European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences
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Comparative Morphohistological Study of Nasal Salt Gland in Three Water Birds Coot Birds (Gallinula silvestris), Domestic Geese (Anser anser domesticus), and Domestic Ducks (Anas platyrhynchus)
Get PDFBackground: The study's objective is to ascertain the comparative morphohistological features of salt gland of three species of birds, coot bird, duck and goose. Eighteen adult, healthy birds of each of the following sexes species (six birds for each species). Result: The frontal bone's supraorbital depression contains well-developed bilateral salt glands that are located beneath the skin in both species. The gland was ranged in color from pinkish white to reddish brown. in duck and goose were crescent in shaped, it was irregular or amebea –shaped, in the coot bird. Histological salt gland was covered by a thin capsule of connective tissue and comprise a large number of rows of concentric polygonal lobes divided by heavily vascularized interlobular connective tissue. Every lobe is composed of branching secretory tubules that are enmeshed with connective tissue that is rich in blood capillaries and lined with a single layer of cuboidal cells oriented radially from a central canal. Every lobe's duct system empties into the central canal, which empties into a primary duct that travels to the nasal cavity's anterior region. Conclusion: This study indicated that the three species of avian salt gland had distinctive histological structures, which helped to understand the impact of each species' habits and actions on this gland's development. 
Family Structure and Student Discipline in Public Boarding Secondary Schools in Western Region of Kenya
Get PDFDiscipline in schools is an issue that especially concerns educators, parents, and other stakeholders. In an environment that lacks order and discipline, it is impossible for students to learn effectively. Thus, order and discipline are indispensable for achieving positive educational results. The family assumes a pivotal role in shaping the early years of an individual. The purpose of this research was to examine the influence of family structure on student discipline in public boarding secondary schools in Western region of Kenya. Family composition and structural-functionalism theories served as guiding principles for the research. The investigation was conducted using an ex post facto design. The study's target population consisted of 5583 class teachers and 369 deputy principals (administrators-in-charge) from 369 public boarding secondary institutions. The sample included 123 deputy Principals and 558 class teachers from the 123 randomly selected schools. Simple random sampling was used to select 558 class teachers while purposive sampling was used to select 123 deputy Principals. For the purpose of data collection from the participants, a questionnaire and an interview schedule were employed. The assessment of the instruments' reliability was conducted using the test-retest method, results of the pilot study reveal that all scales were trustworthy because their reliability values were more than the required threshold of 0.7. Data was analyzed using frequency, percentages, weighted averages, correlations and multi-regression analysis. The study concluded that family structure influence the discipline of students in public secondary schools. 
Impact of Recycled Coarse Aggregates on the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Concrete
Get PDFThis study examines the influence of using Recycled Coarse Aggregates (RCA) on concrete mechanical and durability properties. The compressive strength, tensile strength, workability, unit weight, and water absorption of concrete mixes containing 0%, 50%, and 100% RCA were tested for different curing durations at 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days.
More specifically, the outcome showed that as RCA content increased, compressive and tensile strength decreased significantly. The use of 100% RCA resulted in a decrease in compressive strength and tensile strength by 40% and 46%, respectively. The workability was reduced, and the amount of water absorbed increased to 6.70% in a 100% RCA mix.
Findings show that recycled concrete aggregate can be effectively utilised as a partial replacement material only if the percentage used is less than 50%. Over this threshold, it may compromise durability, especially in high-risk conditions. The results will help to sustain the use of RCA by minimising construction waste and conserving natural resources. 
Pathogenesis and Immune Evasion Strategies of Influenza A Virus: Challenges for Therapeutic Innovation
Get PDFInfluenza From the Orthomyxoviridae family, a virus (IAV) is a highly adaptive pathogen that affects a variety of avian and mammalian hosts, including humans. Its rapidly evolving segmented RNA genome makes it easier for immune evasion and the generation of novel subtypes, including those that cause pandemics. The virological features of IAV are examined in this study, with particular attention paid to the roles that neuraminidase (NA) and haemagglutinin (HA) play in infection. The discussion of IAV pathogenesis in relation to respiratory tract infections emphasizes the virus's capacity to compromise endothelium and epithelial barriers, resulting in serious difficulties for the lungs. We look closely at the immune evasion tactics used by IAV, such as blocking the host's interferon response via non-structural protein 1 (NS1). The study also discusses the continuous difficulties in therapeutic innovation, highlighting the necessity of developing new antiviral tactics to combat the virus's fast rates of mutation and increasing resistance to current therapies. Gaining an understanding of these pathways is essential to creating efficient treatments for pandemic and seasonal strains alike. 
Physicochemical Parameters of Obibia Stream, Amawbia Awka South Local Government Area Anambra State, Nigeria
Get PDFNigeria has sufficient shallow and deep water, that if polluted can be unhealthy to human life. Obibia stream is an essential water source in Amawbia-Nibo axis of Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria especially for its drinking purposes, urban agricultural usage and domestic uses. Water quality is often altered by anthropogenic activities, leachates and run off. It is therefore necessary to determine the influence of seasonal changes and its effects on the health of populace in this locality. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of seasonal changes on the physicochemical parameters of Obibia stream. The statistical analysis was done using ANOVA, Post Hoc Test, Correlation analyses and Paired Test. The physicochemical parameters were within the WHO standard, and the values obtained in the wet season were non-significantly (p>0.05) higher than the values obtained from the dry season, although there was moderate correlation between some selected parameters. The physicochemical parameters were observed to be higher in the wet season than the dry season. Therefore, adequate treatment before use and periodic evaluation of its physicochemical qualities are recommended. 
Case Study Measurement of the Sustainability Performance of Indian Pulses Firms via Performance Measurement and Management System and Balanced Scorecard Method
Get PDFThe sustainable performance of production and operation processes of all pulse processing firms to generate efficient pulse processing processes. The case study adopted the balanced scorecard method (SCORE) and performance measurement and management system (P.M.M.S.) technique, which has performed on sustainability indicators on different production and operation parts of selected pulses firms. The pulse firms are selected from the following states are Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Delhi /NCR regions. The analysis of sustainability factors determines the current status of pulse processing firms and describes each risk factors that affect the performance of pulse processing firms. The study considers all internal and external factors of the manufacturing process with a sustainability dimension are applies with quantitative analysis techniques to achieve the production and operation at optimum levels. The case study describes the performance measurement and management systems techniques and balances scorecard method, which generates Information to develop strategic decision-making, and also develops the key performance indicators to analyze the firms' financial and nonfinancial measures. The case study developed the conceptual model framework structure of PMMS and balanced scorecard method, that firms are implementing the score techniques at different levels and explains their process in an organization, also measuring the sustainability performance of firms. The case study analyses the various significant levels of risk, which made the direct impact on the sustainability performance of all selected pulse firms and define the current status of pulse firms also discussed the implementation of pulse value chain practices. The case study generates the relevant Information which is applied for decision-making, also reduces the major constraint of all pulse’s firms. 
Reactive Black 5 Removal by Electrochemical Oxidation Using Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Electrodes
Get PDFReactive Black 5 (RB5) is a commonly employed azo dye that is widely utilized in textile dyeing procedures due to its intense black color and simple application. Wastewater containing this dye may be released into the environment, consequently causing harm to the environment and the organisms therein. Hence, there is a need to treat wastewater containing pollutants such as RB5. Electrocatalysis is an effective method to degrade organic pollutants. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are examples of electrocatalysts and have demonstrated superior efficacy in the degradation of a variety of organic compounds compared to other investigated electrocatalysts. However, there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge regarding the electrocatalytic degradation efficiency, and reaction kinetics of RB5 degradation using TiO2 nanoparticles. This work aimed to investigate the potential of TiO2 nanoparticle electrodes for electrocatalytic degradation of RB5 dye in wastewater. Electrolysis experiments and analytical measurements were conducted to determine optimal conditions of parameters such as voltage, electrolyte composition, and concentration, as well as pH. Different RB5 concentrations were used to determine the suitable environment for degradation. Optimization revealed that the ideal voltage for RB5 removal was 6 V. Sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) were used as electrolytes, with NaCl outperforming Na2SO4 in RB5 removal efficiency. The ideal NaCl concentration and pH for RB5 removal were found to be 0.05 M and 7, respectively. The range of system adaptation which yielded the highest removal efficiency was found to be 100 mg/L of RB5. Under these optimized conditions, the apparent rate constant decreased over time, indicating effective degradation. 
Exploring Montelukast Sodium and Calcium Chloride Interactions: A Comparative Study at Physiological and Gastric pH Levels
Get PDFMontelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) is used to prevent an asthmatic attack, shortness of breath and wheezing. As intravenous therapy, Calcium chloride (fused) is used to treat hypocalcemia. Using spectrophotometry, an in vitro study of the interaction between Montelukast sodium and Calcium chloride (fused) was conducted at pH 7.4 and pH 2.4 in aqueous systems at 37 ± 0.5 °C. A reverse V-shaped curve was found from the Job’s plot indicating a strong kinetics between Montelukast sodium and Calcium chloride. The stability constant was obtained from Ardon’s plot for the complexation at both pH values (7.4 and 2.4), which indicates that Montelukast sodium and Calcium chloride relatively form a stable complex at pH 7.4. Therefore, concomitant administration of Montelukast sodium and Calcium chloride (fused) needed careful consideration since there is a possibility of forming a complex which in turn reduces the therapeutic activity. 
An Assessment of Grade 5 Learners’ Reading Fluency in English at a Selected Primary School in Serenje District
Get PDFThis study sought to assess the reading fluency of learners of a particular primary school in Serenje District since it was not known how fluent learners of a selected primary school were in reading and what contextual factors contributed to the reading fluency of the learners. Specifically, the objectives were: first, to assess grade 5 learners’ reading fluency in English at a selected primary school in Serenje District and secondly, to explore factors affecting grade 5 learners’ acquisition of reading fluency in English. The study employed a concurrent mixed methods design in which both qualitative and quantitative approaches were integrated. In total, the study had 50 Grade 5 pupils (21 females and 29 males), 2 Grade 5 class teachers and 2 senior teachers for upper primary section at a selected school in Serenje District. The selected primary school was randomly sampled from the top five ranked schools in Ibolelo Zone of Serenje district. In this study, the researcher involved Grade 5 class teachers and senior teachers in upper primary in one-to-one interviews using semi-structured interviews. Grade 5 pupils’ reading fluency was assessed using a standardised reading fluency test. The main findings of the study revealed that about 62 percent of grade 5 learners at the selected primary school were reading at frustration level in English. Additionally, the average Words Per Minute (WPM) was 44, the average Words Correct Per Minute (WCPM) was at 38, the average prosody score was 7 out of 16 points, average written comprehension score of 1 out of 5 marks. Further, the following factors positively affected grade 5 learners’ acquisition of reading fluency in English: Reading practice, availability of teaching materials, differentiation in teaching, teacher quality, oral English proficiency, teacher-pupil rapport and methodology factors. Additionally, the following factors negatively affected grade 5 learners’ acquisition of reading fluency in English: Limited instructional time, poor literacy backgrounds of learners, lack of teaching materials/resources, poor teacher quality, poor pupil quality, lack of parental support and policy. The study concluded that poor performance of grade 5 learners in reading fluency in English could be explained by a number of negative factors. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education should consider explicitly infusing reading fluency content in the Teacher Education curriculum for pre-service teachers so that teachers are prepared to teach reading fluency once deployed in primary schools. 
Mitigation Strategies of Emerging Pollutants from Cosmetic Industry Effluent: A Review
Get PDFThe cosmetic industry is a significant contributor to environmental pollution, releasing a wide array of emerging pollutants (EPs) into aquatic ecosystems through its effluents. These EPs, including microplastics, synthetic fragrances, UV filters, and preservatives, originate from various cosmetic products and have been increasingly detected in surface water, municipal wastewater, groundwater, and even drinking water sources. The presence of EPs in these environments poses significant risks to both ecological integrity and human health, necessitating urgent mitigation efforts. This review critically evaluates existing mitigation strategies aimed at reducing the environmental impact of EPs from cosmetic industry effluents. It examines the multifaceted nature of the issue, highlighting the need for comprehensive approaches that encompass regulatory, technological, and collaborative efforts. Regulatory measures are essential for setting standards and enforcing compliance to limit the discharge of harmful chemicals into water bodies. However, technological advancements are equally crucial, with the adoption of advanced treatment processes such as advanced oxidation processes, membrane filtration, adsorption, and biodegradation, offering effective means of removing EPs from effluents. Moreover, raising public awareness about the environmental impact of cosmetic industry effluents is paramount to driving collective action and encouraging consumer demand for eco-friendly products. By implementing and continually refining these mitigation strategies, stakeholders can work towards safeguarding ecosystems and promoting a more sustainable future for generations to come. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, industry stakeholders, and consumers alike, emphasizing the importance of concerted efforts to address the challenge of emerging pollutants from cosmetic industry effluents.