International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability
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Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advancefor Quantitative Traits in Ginger
Get PDFGenetic variability, heritability and genetic advance were studied in twenty five ginger accessions for eight quantitative traits during the rainy season of 2015 at the Research Farm of School of Agricultural Technology, Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic, Zaria, SamaruKataf Campus. The experiment was laid out using 5 x 5 simple lattice design with three replications. Wide genetic variation was observed for all accessions for plant height, leaf length, number of tillers per plant, number of primary fingers per rhizome and number of secondary fingers per rhizome and fresh rhizome yield. The accession Kch-Zo4 recorded the highest number of primary and secondary fingers per rhizome. It also produced the highest fresh rhizome yield of 19.59 tons/ha than all the other accessions tested. Considering genetic parameters, genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation were of high (>20%) for fresh rhizome yield (22.98%, 28.30%) and moderate (10-20%) for number of tillers per plant (13.46%, 15.75%), leaf length (10.07%, 10.84%) and number of primary fingers per rhizome (12.96%, 14.41%). In all cases, phenotypic variances and phenotypic coefficient of variation were higher than the corresponding genotypic variances and genotypic coefficient of variation. Based on high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean, the traits number of tillers per plant (73.10%, 23.71%), number of primary fingers per rhizome (80.79%, 23.99) and fresh rhizome yield (65.92%, 38.44%) were found as superior and representing additive gene action. Effective selection would be made considering these traits
Mapping of Groundwater Chemistry and Hydrochemical Facies of Part of Minna, North Central, Nigeria.
Get PDFHydrochemical patterns has been mapped and correlated with groundwater flow systems to varying degrees using hydrochemical facies. Reliable broad relationship between chemical composition and the flow distribution of groundwater were established in the process. This study examines the water quality and groundwater flow patterns present in the crystalline basement aquifer of Part of Minna in North Central Nigeria for environmental purpose. Sixteen water samples were collected from wells and analyzed for various parameters including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (Ec), K+, Na+, Ca+, Mg+, Cl-, HCO3- and SO4- using standard procedures of water analysis. The analytical results present the abundance of both physical and chemical parameters in the following order: pH (5.8 – 7.6), Ec (116.7 - 1562µs/m), TDS (128.6 – 1046.5 mg/l), Na+ (25.3 – 144.8 mg/l), K+ (1.1 – 39.5 mg/l), Mg+2 (5.6 – 30.7 mg/l), Cl- (20.4 – 276.5 mg/l), HCO3- (10.0 – 21.0 mg/l), SO4- (8.0 – 180 mg/l). Piper trilinear for the study area shows that there is a mixture of two types of water with variable concentrations of major ions. These are Na+ , K– ,Cl– , SO4+2 water type and Ca+ , Mg+2 , Cl –, SO4 +2, water types. This means that groundwater in the area is mainly made up of mixtures of the alkaline and alkaline earth metals and predominantly Cl- - SO4+2 water type. Comparison made from the geochemical maps indicate that high total dissolve solids occur at the discharge area and relatively the groundwater at various discharge point is older in age and has high residence time to that of recharge area. Hydrochemical data analysis revealed four sources of solutes. The processes responsible for their enrichment include: chemical weathering, leaching of the overlying sediments, domestic activities, climatic condition and the flow pattern of the aquifer. These factors have contributed to the changes of the groundwater chemistry. From the static well level measurement plot, it was revealed that the dominant trend for the groundwater movement is in the N-S, NW-SE and NE-SW directions which shows that the groundwater of the area is structurally controlled
Oil Sorption Using Kaolinite and its Potential Importance in the Remediation of oil Spills
Get PDFKaolinites are the most widely recognized clay minerals found in the topsoil complex and can occur as a result of weathered silicate rocks and mineral. Adsorption techniques are regarded as one of the most effective methods for the remediation of oil-spills. Oil spills are worldwide issue and contaminate both soil and water. This research investigates the adsorption of oil spills using kaolinite. This is achieved by determining the effectiveness of kaolinite as oil adsorption material and feasibility of kaolinite re-adsorption of oil after burning. The feasibility of re-used fresh and re-used burned contaminated kaolinite for re-adsorption of oil was studied. Three separate oil adsorption experiment were conducted in the laboratory with fresh and re-used kaolinite white superfine British clay likewise burned and re-used burned kaolinite samples. Each of the experiments was performed with five replicates using 50ml of Mobil super 1000 15W40 Multigrade motor oil using 5, 15 and 25 g per each of the four samples. The fresh kaolinite sample has the highest percentage of oil adsorption of 58.66, 84.94 and 92.82 for 5, 15 and 25 g respectively. The re-used kaolinite sample had oil adsorption of 24.08, 73.04 and 81.76 % for the same respective weights. The burned kaolinite sample had oil adsorption of 50.16, 77.36 and 85.56 % for the same receptivity weights. However, least oil adsorption of 20.16, 69.36 and 76.16 % for the same weights was observed in the re-used burned kaolinite sample. Therefore, kaolinites are highly effective for oil adsorption. The results obtained for these experiments using each of these samples were analysed using ANOVA single factor and descriptive statistics. P-values were < 0.05, providing evidence of statistically significant differences between oil adsorption of the various samples
Pharmacognostic Studies and Elemental Analysis of the Surface Structures of the Seeds of Colocynthis Citrullus (Thunb)
Get PDFThe plant Colocynthis citrullus Thunb. family Cucurbitaceae, found in northern Nigeria and in most tropical and sub-tropical countries, is eaten as food as well as employed ethno-medically in the treatment of various ailments. These include; remedy for jaundice, ascites and rheumatism. The aim of this study is to determine some of the pharmacognostic characters of the seeds of Colocynthis-citrulus. The macroscopic, microscopic, organoleptic and chemomicroscopic characters as well as the numerical standards, preliminary phytochemical screening and elemental analysis of the seeds were determined. The microscopical studies using electron microscope (SEM) shows the general characteristic of the seeds with presence of parenchyma cells having irregular polygonal cells, the anticlinal cell walls having undulated boundaries and the periclinal cell walls having flat micro papillae. The results of the numerical standards showed the moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water and alcohol extractive values of 13.5, 6.8, 1.4, 22 and 11 respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroidal glycosides and flavonoids while the elemental analysis shows the presence of important metals such as lead, nickel and zinc. The study of the pharmacognostic-characters, elemental analysis and phytochemical assessment of C. citrullus-may be useful towards the standardization of the plant
Effects of Giberillec Acid and Indole-3-Acetic Acid on in Vitro Regeneration of Jatrophacurcas Linn
Get PDFExperiment was carried out in the Biotechnology Laboratory of Plant Science Department of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria to determine the effect of varying concentrations of some plant growth hormones on the in vitro propagation of Jatropha curcas. Jatropha seeds were sterilized, excised and inoculated on a full and half strengths Murashige & Skoog basal media supplemented with varying concentrations of GA3 and IAA. Highest regeneration percentage was observed using full strength MS media supplemented with a combination of 0.15µml/l GA3and 0.5 µml/L IAA. It was followed by a combined concentration of 0.3mg/l GA3 and 0.5mg/l of AA. Lowest percentage regeneration was observed with combination of 0.45mg/l of GA3 and 1.6mg/l of IAA. Fewer days to regeneration were recorded with combine concentration of 0.6mg/l GA3 and 1.0mg/l of IAA. However, a combination of 0.15mg/l GA3 and 0.5mg/lIAA gave the highest days to regeneration. Highest shoot length was observed with the combination of0.6mg/l of GA3 and 1.0mg/l of IAA. Lowest shoot length was produced by the control. Similarly, combination of 0.3mg/l GA3 and 0.5mg/l of IAA had an excellent vigor with no response in half strength MS media. Results of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) indicated significant difference among the treatments compared with the control which did not respond (P≤0.05). Therefore, in vitro regeneration of Jatropha is a suitable propagation technique which gives faster regeneration and multiple shoots
Influence of Metronidazole on the Pharmacokinetics of Metformin in Type II Diabetic Patients
Get PDFInfection is common in diabetes and metronidazole is often co-administered with metformin. This study is therefore to examine the influence of concomitant administration 400 mg dose metronidazole tablet with (2x500mg) metformin on pharmacokinetic parameters of metformin in type II diabetic Patients. The approval for the research was granted by the Ethical Committee of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Nigeria. Six Type II diabetic patients with age ranging from 25-55 years, weight from 50-70 kg took part in the study. Each of the six patients received the following treatment at two weeks intervals; Metformin tablet (1gm alone and concomitantly with 400 mg metronidazole tablets. Blood samples were collected at interval of 0 to 8 hours and stored at -40C before analysis. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was adopted, modified and validated to measure the plasma levels of metformin in the samples. Samples were chromatographed on Agilent Technologies 1120 Compact LG model of HPLC, on column Eclipse x BD C-8,4.6 x 150 nm for metformin with mobile phase acetonitrile: potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (79:21) with flow rate of 1.50 mL/min, using UV detector. The results obtained altered the pharmacokinetic parameters of metformin significantly. The highest plasma concentration increased from 1140.43±0.52 to 1326.67±0.4 ng/ml at Tmax 3.0 hours, with increase in area under the plasma concentration – time curve from 4388.81±0.52 to 5361.84±0.80 ng/ml/h. Significant decrease in volume of distribution from 333852.19±0.87 to 313, 061.43 ± 0.02ml was also observed. The results showed that metronidazole has potentiation effect on the disposition of metformin when concomitant administered to type II diabetic patients. Diabetic patients who require metronidazole needs adjustment of dosage regimen to avoid the risk of toxicity
Antimicrobial Potentials of 1,1-Hydrazine-1,2-Diphenylbis(Methanylidene) Bis(Naphthalene-2-Ol) and its Mn(Ii) , Fe(Ii) and Cu(Ii) Complexes
Get PDF1,1-Hydrazine-1,2-Diphenylbis(methanylidene)bis(naphthalene-2-ol) and its M(II) (M = Mn(II) , Fe(II) and Cu(II)) complexes were synthesized by refluxing the ligand and corresponding aqueous solution of metal(II) chloride in hot ethanol. The precipitates obtained were recovered by filtration, purified by recrystallization in absolute methanol and later dried. The ligand and all the M(II) complexes were characterized based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, solubility, conductivity and melting/decomposition temperature. Sharp melting temperature obtained indicates the purity of the compounds. Peaks; 1655cm-1, 1599cm-1, 1600cm-1 and 1612cm-1corresponding to the azomethine (-C=N-) group vibration frequencies for the ligand and metal(II) complexes were observed respectively, The shift in the bands observed in the spectra of the complexes indicates coordination of the azomethine nitrogen to the metals. Elemental analysis results showed 1:1 ligand to M(II) ratio. Magnetic susceptibility results revealed that the complexes are paramagnetic while molar conductance values showed that they are non-electrolytes. The antimicrobial potentials of the compounds were tested against four (4) bacterial isolates; Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E.coli), Klebseilla pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) and three (3) fungal isolates; Candida albicans (C. albicans), Fusarium solani (F. solani) and Aspergillus fumigates respectively using disc diffusion technique. The test compounds were found to be active against most of the test organisms. The highest activity was observed against S. aureus at 1000µg/disc. All the compounds show promising application as antibacterial and antifungal
Comparative Performance Analysis of Three Different Parabolic Solar Concentrators
Get PDFSolar collectors developed over the years can be categorized as concentrating or focusing collectors and flat plate collectors. This paper represents a comparative analysis of the three different configurations of parabolic solar concentrators. The developed systems were varied at different heights to attain an optimum focal length which converges at the cooking pot. Performance evaluation of concentrating solar cooking system was carried out using three different types of parabolic reflectors namely; L-shaped, U-shaped and thin foil L-shaped parabolic reflectors. Each reflector was fixed at 65 cm height from cooking vessel to the reflector during boiling test in order to determine the performance of the system. The measured parameters include; temperatures at different positions, wind speed, global, diffuse and direct solar radiations were recorded. The experimental results showed that, the L-shaped parabolic reflector made up of reflective mirror performed better compared to other two parabolic reflectors. The improvised locally available reflecting surface was ordinary mirror which was sliced to give take the parabolic shape and the maximum recorded temperature was 94.1OC with an efficiency of 7.58%
Analysis of Some Brands of Detergent Sold in Sokoto
Get PDFDetergent is commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions. Detergent work because they are amphiphilic- partly hydrophilic (polar) and partly hydrophobic (non- polar). Qualitative determination of Surfactant, Sulphur, Phosphorus and Nitrogen (as cyanide) were carried out with Quantitative analysis for Sulphate, Foamabilityand Total alkalinity. All the samples were found to be anionic detergents, Sulphur, Phosphorus were present in all the samples but Nitrogen was not detected. The percentage alkalinity for samples A- E were; 32.40, 72.08, 37.52, 46.60 and 55.50 respectively as carbonate with 4.8, 5.6, 6.9, 4.4 and 1.8 % as Hydroxide. Similarly, heights (cm) of foam formed for samples A-E were 440, 430, 410, 450 and 450. The percentage concentrations of Sulphate were 97.5, 27.5, 43.5, 42.0 and 52.0. Therefore, Sample B is good for hard-water washing, C is good for fabrics, D is good for stain removal and A,E samples are good for utensils and washing machine
Use of Leptadenia Hastata as a Biomonitor of Heavy Metal Pollution in Dutse
Get PDFThe leaves of Leptadenia hastata were tested as a possible biomonitor of heavy metal pollution in Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined in unwashed and washed leaves and the associated soils collected from different sampling sites. The Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations ranged from 7.54-15.08, 8.33-12.50, 0.36-0.47 and 15.67-61.11 mg/kg in the unwashed leaves respectively, while in the washed leaves the concentration ranged from 5.01-8.12, 5.45-6.50, 0.19-0.25 and 14.67-30.00 mg/kg for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn respectively. In the soil supporting the plant the values of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn ranged from 2.22-6.75, 17.19-34.90, 0.74-1.07 and 34.44-82.22 mg/kg respectively. The results of the analysis showed that the concentrations of the heavy metals in the unwashed leaves were significantly higher than the washed leaves. The levels of Cu and Pb were found to be within the normal range set by European Union Standards (2006) of 40.00, and 0.30mg/kg respectively, while Cd levels were found to be above the normal range of 0.20mg.kg, set by European Union Standards (2006) as reported by Adah, C.A. (2013). This indicates contamination of the plant with Cd. The result also showed that Leptadenia hastata can be used as a biomonitor of heavy metal pollution.