European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences
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Phytochemical Analysis and Toxicity Test of Secondary Metabolite Compounds in Methanol Extract from Tuber of Belajang Keissi’ (Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng)
Get PDFThe tuber of Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng, locally known as Belajang Keissi’, belongs to the Menispermaceae family and is traditionally used in Indonesia for treating diabetes mellitus, as a nerve tonic, and as an anti-cancer remedy. This plant is recognized for its bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, and anti-tumor properties. The objective of this study was to analyze the phytochemical content and evaluate the toxicity of the methanol extract of Stephania venosa tubers to explore its potential as an anticancer agent. The study involved sample preparation, extraction by maceration, phytochemical group testing using specific reagents, and toxicity assessment through the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids as the major secondary metabolites, while the toxicity test showed that the extract exhibited significant lethality to Artemia salina larvae, with an LC50 value of 14.92 ppm. This result indicates high toxicity, meeting the threshold of bioactivity for potential therapeutic applications (LC50 ≤ 1000 ppm). The mechanism of toxicity is hypothesized to involve the interference of alkaloids with the neural and digestive systems of the larvae. This study highlights the potential of Stephania venosa tubers as a source of bioactive compounds for antibacterial, antifungal, or anticancer development, warranting further isolation and advanced pharmacological testing to confirm its therapeutic applications. 
Vibrational Study of Antiparasitic Nifurtimox Agent Combining Harmonic Force Fields with DFT Calculations
Get PDFA theoretical study has been performed on the anti-chagasic nifurtimox agent (NFX), by using the hybrid B3LYP/6-311++G** calculations in the gas phase, DMSO and aqueous solution to characterize the structures and vibrational spectra. The most stable conformer predicted by calculations is in agreement with the experimental reported by X-ray diffraction with a higher solvation energy in aqueous solution (-134.81 kJ/mol) than in DMSO solution (-90.71 kJ/mol). A higher dipole moment and contraction of volume is predicted in aqueous solution probably due to the presence of strongly acceptors SO2 and NO2 groups of H bonds associated to the higher permittivity of water. Nucleophilic sites on the SO2 and NO2 groups are revealed by the mapped MEP surfaces with a higher energy value in water. The higher stability of NFX in solution is supported by NBO calculations while the frontier orbitals show that NFX is most reactive in both solutions than in the gas phase. Here, complete vibrational assignments of FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra in the three media have been performed by using the normal internal coordinates, the scaled mechanical force field (SQMFF) methodology and the Molvib program. The predicted NMR and Uv-vis spectra show good concordances with the corresponding experimental ones. 
Comparative Analysis of Transformer-Based and CNN Models for High-Throughput Wheat Head Detection
Get PDFWheat head or spike detection is significant for phenotyping because it can be directly correlated to yield and is an indicator of yield potential. Historically, wheat head counting was a labor-intensive and error prone process. Use of Deep Learning (DL) techniques has automated this process allowing automated wheat head detection and counting using high resolution imagery, allowing large-scale, High Throughput Phenotyping (HTP). Despite the use of advanced technologies, wheat head detection is a challenging task due to high environmental variability, cultivar differences, and head overlap. Several attempts have been made to make the DL models more robust and the wheat head datasets more diverse to improve the detection accuracy and reliability. With the introduction of advanced DL architectures, there has been continuous improvement in accuracy of head detection. In this study, we have evaluated the performance of three different cutting-edge DL models - YOLOv10x, RetinaNet, and MM-Grounding DINO for wheat head detection. We have also combined two different wheat datasets, Global Wheat Head Detection (GWHD) 2021 and SPIKE dataset to get a diverse dataset with a wide range of genotypes. This study aims to contribute to the ongoing evolution of wheat head detection techniques and provide an insight into how these three models perform for this task. 
Formation of Spirituality and Community - Ecclesia According to John Evangelist: A Clear Religious Language Perspective
Get PDFSemantic changes and analysis of these changes are thought to enrich understanding of the sacred biblical text. The fourth Gospel indicates a semantic change in the noun and verb domains. The functionalization of the change uses a methodological approach, namely paying attention to it targets the movement of form to function of the words used. By using a method that is stated as a finding of the text, the process of forming it to analysis and visualization, the context in the Fourth Gospel. So this study benefits from the formation of individual and communal spirituality called ecclesia which is the result of the Logos becoming human. And the Logos mentioned by the author of this book has life (zoe, sozein, sozo) in Him just as the Father has life in Him. The Jesus Logos mentioned is different from the logos in the setting of Hellenistic thought. So that theological notification is given that the life that Jesus offered to the first and modern readers today is the spirituality of the cross. Thus, the aspect of discipleship is a necessity in order to experience an abundant life. 
The First Australian Trained Doctors. Patrick Moloney (1843-1904). Part One: The Clinical Career
Get PDFIn 1867, William Carey Rees and Patrick Maloney were the first two medical students to graduate from an Australian Medical School. Prior to that date all medical practitioners working in Australia since the First Fleet in 1788 had graduated overseas, predominantly in England and Scotland. The distinguished career of Dr Patrick Moloney, physician and writer, is described. Part, one deals with his clinical cases and career as a physician. 
Urban Green Infrastructure Loss (2002-2022) and its Environmental Implications in Malawi's Urban Areas
Get PDFRapid urbanization poses a major challenge to environmental sustainability and requires the integration of ecological principles into urban planning. This study analyses the environmental impact of urban green infrastructure (UGI) loss in Malawi's largest cities: Blantyre, Lilongwe, Mzuzu and Zomba. Remote sensing analyses were used to investigate the changes in land use and land cover between 2002 and 2022. The results show a significant decline in green spaces, with built-up areas increasing at the expense of vegetation and water bodies. Encroachment into natural landscapes threatens biodiversity and water quality and exacerbates the effects of the urban heat island. The annual rates of change emphasize the urgency of proactive measures to preserve UGI and promote sustainable urban development. Despite the policy commitment to sustainability, challenges persist due to insufficient coordination and funding. Addressing these problems requires evidence-based strategies and policies tailored to the Malawian context. By understanding the consequences of UGI loss and implementing targeted solutions, Malawi can strive to build healthier, more resilient, and sustainable cities. 
Hydrogen May or May Not Be a Pure Fuel When Utilized in Substantial Quantities
Get PDFA detailed analysis of the widespread use of hydrogen as a clean fuel is presented in this study. To properly address this issue, the research is organized into several parts that guide the investigation of important components. It is essential to have an introduction to provide the groundwork for comprehending the significance of hydrogen as a source of clean energy. From there, the research delves into the technical components of hydrogen fuel technology and the breakthroughs made in the transportation and industrial sectors. The last part of this presentation will consist of a critical analysis of the environmental advantages and problems linked with the broad use of hydrogen fuel. 
Diversity and Carbon Storage in Fodder Trees of the Lower and Middle Ouémé Valley, Benin: Ecological and Pastoral Sustainability
Get PDFThis study examines the species composition and carbon stock of fodder trees within the Lower and Middle Ouémé Valley (LMOV), highlighting the key role these species play in pastoral ecosystems and carbon sequestration. A total of 22 species were identified, with Leguminosae dominating at 36%. Noteworthy six species such as M. inermis, L. sericeus, P. santalinoides D. oliveri, P. erinaceus, and A. leiocarpa exhibited the highest Importance Value Index (IVI), signifying their importance in local pastoral practices. Our research utilized nondestructive allometric equations to estimate both above and belowground biomass, further assessing the effects of soil and climatic variables on carbon stocks. The carbon stock varied significantly with vegetation type, influenced predominantly by the density and basal area per hectare. Additionally, the study validated the positive correlation between species richness and carbon storage capacity, supporting the role of biodiversity in enhancing ecosystem resilience. Significant findings from regression models indicated that climate variables generally increased carbon stock, whereas certain soil parameters reduced it. This study underscores the necessity of conserving diverse fodder species to support sustainable pastoralism and carbon mitigation efforts in sub-Saharan Africa. 
Environmental Impact Assessment of Urban Waste Recycling Challenges: A Review of DPSIR for Life Cycle Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Challenges in Greater Monrovia, Liberia
Get PDFThis study evaluates the environmental impact of municipal solid waste management recycling probability in Greater Monrovia, using the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Greater Monrovia generates approximately 236155 tons of recyclable waste annually, comprising biodegradable, plastics, paper, inert materials, and assorted waste. Inadequate infrastructure causes less waste collection, and most are openly dumped or burned, triggering severe environmental pollution. The LCA examines key impact categories, including global warming potential (GWP), water pollution, resource depletion, and human health impacts across four waste management scenarios. Scenario one (Landfill) identified significant emissions, contributing to global warming (194.86 kg CO2 eq), marine aquatic ecotoxicity (MAE) (2259578 kg 14-DB eq), and human toxicity (172.59 kg 14-DB eq). Scenario two (Anaerobic Digestion) illustrates lower impacts on human toxicity (237.83 kg 14-DB eq) and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity (86.99 kg 14-DB eq), with moderate GWP (415.51 kg CO2 eq). In Scenario three, (Open Burning) results are the highest GWP (444.03 kg CO2 eq) and MAE (1426606.7 kg 14-DB eq), indicating substantial environmental and health risks. Scenario Four, a combined approach integrating landfill, anaerobic digestion, and open burning, optimizes the strengths and mitigates the weaknesses of each scenario, offering a balanced approach with reduced impacts across multiple categories.
Findings indicate Scenario Two has a relatively moderate environmental impact. Assumed as the most preferred scenario based on the waste management option due to low environmental effects, thereby recommended as the appropriate technology for the MSW recycling process in Greater Monrovia, ultimately reducing environmental impacts and improving resource recovery. 
Effect of Bacterial Diseases on the Physiological Functions of the Plant: A Review
Get PDFPhysiological plant diseases are illnesses that affect plants and are classified as Infectious Plant Diseases and Noninfectious Plant Diseases. They are brought on by disturbance and imbalance in the physiological processes of the plant. The study of the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of these damages becomes connected to the defect incident physiology. In the context of this review, environmental physiology refers to the study of how plants react to their surroundings and change as a result of disease infection.