Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology
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Spectrophotometric Method Validation for the Quantification of Ethyl Alcohol in Alcoholic Beverages
Full text linkThis study presents the development and validation of a spectrophotometric method for ethanol quantification in alcoholic beverages. The method exhibited high accuracy, precision, and sensitivity, making it a reliable alternative to conventional chromatographic techniques. A strong linear correlation was observed between ethanol concentration and absorbance (R² = 0.9987), with a calibration equation of A = 0.620C + 0.005. The method was applied to whisky, vodka, and rum (each labeled as 42.5% v/v ethanol), and the measured values closely matched the expected concentrations, confirming its accuracy. Precision tests demonstrated minimal relative standard deviations (%RSD < 2%), ensuring method reliability. Sensitivity analysis revealed a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.018% v/v and a Limit of Quantification (LOQ) of 0.054% v/v, proving the method\u27s capability to detect trace ethanol levels. The method is particularly useful for forensic and regulatory applications, quality control in the beverage industry, and resource-limited laboratories due to its cost-effectiveness and minimal reagent usage. Future studies may explore its application in diverse alcoholic beverages, bioethanol analysis, and portable spectrophotometric devices for on-site testing
Oligosaccharide Diversity in Milks: A Comparative Analysis of Human, Mammalian, and Plant-Based Sources
Full text linkThis study conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of oligosaccharide composition and glycosidic linkage patterns across eight milk types: human, bovine (cow and buffalo), goat, Gaddi sheep, camel, donkey/mare, and selected plant-based alternatives. Utilizing advanced analytical techniques, including Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAEC-PAD), Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and exoglycosidase linkage mapping, we profiled and quantified the oligosaccharide content and linkage diversity. Results revealed that human milk possesses the highest complexity, with ∼35–40 g/L of oligosaccharides comprising over 160–240 unique structures, including critical fucosylated and sialylated variants for neonatal immunity and gut health. Goat (42 oligosaccharides) and cow milk (35 oligosaccharides) followed in complexity, while camel (34 oligosaccharides) and Gaddi sheep (approx. 16 oligosaccharides) exhibited more limited profiles. Donkey/mare milk shared notable similarities with human milk in lactose levels and structural roles, though with lower oligosaccharide diversity. In contrast, plant-based milks, such as almond and soy, lacked complex mammalian-type oligosaccharides, primarily containing simpler plant-derived oligosaccharides like raffinose and stachyose, typically with α-galactosyl linkages. Functional insights demonstrated that specific OS from goat and donkey milk exhibited prebiotic potential and pathogen inhibition. This study offers critical biochemical insights for designing optimized infant formulas and enhancing plant-based milk alternatives by replicating the beneficial oligosaccharide patterns found in mammalian milk
Recent Advances in Targeted Therapies for Cancer Treatment
Full text linkRecent advances in understanding the birth mechanisms underpinning cancer development have driven the design of new remedial approaches, nominated ‘targeted curatives’, that widely intrude with motes or pathways involved in excrescence growth and progression. Inactivation of growth factors and their receptors on excrescence cells as well as the inhibition of oncogenic tyrosine kinase pathways and the inhibition of motes that control specific functions in cancer cells constitute the main rational bases of new cancer treatments acclimatized for individual cases. Small-patch impediments and monoclonal antibodies are major factors of these targeted approaches for a number of mortal malice. As the studies of the biomolecular features of cancer progress, new instigative strategies have arisen, similar as targeting cancer stem cells that drive excrescence relapses or the picky induction of apoptosis in nasty cells. This composition primarily focuses on the birth bases of the new cancer medicines and summarizes their mechanisms of action, the clinical substantiation of their anti-cancer effectiveness as well as the explanation for their use in clinical practice
Review Article: Ecotoxicological Impacts of Pollution on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Health in the Anthropocene
Full text linkThe Anthropocene epoch, characterized by accelerated industrial growth and intensified human activities, has led to widespread environmental contamination, significantly endangering biodiversity and ecosystem functionality. This review delves into key pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, pharmaceutical compounds, and microplastics, examining their origins, biological impacts, and ecological repercussions.
Toxic elements like mercury and lead tend to accumulate through food chains, resulting in physiological impairments and neurological issues in various wildlife species. The use of pesticides and agrochemicals interferes with hormonal systems and reproductive functions, especially affecting pollinators and aquatic fauna. Residual pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics and hormonal agents, disrupt microbial ecosystems and contribute to the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, microplastics and engineered nanoparticles infiltrate aquatic environments, where they are ingested by marine and freshwater organisms, causing cellular damage and toxic responses.
The degradation of biodiversity caused by pollution leads to the breakdown of food chains, habitat loss, and reduced ecological resilience. Modern advancements in biomonitoring—such as molecular-level biomarkers, bioindicator species, and satellite-based sensing—are proving instrumental in identifying and assessing ecotoxicological hazards. To counter these threats, the adoption of sustainable solutions like green chemistry, bioremediation techniques, and policy reforms is crucial. This review highlights the pressing need for comprehensive, multidisciplinary strategies to limit pollutant exposure and uphold ecosystem health in the Anthropocene. Future directions should prioritize cutting-edge remediation technologies and robust regulatory systems to effectively manage and mitigate ecotoxicological risks
Eigen Vector and Eigen Value
Full text linkThe word Eigen is understood in the German language with the meaning of own, proper, character. But in this discussion, instead of the above words, we use specific or Appropriation words. According to the above explanation, the following concepts are discussed. A definite vector, a definite value (a definite coefficient), a definite space, a definite equation, a definite polynomial, a definite matrix, and a definite function. The concept of Eigenvector and Eigenvalue has an important and special rule in linear algebra and functional analysis, which includes spectral theory.
Its eigenvectors are those vectors that are only stretched, with neither rotation nor shear. The corresponding eigenvalue is the factor by which an eigenvector is stretched or squished. If the eigenvalue is negative, the eigenvector\u27s direction is reversed.
The eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a linear transformation serve to characterize it, and so they play important roles in all the areas where linear algebra is applied, from geology to quantum mechanics. In particular, it is often the case that a system is represented by a linear transformation whose outputs are fed as inputs to the same transformation (feedback). In such an application, the largest eigenvalue is of particular importance, because it governs the long-term behavior of the system after many applications of the linear transformation, and the associated eigenvector is the steady state of the system
Sustainable Solvent Systems in Organic Chemistry Reactions
Full text linkThe extensive use of volatile organic solvents in organic chemistry has raised serious environmental, health, and sustainability concerns, particularly in developing economies with rapidly growing chemical sectors such as India. Sustainable solvent systems have emerged as a viable solution to reduce solvent waste, toxicity, and energy consumption while maintaining or enhancing reaction efficiency. Indian researchers have significantly contributed to the development and application of green solvents including deep eutectic solvents, ionic liquids, supercritical carbon dioxide, aqueous reaction systems, and solvent-free methodologies. These solvent systems offer advantages such as low vapor pressure, high recyclability, tunable physicochemical properties, and compatibility with green chemistry principles. This paper critically examines Indian experimental and process-based studies on sustainable solvent systems, evaluates their performance in organic reactions and extraction processes, and discusses their potential for industrial-scale implementation
Islamic Calendar Effects and Stock Market Behaviour in India: Evidence from Shariah and Conventional Indices
Full text linkThe study examines the influence of the Islamic calendar specifically, the week day, Islamic month, and Ramadan on the returns, risk-adjusted performance, and volatility of Shariah and conventional stock indices in India. Daily data for the Nifty 50, Nifty Shariah 50, Nifty Shariah 500, FTSE All-World, and FTSE Shariah indices from 2018 to 2022 were analysed. Returns were computed using log-difference transformations and mapped onto the Islamic (Hijri) calendar. Day of the week effects were estimated using OLS with robust errors; risk-adjusted performance was examined using Sharpe, Treynor, and Jensen ratios. Ramadan effects on returns were assessed through multiple regression controlling for domestic and global benchmarks. GARCH(1,1) and GJR-GARCH models assessed Ramadan-induced volatility behaviour. The study finds a significant day of the week effect on stock market indices with Monday returns being significantly negative while Tuesday returns are significantly positive for both indices. Month of the year effects are generally insignificant, although Jumada-Al-Awwal exhibits consistently negative and significant returns across indices. Risk-adjusted metrics reveal that Shariah indices outperform during Ramadan but underperform during non-Ramadan periods. Ramadan shows no significant impact on returns once benchmark indices are controlled for, but significantly influences volatility, with strong evidence of volatility clustering and leverage effects. The results imply that the high worship intensity and ethical investment associated with the Ramadan period affects the stock market’s volatility. The study recommends that portfolio managers exploit the predictable negative Monday and positive Tuesday patterns. More so, Shariah-compliant investors may benefit from investing in Shariah indices during non-Ramadan periods and realising gains during Ramadan
Stature Estimation from Femur and Humerus Bone Using Radiographic Images in Eastern Uttar Pradesh
Full text linkThis study developed region-specific regression models for stature estimation using femur and humerus measurements from CT scans of 300 individuals (150 males, 150 females) from Eastern Uttar Pradesh, a demographically diverse region, with ethical approval obtained. MS Excel, descriptive statistics, regression, and correlation analysis were used for the analysis. The findings suggested strong correlations between bone length and stature, with femur length being more predictive for females and humerus length for males. The proposed models demonstrated high accuracy and predictive power (high R² values), emphasizing the importance of population-specific approaches in forensic anthropology. These findings will continue to provide a reliable database for stature estimation in forensic and anthropological contexts, with potential for broader application in future studies incorporating larger samples and additional variables
Assessment of the Impact of Marble Waste on Ground Water Quality Parameters
Full text linkMarble waste, a byproduct of extensive mining and processing activities, poses significant environmental challenges, particularly concerning groundwater contamination. This study assesses the impact of marble waste on groundwater quality parameters in areas with significant marble processing activities. Groundwater samples were collected from various sites, including those near marble waste disposal areas and control sites, and analyzed for key physicochemical parameters such as pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium). The results revealed substantial deviations in groundwater quality in areas near marble waste disposal sites compared to control locations. Elevated pH levels, high TDS, and increased turbidity were observed, alongside heavy metal concentrations that exceeded permissible limits set by international standards. Seasonal analysis indicated contamination peaks during the dry season due to reduced dilution capacity. Correlation analysis highlighted strong relationships between turbidity and heavy metal concentrations, suggesting that particulate matter facilitates the transport of contaminants. This study underscores the urgent need for sustainable waste management practices to mitigate the environmental impacts of marble waste. Recommendations include recycling marble waste, implementing advanced waste treatment technologies, and enforcing stricter regulatory measures. These findings provide critical insights for policymakers and stakeholders, emphasizing the importance of preserving groundwater quality for environmental sustainability and public health
Study of Structural and Electronic Properties of Rutile Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Using Density Functional Theory (DFT)
Full text linkThe study aims to investgate the structural and electronic properties of Rutile TiO2 due to its wide range of applications, and is a promising material for the mass market for low-cost, high-efficiency and optic-electronic devices because of its outstanding properties, inherent n-type conductivity, low toxicity, and availability[1]. All these modern applications call for better understanding of its properties, but there is a lake of investgation on the structural, elacronic and elastic properties of R-TiO2 using LDA exchange-correlation function[2]. In this project, band structure, the density of state, and structural optimizations of rutile titanium dioxide were studied and analysed using the Quantum-Esprssso package and LDA exchange-correlation function[3], [4]. By performing this calculation, the estimated lattice parameter \u27a\u27 for rutile titanium dioxide using LDA method is 4.5653Aͦ and \u27c\u27 is 3.1422 Å, which are relatively close to experimental results which are 4.593 Aͦ and 2.9 Å. Also, According to the results, rutile titanium dixoide(R-TiO2) has a direct band gap semiconducting property with an energy gap of 1.50eV using LDA exchange correlation function