesia. This organization was selected purposively because it actively implements human resource development programs.
Methodology: Data were collected through in-depth interviews with managers and staff, direct observation, and documentation analysis. Informants were selected using purposive sampling with a focus on those involved or affected by job promotions, motivational policies, and competency development. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify patterns and relationships between variables.
Results: The results of the study indicate that competence has a significant influence on employee performance. Competent employees are able to demonstrate higher productivity and effectiveness in completing tasks, confirming the importance of skill development as the main foundation for improving organizational performance. On the other hand, job promotion and individual motivation do not show a significant influence. This is due to employee perceptions that the promotion system is still subjective and inconsistent, as well as work motivation that is hampered by unfairness in the recognition and reward system. However, when the three variables are considered together, a significant contribution to performance improvement is found. This finding underscores the importance of an integrated approach to human resource management.
Conclusion: Practically, these results suggest that organizations need to design a holistic human resource strategy, which not only focuses on improving employee skills, but also improves the promotion and reward system to be more objective and acceptable to all staff. This approach will encourage long-term productivity while increasing employee satisfaction and loyalty, which ultimately contributes to the effectiveness and competitiveness of the organization. Thus, this study provides a relevant contribution to the development of more effective and sustainable managerial policies at PT. Samudera Sawit Subur and similar organizations