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Leukocyte Infiltration Profiles at the Site of Intradermal Injection of SILIKON-1000 in Scleroderma-Prone UCD200/206 and Healthy White Leghorn Chickens
No full textIntradermal injections of silicone-based fillers for the face and body may cause chronic inflammation and fibrotic reactions in some individuals. Chickens from the UCD 200/206 White Leghorn (WL) line spontaneously develop a fibrotic autoimmune disease known as scleroderma/systemic sclerosis (SSc). Using the SSc-prone UCD and healthy WL chickens, a longitudinal study was conducted to examine the cellular inflammatory responses to intradermal (i.d.) injections of sterile SILIKON-1000. Specifically, the pulp (a skin derivative) of growing feathers (GFs) was i.d. injected with sterile SILIKON-1000 or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as injection control (8 and 3 birds/line, respectively; 10 µL/GF; 20 GFs/bird). Two GFs were collected from each bird before (0 d) and at 0.25 (6 h), 1, 2, 3, and 7 d post-injection (p.i.) for leukocyte population analysis by flow cytometry. Pulp-injection of SILIKON-1000 resulted in similar, rapid (6 h) heterophil and macrophage increases (P ≤ 0.001) in GF-pulps in both lines, with greater macrophage levels (% pulp cells; P = 0.029) at 6 h p.i. in UCD-SSc than WL. In WL, SILIKON-1000 injection resulted in somewhat greater levels of pulp-infiltrating macrophages (P = 0.039) and CD4+ T cells (P = 0.024) than PBS injection; whereas in UCD-SSc chickens, γδ T cell levels were substantially greater (P = 0.008) post SILIKON-1000 than PBS injection. As γδ T cells were shown to play an important role in the fibrotic process by up-regulating collagen expression in SSc patients, the greater γδ T cell recruitment suggests that in UCD-SSc chickens, the direction of the SILIKON-1000 induced inflammatory response may be towards increased collagen production and fibrosis, rather than normal tissue restoration
Women and Religion in the Mongol Empire
No full textThis article contributes toward the effort to uncover the impact of women on the making of the Mongol Empire in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It also considers how women among the Mongols interacted with religion in varied and distinct ways and how these relationships influenced the development of Eurasian religions and the Mongol Empire overall. These interactions, which took place in the personal realm, the political realm, and in the realm of patronage, had profound effects on the development of Eurasian religions and the Mongol Empire
The Paper Brigade of Vilna
No full textFor the Jewish community in Europe, threats to their life, culture, and community had become a real burden, even before Nazi-occupation. An ever marginalized and terrorized lot, efforts to collect Yiddish history and literature had not been particularly successful. That is why the presence of the Libraries and Archives in the Jerusalem of Lithuania, or Vilna, which had made efforts to preserve and research Yiddish culture, was so important and why their fall in 1940 was so devastating. This work looks at the actions of everyone involved, from the fearless smuggling of the Paper Brigade to efforts to collectivize and preserve what has survived