European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences
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Navigating the Path to Efficient and Just Transition to Carbon Neutrality: A Case Study of Agricultural Practices in Foya District, Liberia
Get PDFThe importance of shifting towards carbon-neutral agriculture is increasingly recognized globally, particularly in developing countries. This study focuses on Foya District in Liberia, examining the relationship between traditional farming methods and emerging sustainable practices, and evaluating the carbon footprint of local agricultural activities. To address this, a novel framework called the Adaptation Strategies Index and Problem Confrontation Index (ASI-PCI) has been proposed to evaluate the hurdles local farmers face in adapting to climate change, along with their adaptive behaviors and strategies. The ASI of 564 highlights the use of drought-resistant crops, while the PCI of 566 indicates significant challenges due to extreme climate events. Key sources of greenhouse gas emissions identified include deforestation, land use changes, and rice cultivation. Quantitative data reveals that 63% of farmers engage in rice cultivation, 39.3% in deforestation, and 27.7% in land use changes, contributing to carbon emissions. The Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis showed that education level positively influences farmers' strategies for carbon-neutral agriculture (P <.001), validating the initial hypothesis. The study explores strategies to reduce emissions, such as introducing drought-resistant crops, implementing irrigation systems, adopting mixed cropping practices, and promoting agroforestry. The study emphasized the pivotal role of women in participating in local farming initiatives, highlighting the group's potential for better carbon-neutral agriculture practices. It underscores community engagement's importance in identifying barriers to adopting carbon-neutral practices. The insights gained aim to guide rural communities in the region and beyond, providing a framework for policymakers, stakeholders, and practitioners to develop pathways toward carbon neutrality that support local economic stability and development. 
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Several Plant-Based Insecticides and Aqueous Nano-Silica Formulations Against the Rust-Red Flour Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) Under Laboratory Conditions
Get PDFLaboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of plant-based insecticides such as Tandexir and Balizin, hydrophilic nanosilica compounds in addition to biopesticides synergistic with nanocompounds to estimate the effects of rust-red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum the mortality percentage Efficacy was evaluated. The results showed the effectiveness of tundexir insecticide with a statistically significant difference of up to 75% in obtaining higher mortality rate, compared to Balizin which obtained a rate of 63.61%. Furthermore, the results showed that 4 ml liter-1 dose of Tandexir was more effective than Balizin with a statistical difference after 5 days of treatment, resulting in mortality rates of 93.33% and 83.33%, respectively. For both formulations, a dose of 4 ml litre-1 was the most effective in obtaining mortality, and 100% was recorded after 7 days of treatment The results of the efficacy study of the nanosilica formulations showed that the 0.4 g liter-1 dose showed high mortality at 100% after 7 days of treatment, when mortality time was obtained comparing dosages of 0.2 and 0.3 g liter-1 in at the same time 76 .66% and 83.33%. The results showed that using plant-based insecticides at a concentration of 2 ml per liter of water, together with 0.2 grams per liter of a water-friendly nanosilica compound, worked really well together. Tundexir exhibited superior performance in achieving higher mortality rates, reaching 100% after 7 days of treatment, with a mortality rate of 84.16%, compared to Balizin, which achieved a mortality rate of 96.66% at a concentration of 77.50%
Evaluating the Environmental Sustainability of Silica Passivation for Acid Mine Drainage Treatment in Moatize's Coal Industry
Get PDFAcid mine drainage (AMD) is a significant environmental concern associated with coal mining. This study investigates the environmental impact of silica passivation as a method for AMD prevention. Life cycle assessment (LCA) identified a low impact on soil acidity but a substantial concern regarding climate change due to silica transportation, processing, and energy use. Scaling the findings to a large-scale mine highlights the potential for significant environmental damage from acid rain, greenhouse gas emissions, and ecotoxicity. The paper proposes strategies to improve the environmental sustainability of silica passivation, including sourcing local or recycled silica, utilizing renewable energy, developing bio-based processing chemicals, and implementing long-term monitoring. By focusing on cleaner materials, processes, and energy sources, silica passivation can become a more sustainable solution for preventing AMD. The evaluation method can be applied to other passivation alternatives to compare and identify the most environmentally friendly approach for mine operations. 
Effects of Engagement in Shea Butter Processing on Sustainable Livelihood of Women in Sagnarigu Municipality
Get PDFThe study sought to assess effects of engagement in shea butter processing on sustainable livelihood of women in Sagnarigu Municipality. The study deployed a mixed research approach where data was collected using both structured questionnaire and interview guide. Independent-Samples t-test was used to analyse the questionnaire data from 240 women engaged in shea butter processing. Also, narrative method was used to analyse interview data from 5 women. It was found that engagement of women in shea butter processing has significantly improved their financial, natural, social and physical capitals. The study recommends for integrated shea butter processing policy in Ghana, where value is added at each supply chain of shea butter processing to help improve livelihood of many women in the Sagnarigu Municipality. 
Assessment of Liberia's Beer Industry Effluent Discharge Parameters in the Context of Urban Sustainability
Get PDFDue to untreated brewery effluent and increasing industrial growth, most of Liberia's rivers have considerable water body pollution. The nature and extent of pollution caused by wastewater effluent discharged into these environments have not been thoroughly examined. This study looked into the effects of such effluents on the beer industry in Montserrado, Liberia. It assesses discharged effluent parameters, sustainable management practices, and potential wastewater reuse options within the context of urban sustainability. The findings highlight the need for immediate and substantial intervention to mitigate escalating pollution and associated health risks. The research also noted for the development of practical national industrial discharge standards, regulatory and management framework, tailored to local contexts, rather than a uniform application of stringent regulations that may hinder sectoral growth and intensify public health issues in under-resourced areas. Furthermore, the effectiveness of some treatment technologies. Technology consideration such as onsite treatment and irrigation that enable water reuse options (cooling, agriculture, and resource recovery) which can significantly reduce the environmental footprint of breweries were recommended. However, the implementation of these technologies may face challenges due to infrastructure deficiencies, financial constraints, and public perception regarding the safety and quality of reused wastewater. The analysis concludes that enhancing wastewater discharge effluents management is key for promoting sustainable industrial growth, improving water conservation, and gaining public trust and acceptance. Achieving these goals requires a concerted effort to strengthen policy, enhance technical capacity, and invest in community engagement to foster a sustainable and economically viable brewery sector. 
The Role of the State in Orienting the Market Economy in Vietnam Today
Get PDFMarket economy is an inevitable trend in economies worldwide. Based on an analysis of the state's role in guiding the market economy, the article proposes several solutions to enhance the state's role in directing the market economy in Vietnam today. These include: strengthening the leadership of the Party in state economic management activities; supplementing and improving market-oriented socialist economic institutions; professionalizing the civil service corps; enhancing the efficiency of state-owned economic entities; intensifying inspection, supervision, and combating of bureaucracy, corruption, and wastefulness; and promoting international exchange and cooperation. 
Effect of Emitted Gases on the Health of Workers in the Oil Sector
Get PDFThis study was conducted on a group of oil refinery workers. The aim of this research is to reveal the extent to which workers in this field are exposed to types of pollution, including pollution resulting from toxic gases during works as well as health problems to which they may be exposed. This study showed higher urea and creatinine levels in some workers compared to the control sample there was a slight increase in blond images, as well as an increase in the content of liver enzyme and alkaline phosphates. Therefore, proper und correct preventive methods must be followed to avoid problems resulting from working in this field. 
Weight, Height, and Eruption of Deciduous Teeth
Get PDFThe eruption of deciduous teeth, typically beginning around the first year of life, is a critical milestone in early childhood development. Adequate nutrition during infancy and early childhood is pivotal for the proper development of deciduous teeth. This review aims to examine existing literature on the relationship between weight, height, and the eruption of deciduous teeth. The search strategy was conducted across databases, such as PubMed and Scopus. A total of 142 articles were initially identified from the databases and after screened for duplicates, eligibility and relevance, six articles were included in this review. The timing of the first deciduous tooth eruption ranges from 7.9-10.1 months for underweight children, 7.8-8.7 months for normal weight children, and 6.3-8.2 months for overweight children. Children with short stature experienced their first deciduous tooth eruption between 8.8-9 months, which is considered late compared to children with normal stature (7.4-8.9 months) and tall stature (6.7-8.1 months). Despite variations in methodologies, classifications, and timings of weight and height measurement, the studies reviewed consistently demonstrate that children with underweight or short stature experience delayed deciduous tooth eruption compared to their normal-weight and normal-height peers. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms linking birth weight, height, and tooth eruption, as well as to develop effective interventions that can mitigate the adverse effects of poor nutrition on dental and overall health. 
Estimation of the of Beta-Lactamase Production in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Blepharitis Patients
Get PDFIn this study, 90 eyelid swabs were obtained from patients with blepharitis of both sexes and various age groups who were admitted to various hospitals, and other primary healthcare centers between September 2023 and February 2024, in Babylon governorate. It was found that blepharitis occurs in all age groups and affects both sexes without any differences between them, but it is clear that blepharitis is more prevalent in the age range of (20 to 49) years old. It was discovered that out of the 90 samples, 75 (83.3%) had positive bacterial cultures, and 15 (16.7%) had no growth at all. Also, Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacteria 39 (52%), followed by Haemophilus influenzae 17 (22.7%), Streptococcus pneumoniae 10 (13.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 7 (9.3%), and only 2 isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes (2.7%). The rapid iodometric method has been employed to investigate the production of beta-lactamase enzyme by the common bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, which was isolated from the eyelid's margin of patients with blepharitis. It was found that 36 (92.3%) of the 39 Staphylococcus aureus isolates had the ability to produce β-lactamase. A number of common beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, amoxicillin, ampiclox cephalexin, and cefazolin have also been used to investigate the ability of Staphylococcus aureus to produce the β-lactamase enzyme. The results showed that all isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were 100% resistant to penicillin, cephalexin and cefazolin. whereas some isolates 30 isolates were resistant to ampiclox (77%), and only 23 isolates were resistant to amoxicillin (59%). 
Strategies for Enhancing Solid Waste Management Practices in Urban Secondary Schools in Developing Countries
Get PDFEffective solid waste management in urban secondary schools in developing countries is essential for mitigating environmental and health risks associated with improper waste disposal. This manuscript examines current practices and proposes strategies to enhance solid waste management in these educational settings. Current practices include efforts to reduce packaging materials, promote recycling and composting initiatives, utilize sorting and processing technologies, and implement anaerobic digestion for organic waste treatment. However, challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, limited resources, and insufficient awareness among students and staff hinder effective waste management. This study also investigates current solid waste generation rates specific to urban secondary schools, highlighting variability influenced by factors like population density and consumption patterns. The environmental impact of poor waste management includes pollution of air, soil, and water, as well as habitat. Health concerns arise from disease transmission due to breeding grounds for vectors like mosquitoes in stagnant water and exposure to hazardous chemicals from improperly managed waste. To address these challenges, comprehensive strategies are proposed, encompassing infrastructure development, educational programs integrating waste management into the curriculum, community engagement, and policy advocacy. These strategies aim to promote sustainable practices, improve waste segregation, enhance recycling rates, and reduce the overall environmental footprint of urban secondary schools in developing countries. Implementation of these strategies is crucial for fostering a cleaner, healthier environment and empowering future generations with environmental stewardship values.