European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences
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Forecasting Rice Production in Iraq (1961-2022) Using the ARIMA Model
Get PDFThis study explores rice production trends in Iraq from 1961 to 2022, focusing on how the ARIMA (1,1,1) model predicts future outcomes. Rice is a staple food and a key part of Iraq’s agriculture, but its production is affected by climate, water availability, socio-economic factors, and policy changes. The ARIMA model was chosen for its strong performance in capturing production trends, though it also highlights significant fluctuations caused by external factors. The forecast suggests a slow but steady rise in rice production until 2027, though long-term predictions remain uncertain due to Iraq's complex agricultural challenges. These findings underline the need for better forecasting methods and strategies to cope with environmental and economic changes. Key recommendations include using climate and policy data to refine forecasting models, improving irrigation systems, and adopting advanced technologies like machine learning for more accurate predictions. Policymakers are urged to focus on sustainable water management, encourage climate-adaptive farming, and provide farmers with modern tools and education. These steps can help Iraq build a more resilient agricultural sector and ensure food security for future generations. 
An In-Depth Analysis of Car Air Filters: Structure, Function and Operational Mechanisms
Get PDFModern lifestyles necessitate adaptation to contemporary technologies, as approximately 80% of our time is spent indoors or in vehicles. This raises significant concerns about indoor air quality, including issues like particles, dust, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), harmful gases, unpleasant odors, and biological contaminants such as airborne viruses and bacteria. Car air filters play a crucial role in trapping dirt particles that can negatively impact engine performance and longevity. They also purify the air inside the cabin, significantly enhancing passenger health. In developed countries, around 80% of cars utilize nanotechnology-based filters that effectively eliminate odors and trap fine particles. This study aims to examine the impact of air pressure on engine performance using both clean and dirty air filters. Research indicates that dirty air filters lead to increased fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions while diminishing engine performance. Specifically, fuel consumption rises and exhaust gas temperatures increase with dirty filters. In modern cars equipped with electronic pressure transducers, notable pressure differences between clean and dirty filters are observed. For carburetor engines, dirty filters markedly reduce acceleration performance. Consequently, maintaining clean air filters is vital for optimal engine performance, fuel efficiency, and reduced emissions, while nanotechnology filters enhance filtration and improve overall vehicle performance. 
Academic Writing and Its Impediments among Academicians in a Southern Nigerian State
Get PDFBackground: The university is an academic community of diverse disciplines saddled with the responsibility of ensuring transfer of knowledge to the younger generation in a structured manner. The aim of this study was to evaluate academic writings and the associated impediments among academicians in Port Harcourt, Nigeria over a period of three years. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in educational institutions of higher learning in Port Harcourt, Nigeria from November 2021 to April 2022. A total of 438 academic staff were recruited using self-administered questionnaire and a multi-stage sampling technique. Collected data were entered into Microsoft Excel® and analyzed with SPSS version 25 to compute summary statistics. Chi-square test was used to test differences in proportions, and to test association between variables, at a significant level of 5%. Results: The mean age of respondents was 43.5years (95% CI = 42.69 or 44.27), while the male: female ratio was 2:1. Twenty-nine (5.8%) reported having published 50 or more academic papers. The majority (n = 181, 36.1%) reported the frequency of publication as 2-4 publications per year. Lack of funds for research (n=346, 69.1%), lack of time for research (n = 230, 52.5%), societal distractions (n = 105, 24.0%), poor knowledge of reference management software (n = 102, 20.4%), were the most common impediments. Conclusion: This study shows that challenges still exist among academicians from idea conceptualization to journal publication. Intensifying the drive for academic workshop in manuscript writing and reference management software is highly recommended. 
The Prevalence of Blood Transfusion Episodes among Thalassemia Patients at Sporting Hospital Alexandria
Get PDFThalassemia is the most prevalent type of inherited anaemia globally. The most prevailing type of chronic haemolytic anaemia in Egypt is beta thalassemia, around 85.1%. Treatment of thalassemia includes blood transfusions, iron chelating agents, folic acid (Vit B9) and splenectomy. Regular transfusion protocol should only be initiated if the patient suffers from one of the following: hemoglobin level of ⩾7 g/dl couldn’t be reached or growth impairment or progressive enlargement in spleen size. Splenectomy is needed when blood transfusions surpass 200–250 ml/kg/year of PRBC. Patients on regular PRBC transfusions are vulnerable to the following risks: haemolytic reactions, transmission of infection and iron over load. The aims of the current study was the assessment of the prevalence of blood transfusion episodes among thalassemia patients and evaluation of the relationship between the blood transfusion (regarding frequency and type of transfusion) and sociodemographic factors, clinical and laboratory findings. A cross sectional study was conducted. The data was collected from the medical records of 73 thalassemia children patients at Sporting Hospital, Alexandria. The current study showed that splenectomy had a significant effect on the frequency of blood transfusions (X2=9.15, p=0.027). Moreover, we found a significant effect of median ferritin concentration on frequency of blood transfusion after performing kruskal Wallis test (H=17.55, P= 0.007*). After a splenectomy, the interval between blood infusions doubles. In conclusion, the present study reported that a splenectomy reduced the frequency of blood transfusions, Conducting further studies with a considerable sample size in the future will confirm our results. 
Effect of Supplementing Differents Levels of Water Extract Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) on Broiler Performance and Physiological and Digestive Organ Size and Immunity Chickens
Get PDFThis study was conducted at the College of Agriculture, University of Karbala, to study the effect of using different concentrations of anise aqueous extract to drinking water on the productive, physiological and immune characteristics of broiler chickens. Four treatments were used, with three replicates for each treatment (10 chicks for each replicate). The first treatment was free of additions (control treatment), while the second, third and fourth treatments included (5, 10 and 15 ml of anise aqueous extract per liter of drinking water, respectively). The experiment lasted for five weeks and the productive traits were measured, including body weight, weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion weekly. At the end of the experiment, before and after slaughtering the experimental birds, they were all weighed and the relative weights of the main and secondary parts and the relative lengths of the small intestine and its parts were measured. The cellular immunity of the chicks was measured. The results of the statistical analysis showed a significant improvement (p≤0.05) for the experimental treatments T2, T3 and T4 compared to the control treatment T1 in the measurements studied, while we did not find significant differences between the treatments T2 and T3. While there was a significant superiority (p≤0.05) for the treatment T4 over all experimental treatments. The statistical analysis also showed a significant improvement in the cellular immunity of the experimental treatments compared to the control treatment. 
Photovoltaic Technology in Industrial and Building Applications: A Path Toward Sustainable Energy
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The rising global demand for sustainable energy solutions has established photovoltaic (PV) technology as a crucial component in the shift to renewable energy. This study examines current improvements in photovoltaic systems, emphasising material innovations, smart grid integration, and energy storage technologies that improve efficiency and dependability. The research emphasises the significance of high-efficiency solar cells, including perovskite and bifacial technologies, in enhancing energy production. At the same time, artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) facilitate advanced energy management. Incorporating solar systems in industrial applications and building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) has shown considerable economic and environmental advantages. Notwithstanding obstacles like elevated early expenditures, scalability issues, and regulatory impediments, ongoing technical progress and favourable policies are anticipated to propel additional commercialisation. This article examines market trends, competitiveness, and the future potential of photovoltaic technology in developing a sustainable energy ecosystem. 
Soil Health Studies Based on DNA Extraction: A Review
Get PDFSoil health refers to the capacity of soil to support essential ecological functions and agricultural productivity, and it is profoundly influenced by its microbial communities. This review Synthesizes advancements in DNA extraction methods, from traditional phenol-chloroform techniques to commercial kits. (MoBio PowerSoil®) and automated systems (BioSprint 96) and their critical role in enabling robust characterization of soil microbiomes. We demonstrate that the choice of extraction protocol introduces significant biases in microbial diversity assessments, particularly affecting the recovery of fungal, archaeal, and bacterial taxa, while humic acids and methodological inconsistencies hinder cross-study comparability. Downstream analytical techniques, including amplicon sequencing (targeting 16S rRNA/ITS), shotgun metagenomics, and qPCR, reveal crucial linkages between microbial communities and soil functions such as nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and disease suppression. However, the efficacy of these methods depends fundamentally on initial DNA quality. Persistent challenges include the lack of standardized protocols, technical artifacts from inhibitors (humic substances), and the disconnect between molecular data and traditional soil health indices. Future progress hinges on multi-omics integration, portable field technologies, and interdisciplinary frameworks to bridge molecular insights with sustainable land management. Optimizing DNA extraction thus emerges as the cornerstone of accurate soil health evaluation and global ecosystem stewardship. 
British Drama: The Influence of Social Realism in the Works of Caryl Churchill and Simon Stephens
Get PDFThis article analyses the impact of social realism in contemporary British drama, focusing on the works of Caryl Churchill and Simon Stephens. The study examines how the two writers consolidate social realism to reflect cultural issues, including class struggles, gender elements and political frameworks, in their respective plays. The research adopts a qualitative methodology, analysing selected plays by Churchill and Stephens from the perspective of social authenticity. The plays are examined for their thematic content, character development and narrative structure, with particular attention to how authenticity is used to enhance the social scrutiny installed within the works. The study also consolidates basic hypotheses to contextualise the political social worlds in which these playwrights compose. The analysis reveals that both Churchill and Stephens use social realism to varying degrees, but with a common aim of questioning dominant social and political histories. Churchill's use of split structures and unpredictable methods compares with conventional realism, while still foregrounding social investigation, particularly around issues of gender and power. Stephen's plays, on the other hand, offer a more straightforward portrayal of the impact of cultural designs on the existences of standard individuals, utilising reasonable discourse and setting to make a vivid crowd insight. The findings recommend that social realism continues to be a powerful means for playwrights to examine and consider social issues. Churchill's advancement within the pragmatist structure grows the boundaries of class, whereas Stephens' adherence to more regular realism features the perseverance of class through significance in addressing contemporary social concerns. Both writers add to the advancing scene of English drama by using realism to draw in their audiences by pressing cultural issues. This article argues that social authenticity assumes an essential part in the progress of Caryl Churchill and Simon Stephens, filling in as both an impression of and a reaction to the complexities of contemporary English society. Their works demonstrate the flexibility of social realism in addressing contemporary issues and highlight the evolution of the genre's significance in British theatre. 
Temporal Dynamics of Brain Activity in Response to Stimuli in the Parietal Region: An fMRI Analysis
Get PDFThis study explores the temporal dynamics of brain activity in response to stimuli, focusing on differences between control and schizophrenia groups. Using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data, the study examines blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal intensities across multiple brain regions—specifically the parietal and frontal cortices—crucial for cognitive processing. Analyses reveal that while control group participants exhibit rapid and consistent peak responses in these regions, the schizophrenia group shows delayed, lower-intensity peaks, indicating slower and less efficient neural processing. The schizophrenia group also demonstrates increased variability in signal patterns, suggesting potential dysconnectivity and instability in neural responses, particularly within networks involved in attention and executive functions. These findings highlight the distinct neural response profiles associated with schizophrenia and suggest potential biomarkers for cognitive dysfunctions related to the disorder, with implications for personalized therapeutic approaches targeting these neural deficits. 
A Comprehensive Review of Fake News Detection Approaches Using Machine Learning
Get PDFThe speedy dissemination of fake news throughout virtual systems has created huge demanding situations in retaining the integrity of records within the public sphere. Because the impact of fabricated information tales grows, the need for dependable detection strategies has turn out to be increasingly important. This paper presents a comprehensive review of numerous processes to fakenews detection with the use of machine learning. It explores the evolution of detection strategies, together with conventional machine learning algorithms, natural language processing (NLP) techniques, and superior deep learning models. The review examines key components consisting of data preprocessing, feature extraction, and the integration of contextual and network-primarily based information to enhance the accuracy and robustness of detection systems. Moreover, the paper discusses the position of hybrid models and ensemble techniques in enhancing overall performance and addresses the demanding situations associated with dataset high-quality, model interpretability, and scalability. through synthesizing modern-day research, this review identifies existing gaps and indicates potential guidelines for future work, emphasizing the significance of developing more powerful, obvious, and scalable solutions to counter the unfold of fake information.