Publications of the Indonesian Scholars' Alliance
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Gargling with Aloe vera extract is effective to prevent the Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)
Get PDFBackground: Long-term use of a mechanic ventilator may cause Ventilator- Associated Pneumonia (VAP) infection, nosocomial pneumonia that occurs after 48 hours in patients using mechanical ventilation either through the endotracheal tube or the tracheostomy tube. To prevent the occurrence of VAP, antiseptic liquid (mouthwash) such as chlorhexidine 2% maybe recommended. However, gargling using chlorhexidine may also cause allergies, thus, Aloe vera extract could be an alternative.Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Aloe vera extract as mouthwash to prevent the occurrence of Ventilator-associated pneumonia.Methods: This research is a quasi-experiment case-control study with a preposttest control group design. The sample size in this study was 30 respondents who were equally distributed into two groups; intervention group was administered using Aloe vera extract, while chlorhexidine was practiced for the control group. To determine the occurrence of VAP, Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia was measured on the first day of intubation and the fourth day, enumerated by nurses in the emergency room. CPIS is a set of indicators comprised of temperature, leucocyte, trachea secretion, oxygenation (PaO2/FiO in mm Hg), and thorax photo. CPIS value below than five will be regarded non-VAP, while CPIS scored 6-9 will be diagnosed as VAP.Results: Oral hygiene with Aloe vera extract was able to prevent the occurrence of VAP (p-value = 0.001), but there was no significant difference between the control group and intervention in the CPIS component temperature, leukocytes, tracheal secretions, FiO2, and the thoracic component.Conclusions: Oral hygiene with Aloe vera extract effectively prevented the occurrence of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) compared to chlorhexidine.
Keywords: Aloe vera extract, Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia, Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score
Received: 25 August 2018, Reviewed: 30 August 2018, Received: in revised form 22 October 2018, Accepted: 31 October 2018
DOI: 10.35898/ghmj-2355
The Use of Photo-Essay to Report Advances in Applied Science and Health
Get PDFBackground: In the applied health and science disciples there is an expectation that project work is reported through a publication. The conventional papers written to do this follow a structure that includes sections providing background, methods, results and a discussion or conclusion, supported by figures and tables. Sometimes photographs are included, and with more on line publications the opportunities have increased for these to be available in full color. Borrowing from the field of photojournalism photo-essays are now a publication option where a series of images are used to tell the story; these are often related to health and well-being.Aims: To summarize the methodology used to effectively combine a series of images with a brief text, and short reference list to create a visually engaging and informative short report.Guidelines: Images are taken throughout the project with consent obtained from those whose images will be recognisable. Creative licence is used to compile representative images into a sequence that conveys the background, method, results and outcome(s) of the project. Images need to be of high resolution; editing for light, colour and contrast, and cropping is allowed to increase their clarity and relevance. The ethics of photojournalism apply making inappropriate manipulation of images or erroneous captions unacceptable.Conclusion: Photo-essays are a novel and informative way to report on an applied health, social or scientific topic. The format is an excellent one to use for a brief report, or to prepare a research presentation for a scientific meeting.
Received: 13 May 2018, Reviewed: 08 June 2018, Received: in revised form 27 June 2018, Accepted: 29 June 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35898/ghmj-2219
Potential of Carrageenans in Foods and Medical Applications
Get PDFBackground: Carrageenans, the polysaccharides obtained by extraction of certain species of red seaweeds (Rhodophyceae), have been widely used in both food industry and medical applications because of their excellent physical functional properties that are used as gelling, thickening and stabilizing agent. Several studies showed biological properties of carrageenans such as antiviral, anticoagulant, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory activity.
Aims: This study is to bring a short overview of the potential of carrageenans in foods and medical applications based on their biological activities.
Methods: This short overview used relevant works and articles examined that collected through several electronic database including PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link and Google Scholars for the years 1991-2018 with full text in English.
Results: This study is an alternative approach that is necessary in order to present the potential of carrageenans in foods and medical applications.The advantages of carrageenans as a food additive and pharmaceutical formulation lie on their high availability, low cost, and low induction of resistance.
Conclusion: This review suggested that carrageenans are suitable to be applied in many kinds of food products as gelling and thickening agent with their antioxidant potency as well as medical applications such as pharmaceutical formulations in drug delivery and experimental medicine. However, more comprehensive studies on toxicity and side effect of carrageenans are necessary.
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The diagnostic and prognostic value of right ventricle systolic and diastolic function in inferior myocardial infarction patients
Get PDFBackground: Inferior myocardial infarction (MI) with right ventricular (RV) involvement will increase mortality and morbidity. Data of systolic and diastolic RV function in inferior ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) are useful to predict the RV involvement.
Aims: To evaluate the prognostic and diagnostic significance of RV systolic and diastolic function compared to RVMI diagnostic criteria by electrocardiography in inferior MI patients.
Methods: Consecutive patients with first, acute, inferior STEMI were prospectively assessed. The RVMI was defined as an ST-segment elevation ≥ 0.1 mV in lead V4R. Echocardiography was performed within 24 hours of the inferior STEMI symptoms. We assessed the RVMI diagnostic criteria in inferior MI patients using echocardiography.
Results: Out of 31 patients (mean age 56.39 ± 9.02 years), RVMI by electrocardiography and echocardiography was found in 18 (37%). Moreover, multivariate analysis showed that two variables ” RV systolic and diastolic function, were independent predictors of RVMI in inferior MI patients. Sensitivity and specificity of the RV systolic function were 94.4% and 69.2%, respectively, while RV diastolic functions were 44% and 76.9%, respectively.
Conclusion: RV systolic function predict RVMI with relatively high sensitivity and specificity. RV diastolic function predicts RVMI with relatively low sensitivity but with high specificity.
Received: 5 September 2017, Reviewed: 17 October 2017; Received in revised form: 22 January 2018; Accepted: 28 February 2018
BURDEN OF CANCER ATTRIBUTABLE TO SMOKING IN GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL (GCC) COUNTRIES, 2015
Get PDFBackground: Smoking is a major cause of premature mortality worldwide. Smoking is recognized as the leading preventable cause of cancer and mortality from cancer. This study aims at estimating the number of cancer mortality and years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to smoking in GCC countries in 2015.
Methods: Smoking prevalence was combined with Relative Risks (RRs) of cancer to obtain smoking attributable fractions (SAFs). Mortality data of people older than 15 years were derived from WHO deaths estimates while life expectation was obtained from WHO life tables 2015. Sixteen types of cancer were included in the analysis.
Results: Smoking is responsible for 2,141 cancer deaths among people aged 15 years and above in GCC countries (1,895 deaths among men, 246 deaths among women). This represents 15% of cancer deaths in GCC (26.43% in male, 3.5% in female). Additionally, cancer deaths attributable to smoking were responsible for 40,485 YPLL (35,361 years among men, 5,124 years among women).
Conclusion: Smoking causes a considerable burden in GCC countries in term of mortality and years of potential life lost. Effective smoking control initiatives and sustained efforts are needed to minimize cancer burden in the future
DELAYED CLAIM PAYMENT AND THE THREAT TO HOSPITAL CASH FLOW UNDER THE NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME IN INDONESIA
Get PDFBackground: Indonesia commits to ensure health care access for all population through the National Health Insurance (JKN) managed by the BPJS Health. By February 2018, the JKN covered 193 million people (73% of the total population). To ensure health delivery, 2,104 public and private hospitals are contracted by the BPJS and prospective payment using Case-mix Based Group (CBG) that changes hospital managements. Hospitals become more dependent on payments by BPJS. Delay in claim payment will have serious impact on hospital managements. This study aims to identify current practices in timely payment to hospitals and finding factors correlate with delay in payments.
Methods: This study used trend analysis of the secondary claim data of BPJS with the total sample of 57,475 bundles of claims. Total claim population was used in this study. In addition, qualitative study via in-depth interview with six informants consisting of members of National Social Security Council, hospital director of three different classes, and BPJS.
Results: This study found 60% of claims were paid within one month (N-1) of claim submission, below the target of 100%. There were tendencies of delays in claim settlements since November 2017. Informants believed that late payments were correlated with non-compliance of doctor to complete medical records, incompetence coders, inadequate management information system, and financial condition of BPJS. There were three main problems faced by hospitals as a result of delay in payments: 1) disturbed drug availability, 2) decreased performance of doctors, 3) poorer maintenance of medical equipment.
Conclusion: Delayed in claim payments were occurred and led to a threat of decreasing quality of care to patients. The study suggests the government should fix the problems to protect patients from decreasing quality of care. Hospitals should provide reserve funds to protect them from financial hardship when delays occur.
 
STAFFING NEEDS ANALYSIS IN THE PHARMACY UNIT OF SANTA MARIA HOSPITAL PEKANBARU 2017
Get PDFBackground: Several previous studies have calculated the workload and the needs of human resources in the pharmacy unit and found that the availability of human resources is still not in accordance with the workload undertaken. This study aims to analyse the workload and human resource requirement in Pharmacy Installation of Santa Maria Hospital Pekanbaru 2017.
Methods: This research is descriptive research conducted at Hospital Santa Maria Pekanbaru from January until December 2017. Subject of the research included pharmacist laboratory and pharmaceutical technical personnel (pharmacist assistant). Data collection was done by in-depth interview with key informants and from hospital staffing documents and hospital pharmacy installation documents.
Results: Total requirement of pharmaceutical work force during effective day is 40 persons, while requirement during holiday accounted for 21 persons and make it totally 61 persons.
Conclusions: With The current number of employee of 54 people, the hospital required an additional seven person to cope with the workload at the Pharmacy unit of Santa Maria Hospital.
 
EFFECTIVENESS OF WILLIAM FLEXION EXERCISE TO REDUCE PAIN INTENSITY ON LOW BACK PAIN (LBP) OF WOODCARVERS IN BALI, INDONESIA
Get PDFBackground: Previous study shown 8 of 10 woodcarver in Bali experience low back pain (LBP), a clinical syndrome with major symptoms of pain or discomfort sense in the lower back area. A William's flexion exercise, an exercise program consisting of six kinds of movements, may decrease the pain by decreasing the lumbar lordosis (flexion). This study is to evaluate the effect of William's Flexion Exercise in reducing pain intensity of LBP to woodcarvers in Bali, Indonesia.
Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest approach and control group. Out of 42 woodcarvers in Mas Village, Gianyar, Bali, Indonesia, 20 sculptors were selected by a purposive sampling technique, and then were distributed equally to control and treatment group. Treatment group was given William's Flexion Exercise 2 times every week for 4 weeks. Pain intensity was measured by pain scale; low pain (scale 1-3), moderate (4-6), and high pain (7-10). Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney test were used for statistical analysis.
Results: The study found that William's Flexion Exercise given to the woodcarvers significantly reduce the pain intensity (p value = 0.000).
Conclusions: William's flexion exercise is recommended to be given to the woodcarver to reduce low back pain.
 
FOODS CONTAINING FORMALIN AND CHLORINE IN THE EAST SURABAYA AREA
Get PDFBackground: Safe and nutritious food is very important for our body. Unfortunately not all foods meet food safety requirements. Some traders use prohibited food additives such as formalin and chlorine. Increasing competition and desire to increase financial benefits make some traders use that way. Therefore this study was conducted to provide an overview of the situation of illegal use of food additives. The results of the study are expected to be used as a reference for the Government to control the use of food additives in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to identify foods containing formalin and chlorine in East Surabaya Area.
Methods: This descriptive-observational research use purposive sampling technique. The samples consist of 16 foods for formalin test and 16 foods for chlorine test. It is obtained from food traders suspected of selling food containing those substances in East Surabaya. Tests were conducted in the Environmental Health Laboratory of Universitas Airlangga Surabaya. Formalin and chlorine tests are carried out qualitatively, using test kits to see the formalin content and color reaction test to see the chlorine content. The results of data analysis is presented descriptively in the form of table and figure.
Results: The results show 12.5% samples (salted fish and white tofu) are containing formalin. While chlorine test results show 75% samples (white cracker, rice, noodle, salt, wheat flour, white tofu and tea dye samples) are positive of chlorine.
Conclusions: There are some foods containing formalin and chlorine in East Surabaya area. Health institutions are advised to conduct regular inspection and investigation of food content. In addition, regular education and coaching needs to be done to food vendors to improve their knowledge regarding the use of formalin and chlorine
ACHIEVEMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER SEEN THROUGH ACCREDITATION RESULTS: CASE STUDY IN PUSKESMAS "X", IN SURABAYA
Get PDFBackground: Accreditation and recognition of a Community Health Center (Puskesmas) are given by an independent accredited organization, established by the Minister of Health after comply the accreditation standards. The accreditation achievement in East Java is at most of main level 76.7%. Puskesmas "X" is one of Puskesmas in Surabaya which has been accredited with basic level of status in 2015. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the issues affecting the achievementof Puskesmas accreditation.
Methods: This research is a qualitative descriptive study with in-depth interview and document searching using an accreditation instrument standard.
Results: Based on accreditation results, the planning of the health centre was less appropriate because it was not based on identification of need and expectation. The mobilization and implementation was not working well due to lack of human health resource. Monitoring, control, and performance appraisal of the health centre have not been done.
Conclusions: The accreditation of the health center, the Puskesmas X, in Surabaya is not only assessed by the document but also by the processes and system implementation activities. Achievement of Puskesmas accreditation status represents as a description of Puskesmas management and the result will have an impact on Puskesmas performance, and service quality.