European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences
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Knowledge, Complexity, and Cognitive Processes: Some Reflections on Natural and Artificial Intelligence
Get PDFKnowledge involves selecting information from the outside world and orienting one's behaviour based on both past experiences and new situations, creating the conditions for studying complex adaptive systems and the emerging phenomena associated with them. The complexity of a system, therefore, is a property of the currently available scientific representation of the system model, consisting of the observer who constructs the model and the model itself. However, complexity does not only include the quantity of units and interactions, but also uncertainties, indeterminacies, and random phenomena.
These considerations should put an end to the endless pseudo-philosophical discussions on the relationship between mind and computer, sparked by developments in “Artificial Intelligence”. The fundamental goals of research in the field of Artificial Intelligence are not so much to build systems that ‘imitate’ humans exactly, but rather to build systems that are “better” than current computers. In other words, what matters most is to have artificial systems that are “useful” to us, with which we can interact “naturally”, enabling computers to simulate complex “reasoning” and other cognitive activities that have until now been exclusive to natural intelligence. 
A Comprehensive Review of the Quality of Drinking and Agricultural Water in the Gambia
Get PDFWater pollution in The Gambia represents a significant environmental concern, particularly in urban areas and along riverbanks. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the current state of water pollution in The Gambia and its implications for both drinking and irrigation water resources. Utilizing secondary data obtained from a variety of reputable sources, including official government websites of The Gambia and academic databases such as ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springer, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar, this research seeks to elucidate the primary status of potable and agricultural water resources within The Gambia. The Gambia River, along with its tributaries, rainwater, and borehole sources, constitutes a vital resource for agricultural practices. A significant portion of the population, particularly in urban centers, depends on the National Water and Electricity Company (NAWEC) for their drinking water supply. Numerous households have turned to domestic boreholes as a primary source of potable water and for agricultural applications, attributable to the heightened demand for water services from NAWEC and its inadequacy in providing comprehensive coverage across the nation. However, the utilization of these boreholes presents significant contamination risks, primarily due to insufficient routine disinfection protocols and inadequate monitoring by the Department of Water Resources. In 2018, The Gambia achieved significant progress in enhancing the quality of potable water, increasing access from 86% in 2010 to 90% of the population. However, it is noteworthy that only 34% of households have access to safely managed drinking water services. 
Comparative Study of the Physicochemical Properties of Oil from Underutilized Seeds of Citrus Paradisi, Citrus Lemon and Citrus Sinensis
Get PDFCitrus paradisi, Citrus lemon, and Citrus sinensis seeds were cold extracted in this research using n-hexane after air drying and grinding, the percentage yield of Citrus paradisi, Citrus lemon and Citrus sinensis oil extract was 26.16 %, 24.79 % and 34.54 % respectively. Using standard methods, the physicochemical properties of the oils from Citrus paradisi, Citrus lemon, and Citrus sinensis were ascertained yielding the following results respectively; Acid value: 0.62 mg KOH/g, 2.26 mg KOH/g and 7.56 mg KOH/g; Saponification value: 195.86 mg KOH/g, 188.00 mg KOH/g and 193.65 mg KOH/g; Iodine value: 126.53 gI2/100g, 110.66 gI2/100g and 83.50 gI2/100g; Peroxide value: 6.51 meq/kg, 0.62 meq/kg and 5.72 meq/kg; Specific gravity: 0.85 g, 0.85 g and 0.87 g; Density: 0.87 g/cm3, 0.95 g/cm3 and 0.88 g/cm3; pH value: 4.92, 4.26 and 4.21; Ester value: 195.24 mg KOH/g, 185.74 mg KOH/g and 186.09 mg KOH/g. Instead of allowing them to become a worrying threat as pollutants and waste in the environment, the oils from Citrus paradisi, Citrus lemon, and Citrus sinensis seeds could be used domestically in homes as edible oils and in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries to make soap, lubricant, creams, and drugs. 
Optimal Design of Water Distribution Network Using Parallel Slime Mould Algorithm for Cost Minimization
Get PDFWater distribution networks (WDNs) are vital infrastructures designed to ensure a minimum acceptable supply level to consumers under different operating conditions throughout the design period. Due to their complexity and the substantial investment required for their construction and maintenance, economic aspects have become a primary focus for researchers and engineers. Various evolutionary algorithms (EAs), such as the genetic algorithm (GA), have been utilized to achieve cost minimization while fulfilling hydraulic requirements. This study uses the Parallel Slime Mould Algorithm (PSMA), a variant of the slime mould algorithm (SMA) developed by Wang et al., and implemented to solve the mathematical and hydraulic optimization of WDNs. The PSMA incorporates the Hazen-Williams equation for calculating head loss and pressure constraints to ensure the feasibility of the solution. The proposed method is applied to a benchmark network and compared with results from the GA used by Savic. The PSMA proved effective in optimizing a WDN, achieving a cost reduction of approximately 6.08% compared to the GA while maintaining hydraulic feasibility. However, the pipe sizes showed notable differences, with the PSMA favoring larger diameters for most pipes except pipe 2. These results highlight the potential of PSMA as a powerful tool for WDN optimization, particularly when cost reduction is a priority. 
A Comprehensive Review of Prospects and Challenges of Microstructure and Functional Properties of Materials
Get PDFThis thorough analysis examines the opportunities and difficulties related to improving the microstructure and functional characteristics of materials. Phases, grain boundaries, dislocations, and other flaws are examples of the microstructure, which is an essential component in defining the functional properties of a material, such as its electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, thermal stability, and resistance to corrosion. The production of materials with improved performance for a range of applications has been made possible by improvements in materials processing methods, such as severe plastic deformation and additive manufacturing, which have provided previously unheard-of control over microstructural properties. On the other hand, maintaining stability under operating circumstances, comprehending the intricate relationships inside microstructures, and generating uniform microstructures on a broad scale continue to be formidable problems. This study gives a comprehensive summary of the most recent developments in microstructure engineering, the ways in which microstructural features affect material properties, and the potential paths for future research in this area. 
Article review: The Intersection of Immunohistochemistry and Veterinary Histopathology in Disease Diagnosis
Get PDFBoth the fields of immunohistochemistry and veterinary histopathology are critical for diagnosis during disease management. Immunohistochemistry localizes antigens within cytological tissues, ensuring high-resolution imaging and mapping. Put simply, veterinary histopathology provides information about the disease, while immunohistochemistry provides information about antigens to supplement veterinary histopathology data. Since the externally observable gross or microscopic lesions often do not yield the exact cause of the disease, immunohistochemistry can be used to identify antigens or organisms in large body fluid or tissue samples to help diagnosis, become a valuable adjunct to the diagnosis of sentinels, and has great potential for diagnostic purposes. In recent years, the status of fungi, viruses, mycoplasma, and protozoa parasitic infections has been revisited. This review covers all developments in advanced staining up to the multiplexed fluorescent IHC system, as well as different platforms (tissue or cell microarray and digital)
Enhancing the Quality of Political Theory Education in Colleges Through the Application of Active Teaching Methods
Get PDFTeaching method is the way teachers convey knowledge and inspiration to learners. Teaching method has 3 macro, intermediate and micro levels respectively: viewpoints on teaching methods; forms of teaching methods; teaching techniques. Views on teaching methods are broad concepts, guiding the selection of specific forms of teaching methods. Different forms of teaching will require different teaching techniques. Active teaching methods are widely applied in many schools in Vietnam and many countries around the world. This method brings high efficiency in teaching and learning by promoting creativity, initiative and positivity of learners. 
Exploring Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment: Performance Assessment and Emerging Challenges
Get PDFAnaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) have become recognised as a promising technology for wastewater treatment due to their advantages over conventional aerobic systems, including lower energy consumption, reduced sludge production and biogas production. However, despite extensive research on AnMBRs, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews that evaluates their strengths and challenges, particularly in optimizing process stability, cost-effectiveness, and long-term membrane performance across diverse wastewater conditions. Additionally, existing studies have not thoroughly explored how integrating AnMBRs with advanced resource recovery strategies could improve their economic feasibility. This paper presents a critical review of AnMBR performance, challenges, and future prospects in wastewater treatment. It systematically examines recent advancements in AnMBR configurations, operational approaches, and hybrid system integration, drawing insights from current literature to identify opportunities for enhancing AnMBR efficiency and sustainability. 
Women’s Bodies as a Site of Cultural Inscriptions in Deepa Mehta’s Fire
Get PDFDeepa Mehta, Indo-Canadian director’s Fire was released in 1996. The film is the first among her trilogy. It is influential because of her representation of a same-sex relationship in a traditional Indian society of that period of time. This research paper investigates how women’s bodies function as sites of cultural inscriptions in Fire. Fire retains patriarchal ideologies, socio-religious norms, and heteronormative anticipations that frame women’s understandings and bodies. Research questions in this paper are: what kinds of inscriptions are imposed on women’s bodies in Fire, how these inscriptions are enforced and maintained and how Fire contests and subverts these inscriptions? The paper employs qualitative research approach, utilizing textual and filmic analysis. Deepa Mehta’s Fire is the primary text. Feminist theory, postcolonial studies, and Michel Foucault’s discourse on power and the body are the major lenses used to analyze the film Fire. Feminist theories, cultural theory, and scholarly analyses of Fire comprise the secondary source of this paper. This study is based on feminist theory, specifically Judith Butler’s theory of gender performativity and Michel Foucault’s philosophies on disciplining of the body. Furthermore, postcolonial feminist critiques postulate comprehensions into the juncture of gender, culture, and power structures in Fire. Deepa Mehta’s Fire functions as an influential criticism of patriarchal cultural inscriptions on women’s bodies. By foregrounding female longings and resistance, the film encounters prevailing chronicles that standardize women’s identities. It contributes to feminist and postcolonial discourses by emphasizing how cultural inscriptions function and how they can be subverted. 
What Drives the Tamil Voter? A Study on Socio-Political Influences on Voting Behaviour
Get PDFVoting is the cornerstone of any democratic system, providing citizens the right to choose their representatives and influence government policies. It ensures public participation in the political process. In a diverse country like India, voting behavior is influenced by various factors such as socioeconomic background, education, media exposure, caste, religion, and political ideologies. This study explores the multifaceted factors influencing voting behavior among the electorate in Tamil Nadu. The findings reveal that voter turnout remains relatively consistent across different educational backgrounds and gender groups, with the highest participation observed among postgraduates (84.8%) and men (87.1%) compared to women (76.9%). Lack of faith in the candidates emerged as the most cited reason for not voting, with 37.5% of respondents highlighting it. Among all factors influencing voter decisions, party or candidate’s past performance (57.8%), pre-election promises (42.2%), candidate’s educational qualification (34.5%), and long-standing party loyalty (31.9%) were the most prioritized. Factors like caste, religion, and monetary inducements were notably less influential in determining voter choice. Celebrity influence was not a dominant factor in the current study, with only 10.9% of respondents stating they were influenced by celebrity statements while voting. A significant 59.1% reported not being influenced at all, while 30% showed occasional susceptibility. NOTA (None of the Above) voting behavior varied significantly across demographics. Younger respondents, especially those in the 35–44 age group reported the highest usage of NOTA (30.4%), while individuals above 45 years of age rarely reported choosing NOTA, indicating a generational divide in its acceptance as a voting tool. Urban voters (27.3%) were more likely to use NOTA than their rural counterparts. Gender differences were also evident—more women reported voting for NOTA, yet only 15.4% viewed it as a good option, compared to 31.4% of men