Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology
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Multiplex qPCR Assay for HIV-1 Proviral DNA Detection and Subtype Characterization: Exploiting Quenching of Multiple Fluorophores with a Single Quencher Operating in Trans: Contact Quenching
Full text linkAccurate detection and quantification of HIV-1 proviral DNA are critical for effective patient monitoring and therapeutic decision-making. In this study, we developed a multiplexed quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay designed to detect HIV-1 proviral DNA, determine viral subtype, specifically identifying the predominant subtype C and validate assay performance using an internal control. Gene-specific primers were engineered by appending an 8-base biotag followed by a common 18-base sequence at the 5′ end, enabling the simultaneous amplification of multiple target sequences. Fluorescent probes labeled with FAM, SUN/VIC, and Cy5 were employed for detection, and a novel strategy involving quenching of labeled probes in trans was implemented to enhance assay flexibility and cost-effectiveness compared to conventional cis-quenched probes. The assay was initially optimized using synthetic linear double-stranded DNA templates representing the HIV-1 gag region, while externally added human chromosomal DNA served as a control for PCR inhibition. Validation was performed on a panel of 11 clinical samples previously analyzed for drug resistance mutations. Results indicated robust amplification of HIV-1 proviral DNA, accurate subtype determination, and reliable internal control performance, with profiles closely matching those obtained by gold standard sequencing-based assays. One sample exhibited PCR inhibition, underscoring the need for internal control monitoring. Overall, the multiplexed qPCR assay provides a sensitive, specific, and efficient tool for comprehensive HIV-1 reservoir quantification and molecular epidemiological studies, potentially informing improved clinical management and personalized treatment strategies. Furthermore, this novel methodology significantly reduces reagent costs and processing time while maintaining high sensitivity, making it ideal for routine clinical and research applications
Quantum-Cognitive Strategic Leadership: A Novel Theoretical Framework Applied to Contemporary Intelligence Architecture: A Case Study Analysis of Meta-Strategic Thinking in 21st Century Security Governance
Full text linkThis study introduces a novel theoretical framework termed "Quantum-Cognitive Strategic Leadership" (QCSL) that synthesizes quantum cognition theory with complexity science to understand strategic decision-making in uncertain environments. Unlike traditional strategic leadership models that rely on linear decision-making paradigms, QCSL incorporates principles of cognitive superposition, strategic uncertainty management, and adaptive intelligence architectures. Through systematic application of this framework to contemporary intelligence governance, we demonstrate how meta-strategic thinking enables leaders to navigate complex, multi-domain challenges while maintaining coherent operational effectiveness. The framework\u27s empirical validation through case study methodology reveals how quantum-cognitive principles manifest in practical strategic leadership, offering new theoretical insights for strategic studies, cognitive science, and public administration. This research contributes to emerging literature on complexity-based leadership theory while providing practical frameworks for developing strategic capabilities in uncertain environments
Synthesis, Characterization and Computational insights of Pyrazolyl-tetrahydrofuran Derivatives
Full text linkCompounds 1 and 2 were synthesized from their respective esters and their DFT calculations were conducted using Gaussian 16 software to analyze the quantum chemical properties of the two drug molecules, as 1 and 2 respectively. Geometric optimization was carried out using B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) theoretical levels. Visualization of molecular surfaces and other properties was performed using Gauss View 6.0. The reactivity and stability of the complexes were explored through frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis. Additionally, the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) was evaluated to identify electrophilic and nucleophilic reactive sites
Formulation and Evaluation of Nanoformulation Containing Phytoconstituent of Cardiospermum halicacabum Extract
Full text linkhe study aimed to formulate and evaluate polymeric nanoparticles containing phytoconstituents of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Methods: Ethanolic extract of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. was incorporated into polymeric nanoparticles using the solvent evaporation technique. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) was used as the biodegradable polymer, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) served as a stabilizer. Five different formulations (F1–F5) were prepared by varying polymer and stabilizer concentrations. Evaluation parameters included particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release, and antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay. The stability of the optimized batch (F3) was assessed under accelerated storage conditions. Results: Formulation F3 was optimized, showing the smallest particle size (165 ± 4 nm), low PDI (0.280), and high zeta potential (-28.3 mV), indicating good physical stability. It also showed superior entrapment efficiency (75.6%) and maximum drug release (85.2% at 24 h). Antioxidant studies confirmed free radical scavenging potential of the extract. Stability studies revealed minimal changes in physicochemical parameters over time. Conclusion: The nanoformulation of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. significantly enhances its stability and drug delivery potential. The developed system holds promise for further in vivo studies and future use in the effective management of diabetes
The Bleed Beyond Menopause: A Hidden Chapter in Women\u27s Health - A Narrative Review
Full text linkPostmenopausal bleeding (PMB), defined as any uterine bleeding occurring after 12 months of amenorrhea, remains a key clinical concern requiring thorough assessment. Although the majority of cases arise from benign conditions such as endometrial atrophy, polyps, or hormone-related effects, PMB can also be an early indicator of gynecologic malignancies, particularly endometrial and cervical cancers. The risk of malignancy increases with advancing age and is influenced by factors such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and prolonged exposure to unopposed estrogen.
This narrative review discusses the diverse etiologies of PMB, outlines current diagnostic strategies, and reviews associated histopathological findings and management options. Transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) is the preferred initial modality, with endometrial thickness thresholds guiding further intervention. In cases where the endometrium measures ≥5 mm or presents with irregularities, additional evaluation through biopsy or hysteroscopy is warranted. Histologic patterns commonly include atrophic changes, polyps, hyperplasia, and, in a subset of patients, carcinoma.
An interdisciplinary approach—integrating gynecologists, radiologists, pathologists, and clinical pharmacists—is essential to improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes. Clinical pharmacists contribute by reviewing medication profiles, managing hormonal therapies, and supporting adherence.
In conclusion, PMB should never be dismissed as trivial. Early recognition, systematic evaluation, and coordinated care are critical to identifying underlying pathology and improving prognostic outcomes in postmenopausal women
A Review on Endemic Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Diversity in Southern India
Full text linkSouthern Indian region covered in the article comprising Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Kerala Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, has a tropical climate with the major part of monsoons impact the climatic conditions of this area. The southwest monsoon accounts for most of the rainfall in the region and much of it occurs from June to September. In the northern parts of the region temperatures can fall below 10 °C on occasions at night. Days are very hot in summer when temperatures can surpass 40 °C. Despite, its adverse geo-climatic conditions, the region a remarkable diversity of Medicinal and Aromatic plant species. During the compilation of literature total 63 plants species have been found to be the endemic and reported by various workers in the southern region (Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana) of India. There are 28 reserve forests, national park, sanctuaries also reviewed with their flora specifically medicinal plants diversity of Southern India. The cultivation of medicinal plants endemic to southern region of India should be promoted as the most of the raw material is coming from wild sources that is destructive collection which is harmfrul for biodiversity of the region. The authorties should take call or focus on cultivation of endemic plant in the region for supplying the demand of herbal industry. The socio-economic upliftment of farmers collectors would be automatically increased which would work to improve economy of India
Impact of BMI and Lifestyle on Early Knee Pain or Patellofemoral Syndrome in College Students
Full text linkPatellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common musculoskeletal condition among young adults, characterized by anterior knee pain that worsens with activities such as stair climbing, squatting, or extended sitting. This study investigates the impact of body mass index (BMI) and lifestyle factors on the start of early knee pain among college students, a group that is especially vulnerable due to sedentary habits, inconsistent physical exercise, and stress-related behaviours. Evidence suggests that high BMI contributes to higher mechanical loading of the patellofemoral joint, decreased quadriceps strength, changed gait biomechanics, and early cartilage deterioration. Furthermore, extended sitting, poor posture, weak hip musculature, and insufficient flexibility worsen patellar maltracking and discomfort. Lifestyle factors such as inadequate food, insufficient sleep, and psychological stress exacerbate inflammation and slow tissue healing. Maintaining ideal body composition through balanced nutrition and regular low-impact exercise (such as cycling, walking, and resistance training) improves muscular endurance and knee stability. Physiotherapy interventions aimed at strengthening the hip and quadriceps, enhancing proprioception, and implementing ergonomic modifications have demonstrated significant pain alleviation and functional enhancement. Early screening for BMI and musculoskeletal health in college settings can help identify at-risk students and implement preventive measures. Overall, multifactorial methods that address mechanical, metabolic, and behavioural aspects are critical for preventing chronic knee problems and improving long-term musculoskeletal health in young people
Ayurvedic Medicinal Use of Psidium guajava L. in the Management of Different Disorders
Full text linkPsidium guajava L. (commonly known as guava) is a tropical fruit-bearing tree, which is renowned for its numerous medicinal properties. Ayurvedic medicine, a traditional system of healing that emphasizes balance and harmony within the body, has recognized the value of Psidium guajava L. In various therapeutic applications. The fruit, leaves, bark, and seeds of the guava tree have been used to treat a wide range of ailments, owing to their diverse pharmacological activities. The primary medicinal actions of Psidium guajava L. Are attributed to its rich phytochemical composition, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, essential oils, and vitamins. In Ayurveda, the plant is considered to possess properties like deepan (appetizer), pachana (digestive), stambhana (astringent), raktashodhana (blood purifier), kaphahara (anti-cough), and vata-pitta balancing. Guava is used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory issues, skin conditions, and even diabetes. Gastrointestinal Health, Respiratory Benefits, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties, Rich in antioxidants, Skin and Wound Healing, Diabetes Management, Mental and Neurological Health. In conclusion, Psidium guajava L. Is a multifaceted plant with wide-ranging medicinal applications in Ayurvedic medicine. Its therapeutic uses, supported by modern pharmacological research, make it an essential component in both traditional and contemporary health practices. Further scientific studies are warranted to validate and expand upon its various health benefits, ensuring safe and effective use in medicinal formulations
The Protective Role of Cinnamaldehyde in Kidney Injury: Modulation of NF-κB and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways
Full text linkChronic renal disease is defined as the presence of kidney damage or impaired kidney function over a period of at least three months, regardless of the origin of the condition. Numerous factors, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death, are frequently responsible for acute and chronic kidney injury, which is a significant issue in the field of global health. Because of the crucial functions that they play, the NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways are potential therapeutic targets. These pathogenic processes are mediated by these pathways. cinnamonaldehyde, which is a naturally occurring bioactive component, has demonstrated encouraging nephroprotective properties. These properties are attributed to the fact that it contains anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties. The purpose of this review is to investigate the molecular role of cinnamaldehyde in preventing kidney damage by modulating the NF-κB and PI3K/Akt pathways. Within this article, we examine the molecular pathways involved and highlight the potential of cinnamaldehyde as a treatment for renal disease. Although preclinical studies have demonstrated significant protective effects, additional research, including clinical trials, is required to validate its safety, effectiveness, and potential therapeutic uses in the management of renal illness in people
The Concept of Karma Across Different Hindu Philosophical Schools: An Epistemological Bridge to Contemporary Ethics
Full text linkThis paper argues that karma, as understood across different Hindu philosophical schools, functions as an epistemological bridge between ancient wisdom traditions and contemporary ethical discourse. While previous scholarship has focused on historical development or specific school interpretations, this review demonstrates how the systematic examination of karma across Mimamsa, Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, and Vedanta reveals a sophisticated framework for understanding moral causation that addresses contemporary challenges in ethics, psychology, and environmental philosophy. By analyzing primary texts and synthesizing diverse interpretations, this paper establishes karma not merely as a religious doctrine but as a robust philosophical principle that offers unique insights for modern ethical theory, particularly regarding the temporal dimensions of moral responsibility and the integration of individual agency within systemic causation