European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences
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From Margins to Mainstream (M2M): Can Artificial Intelligence (AI) Reshape Governance for Chittagong Hill Tracts Indigenous Communities?
Get PDFIndigenous communities in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of Bangladesh contend with multifaceted governance challenges, including representation, resource allocation, and access to services. This paper investigates the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to address these issues and foster inclusive governance practices in the region. Grounded in the following research questions: 1) How are Indigenous communities currently governed in the CHT, and what are the primary challenges they face? 2) What are the opportunities and challenges of leveraging AI to enhance governance in the CHT? 3) How do Indigenous communities perceive the role of AI in governance, and what are their expectations and concerns? the study adopts a self-directed research approach, employing interviews, surveys, and online research to gather insights. Through a synthesis of existing literature and empirical findings, the paper identifies key considerations for deploying AI in governance contexts, including ethical implications, community engagement strategies, and capacity-building initiatives. The research underscores the importance of centering Indigenous perspectives and promoting participatory approaches in the design and implementation of AI-driven governance solutions. By shedding light on the intersection of AI and Indigenous governance, this study contributes to the discourse on technology and social justice, offering practical insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners seeking to advance inclusive development agendas in marginalized regions. 
Salivary Amylase as a Biomarker of Periodontal Diseases
Get PDFSalivary amylase, an enzyme primarily involved in starch digestion, has gained attention as a potential biomarker for periodontal diseases due to its role in modulating bacterial growth within the oral cavity. This review examines the role of salivary amylase in periodontal diseases, focusing on its diagnostic potential and clinical relevance. The study utilized online databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Medline, alongside manual searches to ensure comprehensive coverage. Studies investigating salivary amylase levels in individuals with periodontal diseases over the past decade were included. Exclusion criteria encompassed non-English articles, non-peer-reviewed studies, review articles, animal studies, and research involving children (<17 years old), individuals with systemic diseases, or smokers. A total of 289 articles were identified through database and manual searches, with eight studies meeting the inclusion criteria for final analysis. Among the included studies, several reported significant differences in salivary amylase levels between individuals with gingivitis, chronic periodontitis, and healthy periodontium. Some studies failed to find significant differences in salivary amylase levels between periodontal disease groups and healthy controls. Certain studies emphasized the influence of periodontal treatment on salivary amylase levels. Salivary amylase shows promise as a biomarker for assessing periodontal health and monitoring treatment outcomes. Salivary amylase demonstrates potential as a biomarker for periodontal health and post-treatment outcomes, though inconsistencies in findings highlight the need for standardized methodologies. 
Studying the Physiological Response to Adding Different Concentrations of Certain Nano-Amino Acids to the Drinking Water of Broiler
No full textThe study aimed to investigate the effect of some zinc-loaded nano-amino acids (methionine Met, lysine Lys) on the physiological characteristics of ROSS 380 broiler chickens for 35 days. The experiment was conducted in the fields of the College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University. 450 birds were used, divided into five treatments, and each treatment had six replicates (90 birds per treatment and 15 birds per replicate). The experimental treatments were: T1 was a control treatment without addition, T2 was an addition of (methionine at a concentration of 2.5% and a dose of 1 ml/1 liter), T3 was an addition of (methionine at a concentration of 3.5% and a dose of 1 ml/1 liter), T4 was an addition of (lysine at a concentration of 2% and a dose of 1 ml/1 liter), and T5 was an addition of (lysine at a concentration of 3% and a dose of 1 ml/1 liter). The results of the experiment were as follows: Treatment T4 showed a significant advantage (P≤0.05) in total protein and albumin concentrations. No significant difference was observed between the treatments in globulin concentration. Cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL, LDL, and MDA concentrations were significantly higher in treatment T1 compared to treatments T4 and T5. HDL concentration was also significantly higher (P≤0.01) in treatments T3, T4, and T5 compared to treatments T1 and T2. All treatments with amino acid supplementation showed a significant improvement (P≤0.01) in IgA and IgG concentrations compared to the control. Treatments T3, T4, and T5 showed a significant increase (P≤0.01) in SOD and GSH enzyme concentrations. Creatinine concentration was significantly higher (P≤0.05) in treatment T1 compared to treatments T4 and T5. No significant difference was observed in urea concentration between the treatments
A Study of the Shrinkage of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and its Impact on Water Resources and Agriculture in Iraq
No full textThe Tigris-Euphrates basin faces a severe threat to its water resource sustainability, stemming from a confluence of transboundary management challenges and accelerated climate change impacts. This situation has profound implications for Iraq's agricultural sector and national food security. This study addresses this critical nexus by conducting a comprehensive spatio-temporal analysis of river flow contraction in the Iraqi portion of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers between 2014 and 2022. The methodology integrated remote sensing technologies (Landsat and Sentinel imagery) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with secondary official data to quantify the shrinkage of the water surface area and its consequences. The research focused on six key governorates (Nineveh, Al Anbar, Baghdad, Wasit, Dhi Qar, and Basrah) to represent the basin's diverse hydrological conditions. The findings revealed a net decrease of 35.72% in the total water surface area across the six governorates, with a strong correlation between this contraction and both climatic variables and upstream dam operations. Furthermore, the analysis highlighted a significant decline in high-density agricultural land, which was monitored using indices such as the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). These results provide updated, reliable data and a quantitative basis for policymakers to formulate effective strategies for water resource sustainability and food security in Iraq. The study underscores the urgent need for effective water diplomacy and the modernization of irrigation infrastructure to address this crisis
Lead-Contaminated Soils and Community Health in Kabwe, Zambia: Evaluating Policy and Remediation Responses
No full textLead (Pb) contamination remains a persistent public health challenge in Kabwe, Zambia - one of the world’s most lead-polluted cities due to historical mining at the former Broken Hill Mine (BHM). This study examines the link between soil contamination, human exposure risks, and the effectiveness of existing policy and remediation interventions. Soil and dust samples were collected from Chowa, Kasanda, Mutwe wa Nsofu, and Makandanyama townships following standard protocols and analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) to determine Pb concentrations. Results revealed Pb levels exceeding international safety thresholds, particularly in residential areas within a 3 km radius of the mine. Despite the implementation of the Zambia Mining and Environmental Remediation and Improvement Project (ZMERIP), remediation outcomes remain uneven due to gaps in regulatory enforcement, limited technical capacity, and inadequate community health monitoring. The study identifies major weaknesses in Zambia’s environmental governance - specifically, the absence of clear soil protection standards and enforcement mechanisms - and highlights the need for integrated soil protection and public health strategies. Strengthening legal frameworks, enhancing environmental monitoring, and promoting community-based risk reduction are recommended to safeguard human health and achieve sustainable remediation in mining-affected regions
Emergy Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment in Livestock Anaerobic Digestion: A Review of Evaluation Methodologies
No full textAnaerobic digestion of a livestock waste has emerged as a cornerstone in sustainable agriculture, providing more than one blessing which includes renewable energy generation, nutrient recycling and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. Existence Life cycle assessment (LCA) has long served because the mainstream approach to quantify environmental influences throughout whole product life cycles, proving precious for regulatory compliance and comparative benchmark. But LCA overlooks key elements which includes natural capital, ecological interdependence and the renewability of resources. Emergy Analysis (EMA) addresses these gaps by means of incorporating each natural and human contributions into a unified metric expressed in solar emergy joules (seJ). This approach provide opportunity for evaluation which is not only quantity but additionally the situations underneath which energy and material fluxes are used and stored. Through indices inclusive of the Emergy Yield Ratio (EYR), Environmental Loading Ratio (ELR) and Emergy Sustainability Index (ESI), EMA captures environmental loading, power transformation performance, and systemic viability, presenting a more ecologically coherent framework. This review synthesizes the conceptual underpinnings and methodological applications of each LCA and EMA within the context of livestock anaerobic digestion, highlighting their comparative strengths and boundaries. While LCA provides structured, coverage-relevant insights for environmental effect assessments, EMA gives a broader input- orientated attitude that displays surroundings offerings and lengthy-time period sustainability. The integration of LCA and EMA is proposed as a promising methodological development, permitting more holistic reviews of cattle ad systems within round bio-economy frameworks and supporting sustainable agricultural useful resource management
Incidence of the Eimeria spp. (Coccidia) and Cryptosporidium spp. in Chickens Slaughtered Locally and Sold at Retail Markets in Babylon Governorate, Iraq
No full textBackground: Coccidiosis and cryptosporidiosis are two prominent enteric infections in birds due to the respective pathogens, Eimeria spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. and are associated with production performance and possible effect on the general health of the population. Current Iraqi data are thin and dominate on the farm-centric information; hence, the market-level prevalence information is needed to determine the exposure in the food chain. Methods: The survey was conducted at retail slaughter points between January and June 2024 as a cross- sectional survey. Cecal samples and intestinal contents of 200 chickens were collected and floated followed by a McMaster tally of oocytes of Eimeria; Modified-Ziehl-Neelsen staining (mZN) of oocytes of Cryptosporidium. The basic associations with the sample source, prevalence and oocyst burden (oocysts per gram, OPG) were analyzed. Findings: The general prevalence between sampled chickens was 22% (44/200) and 4.5% (9/200) with respect to the prevalence of the Eimeria spp. and the prevalence of the Cryptosporidium spp. respectively. There was also an observation of seasonal variation in the prevalence of the two parasites, with the prevalence of the Eimeria spp. ranging between 0% and 27.5% and the prevalence of the Cryptosporidium. Conclusions: A large percentage of chicken sold at retail slaughter houses in Iraq contains oocysts of Eimeria and Cryptosporidium. These results indicate the need to combine farm-to-market measures such as the strengthening of farm biosecurity, effective management of coccidiosis, and hygiene at the market, and the need to conduct ongoing molecular surveillance to demarcate species distribution and estimate zoonotic risk
Water-Energy Nexus: A Review of Technological Innovations for Resource Efficiency in Urban Water Systems in Malawi
Get PDFThe intricate and interdependent relationship between water and energy is crucial for sustainable development, especially in urban water systems. Malawi is facing challenges regarding water loss and energy use. Technological innovations such as Smart Water Systems and integrating renewable energy in the water-energy nexus must be deployed to enhance resource efficiency and address the pressing challenges of climate change, water scarcity, and energy shortages. Effective management of this relationship is critical for improving resource efficiency and ensuring the sustainability of urban water systems in Malawi. Adopting these technologies presents numerous benefits, including enhanced water supply reliability, consumer behavioral change, improved energy efficiency, and reduced operational costs. However, several policy and regulatory challenges must also be addressed. This article explores the Water-Energy Nexus in urban water systems in Malawi by reviewing the situation and challenges, emerging technologies in water management and opportunities in integrating energy sources, and existing opportunities. 
Job Ethics and Teachers’ Productivity in Secondary Schools in South West, Nigeria
Get PDFThe purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of job ethics on teachers’ productivity in secondary schools in South West, Nigeria. The population of this study consisted all secondary school teachers in South West, Nigeria. The sample for the study consisted of 900 secondary school teachers in South West, Nigeria which was selected through a multistage sampling procedure. Two instruments used to collect data were Teachers’ Productivity Questionnaire (TPQ) and Job Ethics Questionnaire (JEQ). Face and content validities were ascertained for the two instruments with the help of experts in Educational Management, Social Science Education and Test Measurement and Evaluation from the Faculty of Education, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti. Test-retest method was used to establish the reliability of the two instruments with reliability coefficients of 0.89 and 0.80 for JEQ and TPQ respectively. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The research question was answered using frequency count, mean and standard deviation. All hypotheses were tested using Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis. The three hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed that the level of teacher’s productivity in secondary schools in South West, Nigeria in high. The study also showed that job ethics variables such as integrity, competence and discipline significantly influence teachers’ productivity in secondary schools in South West, Nigeria. Based on the findings of the study, it is therefore recommended that the education stakeholders such as government, both Federal and State Ministry of Education, and school authority should establish clear ethical guidelines and provide training sessions for secondary school teachers to emphasize the importance of integrity, competence and discipline in their work. It is also recommended that government should also organize seminars and workshops to educate teachers on the ethical standards expected of them and how these standards contribute to their productivity. 
Research on the Factors Affecting Leadership Style on Employee Satisfaction at Vietnamese Joint Stock Commercial Banks
Get PDFIn the increasingly competitive landscape of Vietnam's banking sector, a high-quality workforce plays a decisive role in ensuring sustainable development. One of the key factors affecting work performance and employee retention is leadership style. Both international and domestic studies have confirmed that leadership style significantly influences employee satisfaction, motivation, and organizational commitment. However, in Vietnam particularly within joint stock commercial banks research on the specific impacts of leadership styles on employee satisfaction remains limited and inconsistent. This study focuses on exploring and clarifying the factors through which leadership styles affect employee satisfaction in Vietnamese joint stock commercial banks, with the goal of contributing to more effective human resource management and organizational development.