Journal of Economics and Trade
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The Evaluation of Business Leadership in Chinese Organisations: A Systematic Review
No full textPurpose: The primary purpose of the study is to examine the recent trends in business leadership practices within Chinese corporations, considering various leadership styles. It has been observed that Western organisational culture has a significant influence on leadership styles and practices in China-based corporations. It is the reason, that Chinese organisations are effectively focused on implementing collectivism in recent times and addressing hierarchy within the workplace. Agency Theory has been used within this research to identify the connection between the leaders and their team members to achieve the organisational objectives.
Methodology: The research has significantly utilised a systematic literature review (SLR) to select 10 specific peer-reviewed journal articles based on leadership practices within Chinese organisations. The research emphasised engaging such studies which have been mainly published after 2020. All 10 articles were selected in alignment with the research study irrespective of their qualitative and quantitative nature.
Findings: The findings of the study highlighted that the leadership practices within Chinese organisations are driven by multiple important factors that include psychological flexibility, empowering leadership, employee retention, training and development programs and the letting-go approach. It was found that Chinese organisations use multiple leadership styles like spiritual leadership, transformational leadership, transactional leadership and authoritarian leadership that support the leaders performing effectively as per their organisational needs and goals. Among all, the transformational leadership style has been identified as the most preferred as it significantly helps the leaders in bringing changes within the workflow and fostering innovation within the performance outcomes.
Results: The result of the study has expressed that the democratic leadership style is the most effective leadership style that strongly supports the leaders in engaging the employees within the decision-making power not only improves their motivation but also increases innovation within their performance outcomes. The top management of the Chinese organisations empowers the employees by providing them with authorisation to work efficiently by applying their skills and efforts to accomplish the organisational goals. It has been observed that the utilisation of the democratic leadership style enables the leaders to engage their subordinates within the decision-making process which improves team interaction by empowering the team members
Leveraging Innovative Learning Approaches for Effective Delivery of the Business Education CCMAS Curriculum in Nigerian Universities
No full textThe study focused on the leveraging innovative learning approaches for effective delivery of the business education CCMAS curriculum in Nigerian universities. The research utilized secondary data sources, gathered from both print and online publications. A content analysis approach was employed to evaluate the selected literature for the study. In 2019, the National Universities Commission, tasked with overseeing universities, initiated the development of a new curriculum for Nigerian institutions, resulting in the creation of the Core Curriculum and Minimum Academic Standards (CCMAS). The implementation of CCMAS engaged key stakeholders, including students, parents, non-academic staff, academic staff, international institutions, society and government entities. The study unveiled that teachers are the primary implementers of the curriculum, creating learning opportunities that enable students to gain the necessary knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values through suitable teaching methods and resources. Parents act as advocates for the curriculum, as they cultivate a sense of ownership in the schools their children attend with the formation of parent organizations which in turn benefits the curriculum by providing support and facilitating its successful implementation. There exists a strong correlation between parental involvement in educational programs and the provision of high-quality educational experiences for students. Also community participation seeks to unite various stakeholders for collaborative problem-solving and decision-making in curriculum implementation. Students engaged actively in the implementation of the curriculum—through methods like providing feedback, participating in project-based learning, or conducting peer review. This paper explores the government\u27s role in the execution of CCMAS across all Nigerian universities. The government’s responsibilities in the implementation of CCMAS include ensuring adequate funding, providing modern infrastructure, facilitating the training and retraining of academic staff, and overseeing and motivating these staff members. Based on the study\u27s findings, the paper recommends that the Federal Government of Nigeria should enhance the supervision of both human and material resources in all Nigerian universities to support the effective implementation of CCMAS
Wage Disparities and the Influence of Vocational Training in India: An Analytical Study
No full textWage disparities in India remain pronounced across gender, region and type of employment. Women earn substantially less than men in both salaried and casual work, while rural wages lag behind urban earnings. Employment participation has risen in recent years, yet income growth has not been evenly shared. Vocational and technical training has expanded since 2017-18, with participation rising from single digits to more than one-third of the working-age population. Most of this increase has come through non-formal learning, which contributes little to wage mobility because employers do not treat it as a strong credential. Formal training, though limited to less than five percent of workers, is consistently linked with wage gains of around 10-15 percent and stronger employment prospects in sectors with organized demand. Placement alignment, certification systems and equitable access determine the extent of these benefits. Gaps remain particularly wide for women, rural youth and disadvantaged groups who face barriers in accessing quality training. Vocational education can influence wage structures in India when it is formal, demand-driven, inclusive and supported by robust certification and employer trust
Blockchain-based Supply Chain Traceability: Legal Effectiveness and Consumer Rights Protection in Cross-border E-commerce
No full textBlockchain technology is considered another subversive technological innovation that has permeated into cross-border e-commerce which helps improve the traceability of the supply chain. Given this digital era, consumers and businesses want brands to guarantee the authenticity of their products while supply chain participants seek better visibility and responsible sourcing to minimise disputes. There are challenges of cybercrimes and breaches of data privacy that need to be considered to secure data. This research study will analyse this Blockchain technology\u27s practical and legal effectiveness in promoting a secure global trading environment. Employing a qualitative research method, this study relies on secondary sources like case studies, academic literature, articles and journals to analyse the application of Blockchain technology in expanding cross-border e-commerce to ensure consumer trust in global trade. Using the qualitative research methodology and drawing from real cases such as Walmart, Amazon and IBM, the study explores the applicability and efficacy of the role of Blockchain in improving supply chain transparency. This research assesses the practical and legal efficacy of Blockchain technology in enhancing transparency in supply chain management as well as safeguarding consumers in the global e-commerce setting. The key findings of the study reveal the legal recognition and enforceability of Blockchain technology such as smart contracts. The study illustrates how the application of Blockchain technology has been effective in enhancing consumer trust and safeguarding them against data privacy breaches. A comparative analysis is used to understand how various nations have tailored approaches to use Blockchain technology. Despite the existence of legal challenges and the different regulatory frameworks across the globe, data privacy is perceived as a major concern. In this regard, the study concludes by highlighting the need for strengthening the regulations of this technology to optimise its potential in the cross-border e-commerce industry. The research results reveal how the legal enforceability of smart contracts and the use of decentralised ledgers have been effective in addressing major concerns like data breaches and information asymmetry. The study explores both the limitations and opportunities of this innovative technology in establishing that Blockchain technology is reshaping the global supply chains, with implications for consumer protection and legal compliance
The Effects of Leadership Style on Employee Performance: Evidence from Brewery Firms of South-East, Nigeria
No full textThe emergence of various leadership styles has implications on the overall productivity of an organization. In view of the foregoing, this study explores the effect of leadership style on employee performance of brewery firms in South-East Nigeria, focusing on the effects of transformational and transactional leadership on employee productivity and job satisfaction respectively. Transformational Leadership Theory, developed by James MacGregor and later expanded by Bernard formed the basis of this work. The theory posits that effective leaders inspire followers to transcend their self-interest for the good of the organization, fostering motivation, trust, and commitment. Using a descriptive survey design, sample size of 303 was determined from a population of 1250 using Taro Yamane formula (1967). The study employed simple regression analysis to test the formulated hypotheses. Findings reveal that transformational leadership has a significant and positive influence on employee productivity (β = 0.73; R² = 0.55, p < 0.001), while transactional leadership has a moderate but significant effect on job satisfaction (β = 0.58; R² = 0.28, p < 0.001). The results confirm that transformational leadership produces higher levels of intrinsic motivation, creativity, innovation and goal attainment compared to transactional leadership, which is basically compliance-oriented. The study concludes that transformational leadership should be prioritized in the Nigerian brewery sector to enhance implicit confidence, sustainable performance and employee engagement
The Impact of Work Planning, Work Environment and Supervision on Employee Performance: A Case Study of Medan Belawan Tax Service Office in 2024
No full textAims: Most studies on employee performance focus on private sector organizations or general public administration. However, there is limited research specifically examining the impact of work planning, work environment, and supervision on employee performance within tax service offices, particularly in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the influence of work planning, work environment, and supervision on employee performance at the Medan Belawan Pratama Tax Service Office, both partially and simultaneously.
Study design: The object of this research is work planning, work environment and supervision as independent variables and employee performance as the dependent variable.
Place and Duration of Study: This research was conducted at the Medan Belawan Pratama Tax Service Office, located at Jalan Kolonel Laut Yos Sudarso No. 27 KM 8.2, Tanjung Mulia, Medan Deli District, Medan City, North Sumatra Province, with postal code 20241.
Methodology: The population in this study amounted to 90 people, while the sample used was 88 people. Data collection methods in this study include interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. To analyze the data, multiple regression techniques were used with the help of the IBM SPSS version 24 computer program.
Results: The results of the analysis show that work planning has a positive and significant influence on employee performance at the Medan Belawan Pratama Tax Service Office. This is indicated by the t-count value which is greater than the t-table (6.108 > 1.988) at n = 88 with a significance level of 95%. In addition, the work environment also has a positive and significant influence on employee performance, as indicated by the t-count value > t-table (2.062 > 1.988) at a significance level of 95%. Supervision also has a positive and significant influence on employee performance, with the t-count value > t-table (4.639 > 1.988) at n = 88 with a significance level of 95%.
Conclusion: Simultaneously, work planning, work environment, and supervision have a positive and significant effect on employee performance. This is evidenced by the F-count value which is greater than the F-table (82.575 > 2.71). Thus, the hypothesis proposed in this study can be accepted
AI in Corporate Governance: Navigating Critical and Comfortable Aspects
No full textToday Artificial Intelligence (AI) and related technologies have become a disruptive force in the market, impacting every aspect of a business. AI\u27s roles in corporate governance (CG) practices are important; it, however, has to be seamlessly integrated for the desired outcomes. This research aims to assess the critical and comfortable aspects of AI for CG in organisations, specifically in the manufacturing sector. The research employed a qualitative strategy since the strategy aids in exploring a phenomenon comprehensively. In line with the qualitative strategy, semi-structured interviews with experts from the manufacturing industry were conducted as subject of this research. Thematic analysis was done on data using ten experts, ranging from China’s manufacturing industry. The findings reveal that AI is quite important for CG since it can improve all the parts of CG, focusing on risk management and decision-making. Interviews with experts emphasised that AI has facilitated rational decision-making and risk management in organisations. Yet the findings also showed that AI in CG was not quite without challenges, such as data quality, ethics and employee resistance. Nonetheless, appropriate mitigation strategies can be implemented, like robust data governance frameworks and training programs for employees that can make AI a critical aspect of CG and ensure that it is comfortably integrated into business operations. Overall, this research has significant managerial implications since it highlights the need for AI in CG by addressing the challenges faced with AI integration
Analyzing the Influence of Monetary Policy on Nigeria\u27s Economic Expansion
No full textThis paper examined the connection between key monetary policy indicators and economic growth in Nigeria. The analysis was conducted using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound co-integration method. It estimated both the short-run and long-run effects of monetary policy on economic growth, utilizing secondary data from 1981 to 2022. The data, sourced primarily from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, revealed a long-run relationship between the variables. Contrary to initial expectations, the findings revealed Cash Reserve Ratio and Monetary Policy Rate had an insignificant impact on Real GDP, suggesting that changes in these indicators did not substantially influence economic growth. The Treasury Bill Rate and Exchange Rate showed a positive but insignificant effect on real economic growth. The study also found that Cash Reserve Ratio and Monetary Policy Rate had a negative yet insignificant effect on interest rates, implying that shifts in these variables did not significantly alter investment levels. However, the results indicated that Cash Reserve Ratio and Monetary Policy Rate could potentially lower overall interest rates, thereby encouraging investment and boosting real GDP. Additionally, the study highlighted the positive influence of savings and investment on economic growth. On the other hand, the Exchange Rate and Treasury Bill Rate were positively but insignificantly related to interest rates, suggesting their potential use in raising interest rates to manage liquidity, which could affect both investment and growth. Lastly, the study proposed that Treasury Bill Rates could help increase interest rates and absorb liquidity, thereby moderating investment and overall economic growth
Public Education Spending Efficiency: the Effect of Economic, Institutional, and Political Factors in the MENA Region
No full textThis paper aims to determine the public spending efficiency in primary, secondary, and tertiary education and to study the effect of institutional, political, and economic factors in the MENA region for the period 1998-2018. A non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach is used to assess efficiency. The results show that MENA countries are more performers in primary education despite that they spend considerably on secondary and tertiary education. A Censored Tobit regression model is adopted to analyze the determinants of public education efficiency. Many indicators affect efficiency, but primary education efficiency is more sensitive
The Resource-Based View in the Asta Brata and Organisational Performance: A Moderating Approach of Adaptability and Innovation
No full textThis study explores the impact of the Asta Brata leadership style on organisational performance, emphasizing the moderating effects of adaptability and innovation. Asta Brata, rooted in traditional Javanese philosophy, encompasses eight guiding principles that influence leaders\u27 behaviours and decision-making processes. Utilising a quantitative approach, data was collected from a diverse range of organisations across various sectors. The findings indicate that the Asta Brata leadership style affects organisational performance in significant and positive way, in other words, this study finds that ethical conduct, courage, and discipline of the leader have significant and positive influence on the organisational performance. Adaptability and innovation also play a positive and significant role on organisational performance of SMEs. This means that if the visionary leadership, emphasis on learning, and competitive intelligence and digital transformation increase, SMEs’ financial, operational, and employee performance are also improved. The relationship between Asta Brata leadership style and organisation performance is moderated positively and significantly by adaptability and innovation. It can be concluded that the Asta Brata leadership style has a positive and significant impact on organisational performance, particularly when such adaptability and innovation exist. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that adaptability and innovation serve as critical moderators, amplifying the positive effects of Asta Brata on performance outcomes. This research contributes to leadership theory by demonstrating how cultural leadership frameworks can be instrumental in navigating contemporary business challenges, ultimately providing actionable insights for leaders seeking to improve organisational effectiveness