International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability
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Nipa (Nypa fruticans) Palm: The New ‘Green Oil’ in Nigeria
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This study assessed and quantified the bioethanol production potential of nipa (nypa fruticans) palm sap in the oil province of Nigeria, the Niger Delta region. The assessment was conducted under three different scenarios of sap yield per palm per day. The potential of bioethanol production from nipa sap was calculated based on assumptions that 1000 palms ha-1 could be tapped for 100 days with a maximum sap yield of 1.0 L d-1, 1.7 L d-1, and 2.5 L d-1 per palm for the low, medium, and high yield scenarios, respectively, containing a minimum sugar content of 150 g kg-1. The estimated area of occurrence of the nipa palm in the four affected states was estimated at 82,100 ha. Results revealed that 0.747, 1.270, and 1.867 billion L of bioethanol can be produced per annum under low, medium, and high sap yield scenarios, respectively. These would provide between 15-36% of the national bioethanol demand per annum. This study sheds new light on the bioethanol potential of nipa (nypa fruticans) palm in the Niger Delta. The Nigerian government should therefore, develop and promote suitable biofuels policies, regulations and programmes for production of bioethanol from nipa (nypa fruticans) palm sap
One Step Hybrid Block Method for The Solution of Optimal Control Problems
Get PDFThis paper considers interpolation and collocation approach for the development of hybrid linear multistep method for the solution of optimal control problems modelled in ordinary differential equations (ODEs). ForwardBackward Sweep method was adopted via Pontryagin’s principle. Stability analysis was carried on the developed method and it shows that the developed method is stable, consistent and therefore convergent. Also, numerical examples show that the method compete favourably when compared with the existing method
Challenges of Solid Waste Disposal in Nigeria: A Review
Get PDFSolid waste management is the most pressing environmental challenge faced by urban and rural areas not only in Nigeria but in many developing countries.Therefore, it has been the centre of discussion for most of the environmentalists and also for the local governing bodies. Wastes are being generated mainly from municipal land uses Efficient and effective waste management is best achieved at household levels. If every person gets involved, we can have a powerful effect on the environment in a positive way. By Reducing, Reusing other things like empty cans, Recycling the recyclables like paper and Rejecting unused items from the commercial like package of freezer instead of taking it home the amount of waste we generate in our environment can be minimize. Creating awareness on the strategies of waste management will go a long way in minimizing the problems of solid waste. Also the Government should strengthen the system for solid waste management i.e. by providing facilities such as waste bins at strategic places, human resources, vehicles, regular collection centres and use better disposal methods appropriately. Organic wastes can conveniently be composted. The remaining waste that can not fit into any of the above steps; reduce, reuse, recycle and composting can be disposed properly using the most convenient method. This paper discussed different methods of solid waste disposal practiced in both developed and developing countries and their problems which pose several negative impacts on humans and the environment in general
Continuous Implicit One Step Four-Point Hybrid Block Method for The Solution of Initial Value Problem for Third Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Get PDFThis paper focuses on the development of a continuous hybrid method for direct solution of third order initial value problems (IVPs) of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using power series as the basis function. The approximate solution was interpolated at all grid and off-grid points except at the point of evaluation and the third derivative of the approximate solution was collocated at the grid points to generate a system of linear equations for the determination of the unknown parameters. The derived method was tested for consistency, zero stability, convergence and absolute stability. The method competes effectively when results are compared with those existing in literatures
Extraction, Maceration and Assessment of Potential toxicity of Crude Ethanol Leaf-Extract and Fractions of Naucleadiderrichii
Get PDFNaucleadiderrichii is widely used in folk medicine in the treatment of infectious diseases inMada District, Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria and other parts of Africa. This study deals with the extraction, maceration and evaluation of the level of toxicity in crude ethanol leaf-extract and other fractions of the crude using Artemiasalina(brine shrimp) model. The crude leaf-extract (Nd-CETE), was extracted using absolute ethanol, while the fractions (Nd-PETF, Nd-CHLF and Nd-EAF) of the crude were obtained through maceration using solvents of varying polarity gradient (petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate). The lethality of the Brine shrimp nauplii was in a concentration dependent fashion, with increasing lethality due to increase in concentration of the crude extract/fractions. The Lethality ofcrude extract and those of fractions were based on Meyerʼs index of toxicity. Fractions of petroleum ether and Chloroform were found to be non-toxicity withLC50 3,239.09 and 1,574.60 µg/mLrespectively, while the crude ethanolleaf-extract (Nd-CETE) and ethyl acetate fraction (Nd-EAF) demonstrated high levels of toxicity in Artemiasalina with LC50342.90 and 578.08 µg/mL respectively, which signify toxicity in a brine shrimp model. The study concludes that, the crude leaf-extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Naucleadiderrichiipossesses cytotoxic behavior, suggesting the presence of potential bioactive chemical components. Further in vivo and cell lines cytotoxicity test is recommended to substantiate these findings
Identification of Lineaments within Gitata Using Derivative, Euler Deconvolution and Centre for Exploration Targeting CET
Get PDFA digitised aeromagnetic data was acquired and analysed to delineate geological lineaments and depths to the magnetic bodies within Gitata sheet (187) covering approximately an area of 55×55km2 bounded by latitude 9 0 N to 90 301 N and Longitude 7 0 30 1 E to 8 0 E in north central Nigeria within part of Federal Capital Territory, Kaduna and Nasarrawa state using High-Resolution Aeromagnetic Data (HRAD). First vertical derivative, 3D Euler deconvolution and the CET grid analysis of the acquired aeromagnetic data using Oasis Montaj and other geologic information within this area were employed in the structural classification. The HRAD was processed to identify anomalies of concern and findings of the HRAD's first vertical derivative and CETmaps revealed that the research area is highly faulted. From 3D Euler deconvolution, depths were divided and grouped at every 150 m and the result shows that the faults / fractures between the depths of 150 and 300 m dominate the study area. The outcome also demonstrates the prominent trending NE–SW and NW–SE structures. A critical visual inspection of the fault pattern indicated by the NE–SW trend alignment of many Euler solutions indicates that the study area has been seriously influenced by the NE–SW trend of the regional fault system
Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Aloe vera plant against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi.
Get PDFSome strains of Escherichia coli resistant to common antimicrobial agents has brought an urgent need to develop alternative antimicrobial drugs from herbs that are safe, easily affordable and can readily overcome the resistance of the pathogens. The antimicrobial activity of crude methanolic extracts of Aloe vera on some pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi was carried out to ascertain it efficacy. The disc method was used to determine the zone of inhibition for the different microorganisms at different concentrations. It was observed that the extract had these zones of inhibition with S.aureus 25.0mm, P. Aeruginosa 22.0mm,E. coli, 5.0mm and S. typhi 4.0mmrespectively. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of the crude methanolic extract of the Aloe vera plant was compared to that of a standard antibiotic (tarivid) and it was observed that they both have closely related antimicrobial activity against the entire organisms except E. coli and S. typhi
Analytic Signal and Spectral Centroid Methods for Interpretation of Magnetic Anomalies: Applicability to the Entire Sokoto Basin, Nigeria
Get PDFSokoto Basin in northwestern Nigeria is bounded by latitudes 10.00oN and14.00oN and longitudes 3.50 oE and 7.00 oE and has a total surface area of about 111,925 km2. This study is in line with the Federal Government of Nigeria’s effort on hydrocarbon exploration in inland basins beyond Niger Delta region of Nigeria for a sustainable economic development in Nigeria. The digital residual data acquired from NGSA covered the entire Sokoto Basin was divided into twenty two (22) overlapping blocks and each block analyzed using spectral (Fourier) centroid method to obtain Regional estimation of depths to top of anomalous magnetic bodies. These depths indicate clearly the magnitude of variations in depth of both the basement topograph and other intrusive in the area , these depths information were subsequently used to generate the contour and the 3D map of the area. An analytic signal method was then used to generate a map on which the amplitude of displayed function is directly and simply related to a physical property of the subsurface rocks. The depths to top of magnetic sources in the study area regarded as sedimentary thickness was found to range between 0.59 and 2.11 km with an average of 1.22 km. The 2D analytic signal map of the study area revealed occurrence of faults and magnetic minerals, mostly trending in the north-west direction and being dominant in the area in terms of distribution due to broader central African rift system. Those anomalies whose amplitude varies between 0.043 and 0.130 m and (pink and red) are observed to be well distributed in the study area. Another major observed anomalies ranging between 0.0018 and 0.0042 m (blue colour) are observed in the southeastern parts of the area. Observed at the northcentral, and northwestern part of the area are amplitude ranging between 0.0113 and 0.0173 m (yellow colour) correspond to areas with thick sedimentary cover while Blue and pink areas correspond to areas with thin sedimentary cover. However, the minimum thickness of sediment required for hydrocarbon generation is 2.3 km if other conditions are favorable. Therefore, hydrocarbon exploration may not be feasible in the basin, the area is therefore recommended for detail mineral and geothermal investigation
Ascent on Non-Deranged Permutation Group
Get PDFSome further theoretic properties of the scheme called non-deranged permutation Group, especially in relation to Ascent were identified and studied in this paper. This was done by first computations on this scheme using prime numbers. A recursion formula for generating the Ascent number, union of Ascent set, Ascent bottom sum and Ascent top sum was developed and used, these numbers were used to identify theoretic consequences
Catalytic Conversion of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) to Transport Fuel
Get PDFAs the consumption of plastic is increasingly becoming high due its positive impact on our lives, the massive amount of wastes it results is creating serious environmental glitches. Thus, this work is aimed at addressing some of these challenges by converting the plastic waste in to valuable products using chemical approach. HDPE polymer was catalytically converted using pure sulphated zirconia, S-ZrO2 (Cat A) and CaC2/S-ZrO2 (Cat B). The TGA result shows that both catalysts had excellent activities, where the onset temperature for Cat A was less than 300OC and about 420oC for Cat B. But for Cat A, more than 90% conversion was achieved at 460oC compared to only 3% conversion at 460OC for polymer only. Both catalysts showed efficient polymer conversion to hydrocarbon products with 100% conversion achieved at their optimum temperatures. Cat A gives 38% liquid yield with significant aromatic component (34%) whereas Cat B gives liquid yield of 66% containing62% olefinic and 34% naphthenic and paraffinic compounds. The carbon number distribution of the fuel from both catalysts was in the range of C8-C12, which is within the gasoline range, indicating possible usage of the oil as transport fuel. The proposed reaction mechanism shows that both Cat A and Cat B obeys carbenium ion mechanism. However, Cat A supports dehydrogenation, which led to aromatisation of carbenium ion intermediates that gave rise to high aromatic content in the liquid product. Cat B showed a better property to be used for catalytic degradation of plastic waste to fuel.