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ONLINE AND OFFLINE MANIFESTATION OF HINDUTVA IDEOLOGY IN INDIA DURING THE COVID-19 SPREAD
Full text linkTowards the end of January 2020, COVID-19 made its headway into India. The irresponsible behaviour of the Modi government in containing the spread of Coronavirus forced it to opt for an ill-planned and hastily imposed lockdown. Meanwhile, the poor health infrastructure of the country collapsed. This outbreak also tested the socio-cultural robustness and religious tolerance in India. Pro-Hindutva media outlets and Hindu nationalists employed hate speech to securitize this outbreak as a Muslims-led controversy against India. Furthermore, pseudoscience-based remedies were portrayed as a potential cure for COVID-19. The online disinformation ecosystem of Hindutva extremist groups against minorities used trending campaigns, memes, and sharing of false content. They posted Islamophobic content so extensively that the impact of online disinformation contributed to offline harm to minorities in the form of violent attacks and social boycotts. This paper, therefore, analyses the online and offline activities of Hindu extremists and nationalists during the spread of COVID-19. It concludes with emphasis that the ongoing metamorphosis in the relationship between state, society, and religion in India is a pressing concern for the civilized world, especially the Indian political elite.
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Nabeel, Fahad, and Maryam Raashed. 2021. "Online and Offline Manifestation of Hindutva Ideology in India during the Covid-19 Spread." Margalla Papers 25 (1): 70-80
CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION AND STATE SOVEREIGNTY
Full text linkClimate change is a reality recognized globally. Although global efforts are accelerating, there are fears in the underdeveloped world regarding the erosion of their sovereignty through climate change action and response mechanisms. Remedial actions taken at various levels are not a compensating reflection of this reality. There is a need to establish a well-thought-out mechanism and support fast-track climate change action and responses. This study, therefore, highlights the impact of climate change action on state sovereignty through in-depth analysis by interviewing climate experts and officials. It reckons that the issue revolves around interference in internal policies through the prism of climate change action incorporating world organisations. It concludes that developing states may have fears regarding the overreach of developed states in their remedial actions, as seen in the Global South and Global North divide.
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Shafi, Khalid Mahmood, Arif Ullah Khan, and Rafaqat Islam. 2021. "Climate Change Action and State Sovereignty." Margalla Papers 25 (2): 98-108
GLOBAL WARMING CHALLENGES AND TACTICAL RAMIFICATIONS: ADDRESSING ECOLOGICAL SECURITY CONCERNS
Full text linkHumanity has been facing frequent trials in the contemporary era. One seriously emerging challenge is global warming. It has a record of disastrous impacts on earth that are severe and cataclysmic. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change attributes mega-disasters to global warming. These environmental calamities have raised serious concerns for leaders, scientists, environmentalists as well as public. The defence experts warn about gradually changing weather tendencies and emerging of new security challenges. Global warming is causing continuous fluctuations in our fragile ecosystem, and any persistent malfunctioning in the ecosystem would affect the politico-economic, strategic, and even very existence of humanity. It would require rational choices and new strategic approaches for saving humanity and numerous organism species under global warming impacts. Strategists, in the future, will inevitably explore looming tactical security concerns to safeguard defence capabilities. Against this backdrop, this paper argues that global warming will create severe strategic complications. In the coming decades, traditional national defence systems will have to undergo a new transformation supportive to cope with emerging cataclysmic security issues due to global warming. Therefore, innovative lines of tactical ecological rationale will become an essential part of national defence.
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Shah, Syed Muhammad Ali, Shaheen Akhtar, and Fozia Bibi. 2021. "Global Warming Challenges and Tactical Ramifications: Addressing Ecological Security Concerns." Margalla Papers 25 (1): 12-22
CHINA’S GRAND STRATEGY IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION: AN ENGLISH SCHOOL PERSPECTIVE
Full text linkGrand Strategy determines the ultimate goals and interests of a state. It has long-term effects on state policies. With the advent of the 21st century, China has emerged as a regional and global power. After entering the new era of development, China set specific goals and decided to achieve them, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. These goals are to convert China into a prosperous society, increase per capita income at par with developed states and realize modernization. In 2013, Xi Jinping announced China’s Grand Strategy, while stating that the period extended to 2020 (and beyond) is the era of strategic opportunity for China. This article discusses China’s Grand Strategy in the Asia-Pacific region. First, it conceptualizes Chinese strategy by focusing on its main objectives and interests. Secondly, it analyses its components while identifying how China is utilizing its economic, political, diplomatic, and security means to secure its interests in the region and maintain regional order. It also examines Chinese foreign policy in the Asia-Pacific region according to the institutions of international society described by Hadley Bull.
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Manzoor, Saima. 2021. "China’s Grand Strategy in the Asia-Pacific Region: An English School Perspective." Margalla Papers 25 (1): 81-91
FAILURE OF ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION: A CASE OF DISMAL STATE OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN KASHMIR AND PALESTINE
Full text linkA profound observation of human rights endorses democratic norms, socio-political stability, economic prosperity, and the rule of law. Almost all developed states ensure their citizens with the protection of fundamental rights, and, in return, community plays a critical role in nation-building. Many human rights activists and organizations highlight the shortcomings behind the promulgation of laws for human security and plan to maintain security. Some developing states have failed to copy the developed states\u27 human rights policy framework, especially regarding the protection of human rights. They are either trying to deprive their minorities of fundamental rights or confiscating their territories while pushing them into deteriorated conditions. India and Israel are two prominent examples of this connection. This study, therefore, analyses how India is dealing with its minorities, especially Muslims in illegally occupied Jammu and Kashmir. It also calls attention to the expansionist policy of Israel, disposing of Palestinians from their territory, thus experiencing the worst form of human rights violations. The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has also forgotten the objectives of its formation. Its leadership is dormant, which has paved the way for India and Israel to inflict more aggression on innocent Muslims. The study suggests that OIC leadership should be more active, saving Muslims from the worst kinds of human rights violations.
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Shamshad, Muhammad, and Farooq Arshad. 2021. "Failure of Organization of Islamic Cooperation: A Case of Dismal State of Human Rights in Kashmir and Palestine." Margalla Papers 25 (2): 47-60
BOOK REVIEW: HOW THEY RULE THE WORLD: THE 22 SECRET STRATEGIES OF GLOBAL POWERS
No full textHOW THEY RULE THE WORLD: THE 22 SECRET STRATEGIES OF GLOBAL POWERS
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Zamani, Madina Ali. 2021. "Book Review: How they Rule the World: The 22 Secret Strategies of Global Powers." Margalla Papers 25 (2): 134-135
BOOK REVIEW: HIGHER THAN KARAKORAM: SEVEN DECADES OF PAKISTAN-CHINA PARTNERSHIP
No full textHIGHER THAN KARAKORAM: SEVEN DECADES OF PAKISTAN-CHINA PARTNERSHIP
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Malik, Talha. 2021. "Book Review: Higher than Karakoram: Seven Decades of Pakistan-China Partnership." Margalla Papers 25 (2): 136-137
FROM INTERVENTION TO EXIT: AN ANALYSIS OF POST-9/11 US STRATEGIES IN AFGHANISTAN
Full text linkFollowing the US exit from Afghanistan, the debate revolves around why US intervention in Afghanistan, the longest and one of the most expensive in its history, has failed in defeating the Taliban and realising a durable state-building. The debate considers endogenous factors that explore US and Taliban strategies and exogenous factors that underline the role of regional and extra-regional actors in determining the outcome of the Afghan conflict. This paper, therefore, focuses on faults and inconsistencies within and across US strategies in Afghanistan, i.e., the use of military force, political settlement, and state-building. It also examines US strategies vis-à-vis conflict in Afghanistan under four US administrations – from Bush to Biden – to ascertain why these strategies proved ineffective. These strategies have been analysed by following the conceptual framework of Game Theory. The paper argues that US strategies for entering Afghanistan were detached from the ground realities, which was the critical factor for its failure to achieve the desired outcome of the conflict.
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Shad, Muhammad Riaz, and Sajid Iqbal. 2021. "From Intervention to Exit: An Analysis of Post-9/11 US Strategies in Afghanistan." Margalla Papers 25 (2): 23-34
CHINA’S ROLE IN EAST ASIA DURING POST-COLD WAR ERA: AN ANALYSIS FROM UNEVEN AND COMBINED DEVELOPMENT
Full text linkIn the post-Maoist era, a new approach was introduced in China, which opened China’s markets for foreign investments besides harvesting cordial relations, especially with its neighbours. It helped China emerge as a global power to such a level where the US regards China as a potential competitor. To protect its strategic interests in the East Asian region, the US has introduced a ‘Pivot to Asia’ policy posing a direct threat to China’s trade passing through the South China Sea routes. China has already embarked upon an intercontinental connectivity initiative known as One Belt One Road to bypass the US presence in East Asia. The China Pakistan Economic Corridor is its flagship project which allows China to diversify its trade routes and decrease its dependence on the South China Sea. This paper, therefore, investigates China’s behavioural change in East Asia, especially in the post-Cold War era, by applying the theory of Uneven and Combined Development presented by Leon Trotsky. It aims to understand the US policy of containment of China in East Asia and significance of Pakistan in the Chinese approach towards reducing external pressures.
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Jibran, Ali. 2021. "China’s Role in East Asia during Post-Cold War Era: An Analysis from Uneven and Combined Development." Margalla Papers 25 (1): 36-47
EVOLVING NATURE OF PAK-SAUDI RELATIONSHIP
Full text linkPak–Saudi relations are exclusive, cordial, and strategic. The elementary features of this exceptional relationship are strong religious affinity, bilateral resolve, assured support, and pragmatism. This resilient and all-weather relationship started much before the Kingdom became oil-rich. Since the beginning of the 1950s, Pak-Saudi relations have been witnessing an upward trajectory in all diplomatic fields, including political, economic, social, and strategic cooperation. While attaining dynamism in their bilateral relationship, both countries urge more exclusivity, steadiness, and perpetuity in their relations as reinforcing factors. The role of national institutions of both countries has been commendable in evolving and consolidating their traditional bondage. This paper, therefore, underlines the need that despite changes in the regional and global geopolitical situations, both countries must extend unwavering support to each other on the issues of their national interests, regional security, and sustainable development.
Bibliography Entry
Khan, Muhammad, and Sidra Khan. 2021. "Evolving Nature of Pak-Saudi Relationship." Margalla Papers 25 (1): 59-69