JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND ALLIED RESEARCH
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC HEALTH EXPENDITURE AND POST-NEONATAL MORTALITY: A CROSS-INCOME GROUP STUDY IN SELECTED SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN COUNTRIES
Get PDFSub-Saharan Africa (SSA) continues grappling with disproportionately high post-neonatal mortality despite economic progress. With competing budget priorities, increasing health expenditures' value for accelerating reductions remains contested yet understudied specifically for post-neonatal child health. This analysis aimed to fill this gap by investigating public health spending's impact on post-neonatal mortality stratified by country income levels. Applying the Health Expenditure-Outcome framework, the study analyzed recent panel data across 15 SSA countries, categorized into low, lower-middle and high & upper-middle income groups. Poisson regression modeled country-specific post-neonatal mortality rates as a function of public health expenditure, adjusting for economic, institutional, social and environmental confounders. The study’s descriptive analysis showed stark disparities in post-neonatal deaths, health spending, and related correlates across poorer vs wealthier SSA countries. The Poisson models demonstrated significant mortality reduction per extra unit of public health expenditure across all income categories. However, the mortality lowering effects were substantially greater in higher resourced health systems. The study thus concludes that public financing for health significantly curtails post-neonatal deaths regardless of economic development levels. Yet returns on investment increase considerably as health systems strengthen over time in transitioning income groups. Sustaining long-term increases in health budgets, prioritizing women and child programs, could accelerate progress. As such, SSA finance/health ministries should develop incremental roadmaps raising budget allocations aligned with Abuja targets given high returns. Improving spending efficiency through governance reforms and integrated investments tackling socioeconomic mortality drivers can further maximize gain
ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES AND PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS IN NIGERIA
Get PDFThe paper examines the impact of energy use on households in Nigeria. Adopting the results of the survey conducted by Ochedi and Taki, (2019) on energy efficiency in the residential neighborhoods of Kogi State, Nigeria, the findings reveal that energy measures, to a greater extent, are not efficient in private households in Nigeria. Also, a lack of awareness and regulatory challenges impede Nigeria's adoption of energy-efficient measures while a lack of confidence in energy savings, as displayed by the respondents’ level of energy efficiency measures, hinders the progress. It is recommended that stakeholders invest in renewable energy sources to build a resilient Nigerian economy, like developed countrie
THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION AND INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY ON THE ENVIRONMENT IN NIGERIA
Get PDFThe study investigated the impact of technological innovation and institutional quality on the environment in Nigeria. The study spanned from 1990 to 2022. The key variables in the study were technological innovation as proxy by technological index, institutional quality as proxy by six governance indicators, and carbon emission as proxy for environment. While the control variables include energy consumption and Gross domestic product. The study first conducted a pre-estimation test using Descriptive statistics and Correlation matrix, and Augmented Dickey Fuller test for stationarity while Ordinary least was used as major estimation techniques since it does not violate classical linear regression assumption. The findings from the preliminary estimation shows that all data series are stationarity at levels. The result form the best linear unbiased estimates indicate that environmentally related technological innovation destructively affects C02 emissions while energy consumption and economic growth positively impact C02 emissions. Based on these findings, the government should raise investment in environmental technological innovation so as to improve the quality of institutional environment to achieve sustainable development target
CULTURAL DIVERSITY AS A CHANGE AGENT IN INTERNATIONALIZATION OF FOREIGN MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN SOUTH-EAST, NIGERIA
Get PDFCultural ethics, perceptions and customs prevalent in societies often influence how organizations function, frame strategies and approach issues. The study is on cultural diversity as a change agent in internationalization of foreign manufacturing firms in Imo State, Nigeria. The study adopts the survey research design on a finite population of 50, thus adopted as the sample size because of the size of the population. Data analysis was carried out using the ordinary least square regression analysis. Result shows that with F-statistic : 5.693 greater than F 0.05, 3, 46 = 2.84, Cultural Diversity indices (Socio economic status, Gender and Race) have joint significant effect on Internationalization of foreign manufacturing firms. It was recommended among others that foreign firms should ensure that Cultural ethics, perceptions and customs prevalent in the societies are efficiently managed so as not to influence how organizations function. The study concludes that Cultural Diversity indices (Socio economic status, Gender and Race) have significant joint effect on Internationalization of foreign manufacturing firms in Imo State, Nigeri
EFFECT OF INSECURITY ON LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES IN DUTSIN-MA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KATSINA STATE
Get PDFThis paper investigated the effect of insecurity on livelihood activities Dutsin-Ma local government area, Katsina State. The method of data collection was survey questionnaires that were administered to 240 respondents across the four wards in the study area. These include Dutsin-Ma A, Dutsin-Ma B, Shema and Dabawa. The analytical technique used was descriptive statistics and chi-square test using IBM SPSS Statistics 20. The theoretical framework for the study is the frustration aggression hypothesis and human security theory. The descriptive statistics made use of the linkert scale. The findings reveal that 99.1% of insecurity challenges were made up of kidnappings Killings, attacks on farm crops and cattle rustling also form 91.1%, 79.1 and 60.7% of insecurity respectively. The findings indicate that insecurity has impacted negatively on the livelihoods of 84.1% of people in the study area and has reduced the level of income of 98.1% people in the study area. The test of hypothesis reveal that that insecurity has negative effects on livelihood activities in Dutsin-Ma local government area of Katsina State Nigeria. From the findings, the study was able to establish that there is a high level of insecurity in the study area. Creating fear and lack of confidence among the people in carrying out their activities. Therefore there is need for a robust security structure in the study area. This could come through community policing and liaison with Nigerian Police Force in the study area to form a strong and fearless team that can confront the perpetrators of insecurity. Intelligence information to security agencies should be provided by the citizens, but their privacy should be respecte
EXTERNAL DEBT BURDEN AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA
Get PDFThis study investigates the impact of external debt burden on economic growth in Nigeria over the period 1996Q1 to 2022Q4, utilizing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) modelling approach. The analysis incorporates key variables such as gross domestic product (GDP), external debt (EXD), gross fixed capital formation (GFCF), human capital index (HCI), trade openness (TOP), exchange rate (EXR), and institutional quality (INQ). While external debt does not exhibit a significant short-term influence on GDP growth, the results reveal a positive and significant impact of factors like GFCF, HCI, TOP, and INQ on economic expansion in the short run. Conversely, the long-run analysis indicates that external debt exerts an insignificant effect on GDP growth, while GFCF and TOP emerge as significant positive drivers, and EXR displays a negative relationship. These findings challenge the applicability of the Debt Overhang Theory in the Nigerian context and underscore the importance of prudent debt management strategies, investment promotion, trade diversification, exchange rate stability, and institutional quality enhancement for fostering sustainable economic growth in Nigeria. Based on these findings, the study recommends that policymakers prioritize strategic debt management, investment in productive sectors, promotion of trade openness, maintenance of exchange rate stability, and strengthening of institutional frameworks to optimize the utilization of external debt and spur long-term economic growth
TRANSMISSION CHANNEL BETWEEN BUDGET DEFICITS AND UNEMPLOYMENT THROUGH ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA
Get PDFMany economies worldwide, including both developed and emerging ones, employ deficit budgeting and deficit financing as a strategy for fiscal policy, in line with Keynesian principles. Nigeria is among the countries that follow this approach. This study investigates the potential linkage between budget deficits and unemployment through economic growth in Nigeria, using data from 1981 to 2022. Employing endogenous lag models, the study utilizes both an unrestricted vector autoregressive (VAR) model and a restricted autoregressive (vector error correction - VEC) model to determine if there is a transmission channel between budget deficits and unemployment through economic growth in Nigeria. Wald statistics significance and the error correction term coefficients were utilised to assess short-term and long-term causality respectively. The findings indicate that budget deficits stimulate economic growth in Nigeria. However, subsequent economic growth does not lead to a reduction in unemployment. This suggests the absence of a transmission channel between budget deficits and unemployment through economic growth in Nigeria. Given the findings of this study, policymakers should reassess the primary objectives of fiscal policy. The study recommends that instead of solely focusing on using deficit spending to stimulate economic growth, policymakers should consider alternative strategies to address unemployment directly. This could involve targeted interventions such as job creation programs, vocational training initiatives, or incentives for private sector employment generation. By adopting a more comprehensive approach to fiscal policy, policymakers can better address the issue of unemployment and promote inclusive economic growth
TOURISM AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA AND SOUTH AFRICA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Get PDFThe study examined a comparative analysis of tourism on economic growth in Nigeria and South Africa between 1995 to 2021. This was in a bid to determine and compare the impact of tourism on economic growth in Nigeria and South Africa. This informed the objective of this research. Secondary annual time series data was collected from World Development Indictors (WDI) from 1995-2021. The variables used in this study were economic growth rate, tourism arrivals, tourist receipts as percentage of exports, political stability index and consumer price index. The Augmented Dicker- Fuller and Philip-perron tests were used to test for stationarity of the variables. The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was then used to examine the effect of tourism on economic growth in Nigeria and South Africa. The findings revealed that there is a long run causality from tourism in Nigeria and South Africa, and political stability is a critical factor in boosting the tourism industry. The study recommended that the Nigerian ministry of works and infrastructure should work with the finance minister to invest in improving tourism infrastructure such as airports, hotels, and tourist attractions to increase tourism arrivals while South Africa should focus on increasing marketing and promotional activities to attract more tourists and emphasize South Africa’s unique attractions and cultural heritage
DOES FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT LEAD TO POVERTY REDUCTION IN NIGERIA? EVIDENCE FROM A TODA YAMAMOTO CAUSALITY TEST
Get PDFThe study employed the augmented Granger causality test approach developed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995) to investigate the causal link between financial development and poverty reduction in Nigeria between 1981 and 2020 using secondary data. Two different measures of financial development namely ratio of broad money supply and private sector credit to GDP were used to capture the different channels through which finance affects poverty reduction. The study found that when monetization variable i.e. ratio of broad money supply to GDP was used as proxy there was a unidirectional causality running from financial development to poverty reduction indicating that ratio of broad money supply to GDP granger caused reductions in poverty incidence in Nigeria. However, when ratio of private sector credit to GDP was used as proxy the result showed a no causality relationship between financial development and poverty reduction suggesting that private sector credit did not contribute to poverty reduction within the period under review. The study therefore recommended the need to further deepen the financial sector in Nigeria through innovations, improved financial instruments and infrastructures, adequate regulation and supervision that will encourage the expansion and improvement of financial services in the form of payment and saving vehicle affordable to the less privilege
TEMPERATURE SHOCKS AND AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT IN NIGERIA: A DYNAMIC COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM APPROACH
Get PDFThis study investigated the effect of temperature shocks on agricultural output in Nigeria using the Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (DCGE) model. By examining the effects of temperature rise, the study provided valuable insights into the influence of extreme weather conditions on agricultural output in Nigeria. Data was obtained from the 2019 social accounting matrix (SAM). The estimation involved a simulation, which was conducted to determine both the short term and long-term effects of temperature shocks. The findings of the study showed that higher temperatures would result in a decrease in agricultural output in both the short and long term. The study therefore emphasized the need for proactive policies towards countering the negative effect of high temperature in the agricultural sector. Policies should also seek to influence the behavior of economic agents such that their economic activities do not contribute to higher temperature and heat levels