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The role, image and responsibilities of the midwife in Bohemia (19th and 20th Century)
No full textFollowing article reflects the social role, image and responsibilities of the midwives in Bohemia in the mid nineteenth up to the mid twentieth century, the period during which the position and image of the midwives significantly changed. In terms of time period the article analyses the time span when the professionalization of medicine is evolving to that extent that it begun also affect midwives: on the one hand, they remain personally connected with the female community and stand on the margin of the emerging obstetric science, on the other hand they became increasingly subject to official disciplinary authorities and regular inspections.Following article reflects the social role, image and responsibilities of the midwives in Bohemia in the mid nineteenth up to the mid twentieth century, the period during which the position and image of the midwives significantly changed. In terms of time period the article analyses the time span when the professionalization of medicine is evolving to that extent that it begun also affect midwives: on the one hand, they remain personally connected with the female community and stand on the margin of the emerging obstetric science, on the other hand they became increasingly subject to official disciplinary authorities and regular inspections
Female Midwifery in the Czech Lands 1850–1950: A Career on the Decline
No full textAlthough midwives were incorporated into the administrative system governing the conditions of birth delivery, female midwifery became the target of verbal attacks from the leading authorities of scientific medicine. Physicians addressed midwives often with superior hostility. In professional medical journals, the opinion was repeatedly represented by articles accentuating the archaic element of midwives’ obstetric practice and, in particular, the lack of education and subsequent ability to absorb modern knowledge to improve obstetric practice. Professional discourse was constantly questioning the female midwives’ capabilities, which, together with constantly increasing number of female midwives, resulted in the lack of guaranteed financial support for female midwives’ professional practice. Thus, as a profession, midwifery mostly could not provide an opportunity in terms of economic and social independence.Although midwives were incorporated into the administrative system governing the conditions of birth delivery, female midwifery became the target of verbal attacks from the leading authorities of scientific medicine. Physicians addressed midwives often with superior hostility. In professional medical journals, the opinion was repeatedly represented by articles accentuating the archaic element of midwives’ obstetric practice and, in particular, the lack of education and subsequent ability to absorb modern knowledge to improve obstetric practice. Professional discourse was constantly questioning the female midwives’ capabilities, which, together with constantly increasing number of female midwives, resulted in the lack of guaranteed financial support for female midwives’ professional practice. Thus, as a profession, midwifery mostly could not provide an opportunity in terms of economic and social independence
Bedřich of Strážnice and the Hussite Garrisons in Silesia
No full textIn his study, the author focuses on the activity of the Hussite military garrisons in the Silesian duchies in 1428–1435. After a synopsis of the basic stages of the Hussite raids in Silesia, he pays attention to the presence of garrisons deep in the enemy territory and repeatedly returns to the issue of supplying them with military equipment and provisions. In Silesia, the priest Bedřich of Strážnice helped to transform the system operating among the garrisons in Central and South Moravia, including the collection of food in the form of tributes, obtaining the spoils of war, supplying through the convoys sent from the Hussite domain, and the cooperation with local elites. At the same time, securing supplies determined the main features of military operations.In his study, the author focuses on the activity of the Hussite military garrisons in the Silesian duchies in 1428–1435. After a synopsis of the basic stages of the Hussite raids in Silesia, he pays attention to the presence of garrisons deep in the enemy territory and repeatedly returns to the issue of supplying them with military equipment and provisions. In Silesia, the priest Bedřich of Strážnice helped to transform the system operating among the garrisons in Central and South Moravia, including the collection of food in the form of tributes, obtaining the spoils of war, supplying through the convoys sent from the Hussite domain, and the cooperation with local elites. At the same time, securing supplies determined the main features of military operations
Authors of the Literae Annuae from the Jesuit College in Telč in the 17th Century
No full textThe paper focuses on the annual reports (literae annuae) as a specific genre of Jesuit writing in an attempt to better understand the process of their creation. The possibilities to identify the authors of the texts were examined while analysing both the form and content of the annual reports from the Jesuit House of the Third Probation in Telč in the 17th century created as anonymous. Although the attribution of the text is possible, the analysis shows that the subject of the author and his individual (personal) input was not seen as relevant from the perspective of Jesuit ideals and the purpose for which the texts were produced, hence the “collective” nature of literae annuae authorship is evident in the texts.The paper focuses on the annual reports (literae annuae) as a specific genre of Jesuit writing in an attempt to better understand the process of their creation. The possibilities to identify the authors of the texts were examined while analysing both the form and content of the annual reports from the Jesuit House of the Third Probation in Telč in the 17th century created as anonymous. Although the attribution of the text is possible, the analysis shows that the subject of the author and his individual (personal) input was not seen as relevant from the perspective of Jesuit ideals and the purpose for which the texts were produced, hence the “collective” nature of literae annuae authorship is evident in the texts
“Ma santé est mauvaise actüellement…“ An Enlightener and His Health. Part One: Relation to Health and Illness Using the Example of Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg and His Relatives
No full textThe study refers to an unexplored aspect of the well-known personality of Count and later Prince Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg (1711–1794). The first part of the two-part paper presents his relation to the healthy and sick body, diseases that tormented him, and it also describes how he perceived various illnesses that troubled not only him but also his relatives and friends. Attention is paid especially to the question of whether and how diseases affected Kaunitz and his environment, what impacts they had on him, where he sought help and whether certain periods of his life can be considered essential in this sense. The studied sources are viewed through the optics of Patientengeschichte.The study refers to an unexplored aspect of the well-known personality of Count and later Prince Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg (1711–1794). The first part of the two-part paper presents his relation to the healthy and sick body, diseases that tormented him, and it also describes how he perceived various illnesses that troubled not only him but also his relatives and friends. Attention is paid especially to the question of whether and how diseases affected Kaunitz and his environment, what impacts they had on him, where he sought help and whether certain periods of his life can be considered essential in this sense. The studied sources are viewed through the optics of Patientengeschichte
USING DAQ TOOL FOR RESEARCH IN TRAFFIC-PSYCHOLOGY
No full textBezpečnosť cestnej premávky a s tým spojená ochrana ľudského života je cieľom v každej vyspelej krajine. Viac ako 90% dopravných nehôd po celom svete je spôsobených ľudskou chybou. Z toho vyplýva jednoznačná povinnosť zaoberať sa ľudskou psychikou a predovšetkým páchaním priestupkov vodičmi na cestách. Dopravno-psychologický výskum obsiahnutý v tomto článku bol realizovaný na vzorke takmer štyristo respondentov, pričom išlo o mladých vodičov vo veku 18 až 26 rokov. Na výskum bol použitý dotazník postojov vodiča, ktorého výsledky boli následne porovnávané so všeobecnými údajmi tiež zisťovanými v prieskume. Výsledky bolo v globále možné porovnávať aj so zahraničnými štúdiami, pretože dopravno-psychologický nástroj, ktorý bol využitý má presne stanovenú štruktúru a je možné ho použiť v akejkoľvek krajine. Cieľom výskumu bolo predovšetkým hľadanie štatistických podobností medzi výsledkami nástroja DAQ a uvedeným počtom a druhom dopravných priestupkov respondentov. Taktiež je cieľom porovnanie dosiahnutých výsledkov s inými štúdiami, ktoré získali dáta rovnakým nástrojom.Road safety and protection of human life on the road infrastructure is a goal in every developed country. More than 90% of road accidents worldwide are caused by human error. This implies a clear obligation to deal with the human psyche and, above all, committing offences on the road. The traffic-psychological research contained in this article was performed on a sample of almost four hundred respondents; young drivers aged 18 to 26 years. A questionnaire of the driver\u27s attitudes was used for the research, the results of which were subsequently compared with the general data also found in the survey. Globally, it was also possible to compare the results with foreign studies, because the traffic-psychological tool that was used has a precisely defined structure and can be used in any country. The aim of the research was primarily to find statistical similarities between the results of the DAQ tool and the stated number and type of traffic offences of the respondents. The aim is also to compare the own results with other studies that obtained data with the same tool
INFLUENCE OF BRAKE LIGHT LIGHT SOURCE ON DRIVER REACTION TIME
No full textPříspěvek se zabývá zjištěním vlivu typu světelného zdroje brzdových světel automobilu na reakční dobu řidiče. V příspěvku je měřena reakční doba řidiče v podobě sešlápnutí brzdového pedálu v závislosti na rozsvícení brzdových světel u vodícího vozidla. Vyhodnocení měření spočívá ve vzájemném porovnání fázového posunu mezi signálem brzdových světel prvního vozidla a signálem brzdových světel u druhého vozidla. Experimentální měření bylo realizováno pro pět osob a to při použití klasické žárovky a následně LED diody u brzdových světel prvního vozidla. Z naměřených průběhů se potvrdilo, že reakční doba řidiče je závislá na mnoha faktorech, kdy významnou roli hraje i zdroj a intenzita světla brzdových světel. Současně má vliv na reakční dobu i činnost či nečinnost zadních obrysových světel. S jejich aktivací se reakční doba řidiče následného vozidla prodlužuje.The paper deals with finding out the influence of the type of light source of car brake lights on the reaction time of the driver. The paper measures the reaction time of the driver in the form of depressing the brake pedal depending on the lighting of the brake lights on the driving vehicle. The evaluation of the measurement consists in a mutual comparison of the phase shift between the brake light signal of the first vehicle and the brake light signal of the second vehicle. The experimental measurement was performed for five people using a classic light bulb and then an LED diode at the brake lights of the first vehicle. From the measured waveforms, it was confirmed that the driver\u27s reaction time depends on many factors, where the source and intensity of the brake lights also play an important role. At the same time, it affects the reaction time and the operation or inactivity of the rear position lamps. With their activation, the reaction time of the driver of the succeeding vehicle is extended
More Than Mere Metamorphoses: Animals in Charles W. Chesnutt’s Conjure Stories
No full textThis contribution will apply the theory of Animal Studies, an inter-disciplinary field which encompasses, among many other areas, literary studies. In the African American conjure fiction written by Charles Chesnutt, the animal behavior, human-nonhuman animal interactions, anthropomorphic representations of animals and the expanding ethical considerations (beyond human dimensions) will be examined. Applying Animal Studies to literary texts means in effect synthesizing writing on animals and charting their connections to human consciousness and human action toward the nonhuman world. Charles Chesnutt’s fourteen conjure tales were written largely in dialect in the 1880s and 1890s and are set in a Southern plantation community. They include enslaved humans who undergo metamorphoses into various animals, some animals under the supernatural control of conjurers and finally the various animals to be consumed under ethically questionable circumstances within the slave community. The attempts at resolution to conflicts is said to reverberate in black culture well after slavery had ended, according to the black narrator
CZECH TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS COMPANIES NEED A SOPHISTICATED APPROACH TO EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION
No full textThe situation on the labour market in the field of transport and logistics is strongly undersized by offering the necessary quality human resources. Acquiring and maintaining these resources creates one of the main prerequisites for the competitiveness of companies. Knowing their preferences can help not only solve the problem of gaining, retaining quality employees, but also more efficiently spend funds in this area. The aim of the article is to determine the motivational preferences of employees in the field of transport and logistics and to identify the main areas that are least fulfilled by their employers.. The article is based on the results of a questionnaire survey on a sample of 2363 respondents. Data are processed using basic descriptive statistics and Student\u27s T-test. The results provide an overview of the employees’ preferences of transport and logistics companies and problem areas in terms of satisfaction. In addition to enriching the knowledge base for the next stage of the issue, the conclusions provide companies in the field of transport and logistics with the opportunity to take a more sophisticated approach to motivating their employees and also to help acquire new ones
EVALUATION OF THE LEVEL OF PERCEPTION OF SELECTED QUALITY CRITERIA BY GROUPS OF PASSENGERS IN PUBLIC PASSENGER TRANSPORT IN THE SELECTED REGION IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC
No full textJednou z najviac rezonujúcich tém v súčasnosti je kvalita. Miera kvality každého procesu je súhrnom jeho vlastností, ktoré sa prejavujú jeho funkčnosťou v reálnom čase. Medzi tieto vlastnosti patrí spoľahlivosť, presnosť, bezpečnosť, flexibilita a mnohé ďalšie. Z dôvodu porovnateľnosti a sledovania trendov vývoja v úrovni kvality služieb je potrené túto úroveň objektivizovať prostredníctvom merateľných znakov kvality (vlastnosti) a ich následného zhodnotenia. V príspevku sa zaoberáme hodnotením a porovnaním úrovne vybraných kritérií kvality podľa ich vnímania skupinami cestujúcich. Aby sme mohli vykonať výskum v danej oblasti, realizovali sme dotazníkový prieskum vo vybranom regióne a systéme verejnej osobnej dopravy v Slovenskej republike, na základe identifikácie dôležitosti a merania spokojnosti s ich plnením. Na základe výskumu boli identifikované najdôležitejšie kritériá kvality(požiadavky) - presnosť spojov, informovanosť cestujúcich, čistota a správanie sa vodiča voči cestujúcim. Vzájomný vzťah a významnosť kritérií kvality je hodnotená prostredníctvom jednorozmerných a viacrozmerných metód. Cieľom príspevku je skúmať rozdielnosť vnímania kvality a spokojnosti jednotlivými skupinami cestujúcich (študenti, ekonomicky aktívne obyvateľstvo a dôchodcovia), nakoľko každá skupina má iné požiadavky na kvalitu. Ak chcú dopravcovia a objednávatelia dopravnej obslužnosti udržať cestujúcich v systéme verejnej osobnej doprave je dôležité, aby sa venovali práve kvalite ,identifikácii požiadaviek na kvalitu konkrétnych skupín cestujúcich a zisťovaniu spätnej väzby vo forme merania spokojnosti cestujúcichOne of the most resonant topics today is quality. The quality measure of each process is the sum of its properties, which are manifested by its functionality in real-time. These characteristics include reliability, accuracy, safety, flexibility and much more. Due to the comparability and monitoring of development trends in the level of service quality, it is necessary to objectify this level through measurable quality characteristics (properties) and their subsequent evaluation. In the article, we deal with the evaluation and comparison of the level of selected quality criteria according to their perception by groups of passengers. In order to conduct research in the field, we conducted a questionnaire survey in a selected region of the public passenger transport system in the Slovak Republic, based on identifying the importance and measuring satisfaction with their implementation. Based on the research, the most important quality criteria (requirements) were identified - the accuracy of connections, passenger information, cleanliness and the driver\u27s behavior towards passengers. The interrelationship and significance of quality criteria are assessed through one-dimensional and multidimensional methods. The aim of the paper is to examine the differences in the perception of quality and satisfaction by individual groups of passengers (students, economically active population and pensioners), as each group has different quality requirements. If carriers and service providers want to keep passengers in the public passenger transport system, it is important that they focus on quality, identify quality requirements for specific groups of passengers and provide feedback in the form of measuring passenger satisfaction
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