European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences
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Review on the Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Exposure Among Street Food Vendors
Get PDFStreet food vendors have been constantly facing various kinds of livelihood risks and hazards due to the working environment and practices at the vending business. Among others are particulate matters (PM) from vehicle exhaust that produce a complex mixture of pollutants, principally comprised of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). This systemic review aimed to explore the PAH exposure and the associated health impacts among street food vendors. PubMed, Science Direct, and Google scholar were the platforms used to access published articles, journals, manuscripts, reports, and theses. The keywords included were “PAH”, “vehicle emission”, ‘environmental pollution”, “street food vendors”, “1-OHP”, “cooking oil fumes”, “street business” and “health hazards”. A total of 10 articles were selected that included studies emphasizing PAH exposure and overall health impact towards various population of the study. The results show that PAHs are highly carcinogenic and are also considered teratogenic and mutagenic. Vehicle emission can be classified as one of the essential contributors of PAH among street food vendors. In addition, incomplete combustion of organic materials such as coal and wood as well as generation of cooking oil fumes (COF) put the street food vendors at increased risk. Exposure to PAH can result in the increment of oxidative stress level which can further cause development degenerative and non-degenerative diseases, including cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. Hence, it is crucial that the extent of PAHs exposure is assessed, so that preventive measures can be implemented. 
Effect of Rootstock on Some Aspects of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.): A Review
Get PDFBudding and grafting are the strategies employed to combat unfavorable environmental conditions and improve some physiological defects in the Pistacia vera tree. Drought and salinity stresses are the most prominent adverse conditions encountered in pistachio production. It has been observed in different studies that various pistachio rootstocks can be used to ameliorate the effect of those two stresses. Besides, rootstock has a role in some physiological performances of pistachios such as nutrient uptake and photosynthesis. Furthermore, nut blank, unsplit nut, and alternate are three physiological disorders found in pistachio. Relationships have been found between the degree of these physiological disorders and the rootstock effect. The impact of rootstock on drought and salinity stresses, physiological performances, and physiological disorders in P. vera will be discussed in this review. 
Hybrid Machine Learning Algorithms for Email and Malware Spam Filtering: A Review
Get PDFIn this paper, we presented a review of the state-of-the-art hybrid machine learning algorithms that were being used for email effective computing. For this reason, three research questions were formed, and the questions were answered by studying and analyzing related papers collected from some well-established scientific databases (Springer Link, IEEE Explore, Web of Science, and Scopus) based on some exclusion and inclusion criteria. The result presented the common Hybrid ML algorithms used to enhance email spam filtering. Also, the state-of-the-art datasets used for email and malware spam filtering were presented. 
From Pixels to Taxes: A Comparative Study of Digital Economy Tax Policies in the Philippines to Selected ASEAN Member States
Get PDFThis research focuses into the proposed Digital Economy Taxation Act, scrutinizing its provisions aimed at bolstering income tax and value-added tax (VAT) compliance. The bill mandates network intermediaries and ecommerce platforms, including those without a physical presence in the country, to act as withholding agents, a move that has sparked debate over its implementation challenges, such as the requirement for non-resident entities to establish a representative office within the Philippines. Utilizing qualitative method through documentary analysis, this study compares the Philippine approach to digital taxation with initiatives undertaken by other ASEAN countries, analyzing literature, articles, reports, blogs, and media releases to gain insights to the regional tax landscape. The paper seeks to uncover the nuances of each country's digital tax policies, focusing on the variance in tax rates and the thresholds set for business registration. The analysis extends to the potential economic impacts of the Digital Economy Taxation Act on the Philippines, considering both the opportunities and complexities posed by its enforcement. The paper underscores the imperative nature of digital taxation in an era increasingly reliant on digital transactions while highlighting the challenges associated with tax collection from non-resident digital service providers. The research provides a comprehensive understanding of the ASEAN digital taxation framework and offer insights into establishing unambiguous rules that ensure effective tax collection without hindering the growth of the burgeoning digital economy. 
Ramanujan’s Tau-Function and Convolution Sums
Get PDFWe study certain type of convolution sums involving an arbitrary arithmetic function f, which it is applied to Ramanujan’s tau function when f coincides with the sum of divisors function. 
Components of Society in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries
Get PDFThe Arabian Gulf region is considered the first settlement center for the Arabian Gulf community, in terms of the natural extension of the population and their descent from closely related tribes, and similar in characteristics, customs, traditions and tribal customs. After disagreement, rivalry, division and competition over pastures and trade or wars broke out between them, these societies began looking for places to distance themselves from. The Utub tribes descended from the Arabian Peninsula and dispersed on the coast of the Arabian Gulf, in search of trade, fishing, and the search for pearls in the depths of the sea. After the discovery of oil, the Arabian Gulf region became an attractive environment for labor, and was the focus of attention of Arab and Asian countries. And the foreign ones, and the original community mixed with the expatriates and formed a large percentage of the population and took privileges and rights. The system of naturalization and affiliation differs from one country to another in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. It may be easy to obtain Saudi citizenship and difficult to obtain Kuwaiti citizenship. During this, we will present the research by reading each Arab Gulf societies. 
A Comprehensive Review of General Characteristics of Peptides of Serum Immunoglobulins and Their Health Benefits
Get PDFAs we know Immunoglobulin or antibodies are kind of protein which is produced by the immune system and fight against microbes or germs. Immunoglobulins are: IgM, IgG and IgA which supply long-term and short-term defense against contamination or infection. Several studies had found that the milk immunoglobulins are able to improve immune defense system response against germs and make available passive immunity, specially, in infants and young animals. The existence of immunologic agents in milk, like lactoferrin and lysozyme, can assist more to its protective effects. And also by incorporation of immunoglobulins and other immune improving materials to the formula milk, we can supply or make ready for the infants the same immunologic benefits like those which got from breastfeeding. We can say that this approach is beneficial for all infants specially it is beneficial for babies that are not able to feed from breast or have compromised Immune Systems. 
Anthelmintic Effects of Betel Nut to Free-Range Chicken
Get PDFThe study aims to evaluate the efficacy of Processed Betel Nut as an anthelmintic to Free-Range Chickens. The research employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and utilized 90 heads of uniformed experimental free–range chickens. The experimental birds were divided into 5 treatment combinations replicated thrice as follows: C- (pure water), C+ (commercial anthelmintic), S1L1 (Betel nut extract (10ml), S1L2 (Betel nut extract (20ml), S1L3 – Betel nut extract (30ml). The anthelmintic effect was observed during days 1,2,3,7,14,21, and 28 of the study. Prior to the allotment of the birds, fecal samples were collected after 21 days of rearing for pre-fecalysis to ensure that all of these were infected with internal parasites. After this, administration of the different treatments was done. This was followed by the collection of fecal samples on days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after the administration of the different treatments. The fecal samples collected were given a drop of lactic acid solvent and placed in properly labeled plastic bags. Direct Fecal Smear (DFS) was used in examining the fecal samples collected
Results revealed that betel nuts at 20ml level were the best on the growth performance. Betel nut at 30ml level was comparable to that of the experimental birds in commercial anthelmintic. It is then recommended the utilization of betel nut at 20 ml in terms of growth performance and betel nut at 30 ml as herbal anthelmintic to free-range chickens. 
Impact of Education on the Labor Force of Afghanistan
Get PDFAn educated and skilled labor force is a high-ranking asset for a country as well as for an organization the effect of education on the work force has been examined in this research. The paper examines both male and female students in the education sector and the total labor force of Afghanistan from 2011 to 2020. For an empirical analysis, secondary data has been collected from the websites of the Ministry of Education, the World Bank, and the World Development Indicator. The Multiple Regression Model of SPSS 19 has been used for data analysis. Afghanistan's total labor force is considered a dependent variable, while both male and female students are considered independent variables. Overall, the model exhibits a strong correlation among the variables, but individually, the correlation between female education and the labor force is strongly positive, while the correlation between male education and the labor force is weakly negative. The R-value of the model is equal to 0.859, indicating a strong relationship and the R-squared value is equal to 0.738, demonstrating that a one-unit change in education causes a 73.8% change in the labor force. In conclusion, education has a strong and positive impact on the labor force. 
Optimizing Procurement Performance Through Effective Planning: A Case Study of TANESCO Dar es Salaam
Get PDFThis study investigates the impact of procurement planning on procurement performance at TANESCO. Despite ongoing efforts by the Tanzanian government to improve procurement systems, inefficiencies persist at the TANESCO Umeme Park office, including issues with substandard goods and services, unmet policy objectives, and poor coordination, which contribute to elevated operational costs. Factors such as inadequate information, planning strategies, capacity building, conflicts of interest, transparency issues, and resource mismanagement further exacerbate these challenges. Previous research highlights the need for a participatory approach involving user departments and stakeholders to enhance procurement processes and optimize resource allocation. Utilizing institutional theory, which focuses on the establishment and evolution of social structures, this study examines how procurement planning, staff competencies, supplier relationships, and resource allocation affect procurement outcomes. The literature review underscores the essential role of procurement planning in improving performance. Empirical evidence indicates that effective procurement planning enhances procurement skills and performance in public organizations. The research specifically assesses the influence of market analysis, budget allocation, and risk management on procurement performance at TANESCO. Findings reveal a strong consensus among respondents regarding the importance of these factors. Market analysis is seen as crucial for better supplier selection and improved procurement efficiency, while inadequate planning leads to increased costs and inefficiencies. Effective budget allocation is highlighted as a key determinant of procurement success, although challenges in integrating it with procurement activities persist. Risk assessment practices are valued but require further refinement to address vulnerabilities. Overall, the study emphasizes the need for integrating strategic planning practices into procurement processes to enhance efficiency and achieve better socio-economic outcomes.