International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability
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Geophysical Evaluation of Groundwater Potential Using Electrical Resistivity Method in Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria
Get PDFThe groundwater potential of the (NDA, Kaduna) was investigated using vertical electrical sounding (VES) method. A total number of 40 vertical electrical sounding VES points were used for the investigation using Schlumberger array and data obtained were analyzed using curve matching and computer iteration techniques. The data revealed a 3-layer (A, KH and H Curve type) and 4-layer (A and H-curve type). In the 3-layer system, the apparent resistivity of the first layer ranged from 18.9 Ωm to 183.2 Ωm with a corresponding thickness of 0.7 m to 14.8 m. The second layer has apparent resistivity value ranged from 13.5 Ωm to 423.8 Ωm with a corresponding thickness in the range of 4.5 m to 14.7 m while the third layer has resistivity values ranging from 1156.4 Ωm to 3732.7 Ωm with an infinite depth. For the four (4) layered model curves, first layer’s resistivity ranged from 29.5 Ωm to 244.7 Ωm, with a corresponding thickness ranging from 0.8 m to 13.0 m. The resistivity of the second layers ranged between 25.2 Ωm to 183.4 Ωm with a corresponding thickness ranging from 8.0 m to 14.2 m. The third layer resistivity ranged from 119.4 Ωm to 586.7 Ωm with a corresponding thickness ranging from 8.1 m to 20.4 m. The forth layer has a resistivity value ranging from 1318.3 Ωm to 3240.9 Ωm with an infinite depth. An integration of both isopach and iso-resistivity maps for both the 3- layer model curves and 4- layer model curves indicates that most of the northwest parts of the study area have low apparent resistivity values and thick overburden which implies good groundwater potential while, the southern portion has a little higher resistivity values and shallow overburden, an indication of poor groundwater potential. Future boreholes in the area should reached an expected depth of 40 m to 60 m dept
Heavy Metals Accumulation in Soils from Mechanic Workshops Within Gusau Town
Get PDFHeavy metal pollution is a problem inherent in industrial areas. However, automobiles and activities associated with automobiles are now considered to be among the largest sources of heavy metals with the soil serving as a sink for these metals. It is against this backdrop that the study “Heavy metals accumulation in soils from mechanic workshops within Gusau town” is centred. The concentration of heavy metals; lead, cadmium, nickel, copper, chromium and zinc were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The mean concentrations ranges from 0.039-0.046ppm for Ni, 0.360-0.397 ppm for Pb, 0.089-0.147 ppm for Cu, 0.018-0.061ppm for Cr and 2.855-3.509ppm for Zn. The result was analysed using descriptive statistics. The results showed the presence of heavy metals in most of the workshops. Their concentrations however, are within the WHO permissible limit
Intensity of Urinary Schistosomiasis Associated with Gender-Aged Group of Primary Schools Children in Sokoto South and Kware Area, Sokoto State, Nigeria
Get PDFStudy was conducted to determine the prevalence of urinary Schistosomiasis among school children in three selected primary schools around Sokoto Metropolis,Nigeria. A total of three hundred and seventy-five (375) samples of each urine and stool were examined for the eggs of S. haematobium and S. mansoni using standard filtration technique. The prevalence and parasite load of S. haematobium were 60.80% and 43.85/10ml of urine. The prevalence varied among schools, age of children, gender and water contact. The highest prevalence of 75.20%was recorded in Basansan Model Primary School. Age group 9 – 12years had the highest (71.42%) prevalence of infection. Males with the prevalence of 79.57% were more infected than females with prevalence of 29.28%. Based on occupation and water contact, the result showed thatchildren of farmers had the highest prevalence of 71.50% and 84.87%, children whose source of drinking water is from Dam, had the highest prevalence of 75.24%. The study area is endemic for urinary schistosomiasiswith high significant variation (P < 0.01) between the prevalence of the infections in almost all the primary schools. Health Education campaign, treatment of infected individuals, provision of safe water for domestic uses and control of snails’ vector should be encouraged
Phytochemical, Analgesic And Acute Toxicity Study Of Jatropha Curcus Root
Get PDFJatropha curcus Linn. is a multipurpose plant in the Euphorbiaceae family. The ethnomedical practice in West Africa showed the application of Jatropha curcus leaves in different forms to cure various ailments like fever, mouth infections, jaundice, guinea worm sores and joint rheumatism. The roots of J. curcus have been used as a decoction for bleeding gums, toothache, eczema, ringworm, and scabies and to cure dysentery. This study therefore assessed the phytochemical and analgesic properties of Jatropha curcus root. The acetic acid induced writhing test in mice was used to study the analgesic effect. The analgesic activity on methanol extract of the root (25mg/kg, 50mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) in the writhing test showed significant reduction of pain induced by acetic acid with the 50mg/kg being more potent. Phytochemical results of the three solvent extracts showed presence of tannins, triterpenes, alkaloids, carbohydrate and flavonoids. The quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that alkaloids (94.0 mg/g) was the highest phytochemical detected in the root while the lowest was saponins and phenols (23.0 mg/g). The results of this investigation may be useful for deriving doses that are safe for human consumption medicinally of Jatropha curcus root. Collectively, this study provides scientific data for the use of Jatropha curcus in the treatment of pains and contribute to the analgesic knowledge of this species. Further study should be carried oot o find out the mechanism of its action and also to isolate, identify and characterize the active agent responsible for these effects in this plant
Identification and Characterization of Fungi Associated with Spots Symptoms On Cowpea Pod in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Get PDF Fungi associated with spot symptoms on cowpea pods (Vigna unguiculata L Walp) were studied. Commercially prepared Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) it was prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions; stretomycine sulphate was added to the media. Pieces of spots from cowpea pods were surface sterilized in 0.1% mercury chloride for 3 minute after which they were rinsed 3 times in sterile distilled water and plated aseptically in petri dishes containing PDA. They were incubated at room temperature and observed for the growth of pathogens after every 24 hours for 7 days. The isolated pathogens were then sub cultured on fresh PDA and used for identification. A total of ten different types of spot symptoms reveal eight different fungi. Fungi isolated include; Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium equisetum, Macrophomina, Sclerotium, Septoria, Cladosporium, Bispora and Mycogone spp. Out of the eight fungi isolated Rhizoctonia solani has the highest percentage occurrence of 38.5% followed by Sclerotium sp which has a percentage occurrence of 15.4%, the remaining six fungi isolated have the same percentage occurrence of 7.7%
A Mathematical Model of Tuberculosis with Passive Immunity and Drug Resistance Effects
Get PDFDespite the enormous progress in prevention and treatment, tuberculosis remains a leading cause of death worldwide. One of the major sources of concern is the drug resistant strain, MDR-TB (Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis) and XDR-TB (Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis). In this paper we present an extension of the SEIRS epidemiology model of tuberculosis by incorporating passive immunity and MDR-TB. We analyzed the local stability of the disease free equilibrium (DFE) point using the next generation method. The result shows that the DFE point is locallyasymptotically stable whenever and unstable whenever . Furthermore, we constructed a Lyapunov for the global stability of DFE.The resultrevealed that the disease free equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable whenever . The numerical simulation of the model was carried out to show the effects of drug resistant and passive immunity on the transmission dynamics of Tuberculosis. We conclude that, efficacy of drugs ought to be improved and second line of treatment should be enforce in order to control Tuberculosis
Petrography and Geochemistry of Bada’u and its Environ, Katsina State Northwestern Nigeria
Get PDFThe systematic studies of petrography and geochemistry of Bada’u revealed that the area are underlain by crystalline rocks of the Basement Complex, which is categorized as the low grade schist belt. The mapped area is situated within Malumfashi Local Government area of Katsina State, part of Malumfashi sheet 79 NW, which lies between latitudes 11051ʹ0.00˝N to 110 55ʹ00˝N and longitude of 70 32ʹ0.00˝E to 7035ʹ0.00˝E. The rock units were mapped in the sub-area on a scale of 1:25,000, covering an area of about 40km2. The major lithological units mapped in the study area comprises basically of mica schist intercalated with quartzites, porphyritic granites, and minor lithology which includes granite-gneiss, gneiss. The study area shows the evidence of post and syn-Tectonic (Primary and Secondary) structures such as joints, fracture, zenolith, and quartz veins. The dominant joint trend and Quartz veins of the study area are N-S E-W directions respectively which follows the general trend of structures resulting from Pan-African Orogeny. Seven rock samples were collected for both petrography and geochemical studies (2 samples of granites, two samples of gneiss and three samples of mica schist). The major minerals observed under plane polarized and cross polarized light microscope of the granite-gneiss, mica schist and granites are Quartz, feldspar (orthoclase), and micaceous minerals (Biotite and Muscovite) respectively. The geochemical result shows that the rock units within the study area have high percentage of SiO2 and Al2O3 concentration in wt%. This suggest that the rocks within the study were formed from a silica rich source. The granite within the area are peraluminous and shows calc-alkaline characteristics, and occur in syn collision environment as revealed under various geochemical classification plots. The gneiss in the area also have high percentage of SiO2 and Al2O3, suggesting a calc-alkaline affinity. The lesser amount of Na2O against K2O reflect an abundance of K-feldspars rock forming silicate. The mica schist also has high percentage of SiO2 and Al2O3, the high aluminium enrichment in mica shcist reflects the control of their composition by aluminum clay minerals, the mica schist specifically has high Barium contents which indicate K – feldspar rich source rock. The chemical concentration of Rb is similar to their derivation from shales or metapelites, which is a reflection of their origin
Proximate Analysis and Bioethanol Production Potential of Neem Leaves (Azadirachta indica)
Get PDFThis paper was aimed at investigating the potential of Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) leaves as feedstock for bioethanol production. Dried powdered leaves of Neem tree were hydrolyzed using different concentration of H2SO4 and levels of inoculums (Bacillus firmus). The hydrolyzed samples were fermented using yeast (Sacchromyces cerevisiae) and cultured bacteria (Bacillus firmus) respectively. The quantity of bioethanol generated after distillation was determined using U.V Spectroscopy. The amount of bioethanol produced from the leaves using 10%, 5% and 2% H2SO4 and 2.0 ml, 1.5 ml 1.0 ml of inoculums levels (Bacillus firmus) were 3.30%, 6.52%, 5.34%, 1.72% 1.85% and 1.42% respectively. The bioethanol obtained was subjected to FTIR Spectroscopy, and the samples showed strong broad peak at 3450 cm-1 – 2850 cm-1 indicating the presence of exchangeable protons, typically of aliphatic alcohol. This showed that Neem tree leaves contains some appreciable percentage of sugar that can be fermented into ethanol
Density Functional Theory Analysis on the Structural Properties of Cubic and Monoclinic Tungsten Trioxide
Get PDFTungsten trioxide (WO3) is a transitional product in the recovery of tungsten from its minerals. Recently, it has shown a growing attention both within the theoretical and experimental research due to its special structural properties and its high potential in electronic applications. The crystal lattice of tungsten trioxide is highly dependent on temperature. In this work we investigated the equilibrium structure of tungsten trioxide in two crystal systems, i.e. monoclinic and cubic systems. We carried out our first principle calculations using a pseudo potential method based on the density functional theory (DFT) with generalized gradient approximation (GGA) as exchange correlation energy as implemented in Quantum ESPRESSO code. In each case, we calculated total energy, Fermi energy, density of states and then we made comparisons. The results show that WO3 is a semiconductor in all two crystal structures with zero total magnetization. Moreover, tungsten trioxide has a direct band gap with a gap value of about 1.02eV for cubic and indirect band gap with value of about 0.98eV for monoclinic which are all in the range of visible wavelength that improves its optical applications potentially
Delineation of Mineralization Zones in Part of Central Nigeria Using Analytic Signal, Second Vertical Derivative, and Centre for Exploration Targeting Plug-IN (CET)
Get PDFA digitised aeromagnetic data comprises of sheets (144 Kakuri, 145 Kajuru, 165 Bishini, 166 Kachia, 186 Abuja, 187 Gitata, 207 Kuje and 208 Keffi) covering part of Niger, Kaduna, Nasarrawa and the Federal Capital Territory in central Nigeria with an area of was acquired and analysed with the aim of delineating mineralisation zones within the area using analytic signal, second vertical derivative and structural complexity analyses of the CET. From the analytic signal map three zones were delineated; Low to fairly low magnetic zone (LM) with a gradient of 0.0024 nT/m to 0.0093 nT/m are areas associated with highly weathered rocks and areas with thin cover of sediments, metasediments, and granite because these rocks contain more than 60 to 70 percent quartz. The moderate zone (MM) with gradient 0.0093 nT/m to 0.04 nT/m associated with granite – gneiss as these rocks contain high ferromagnesian with low amount of felsic minerals. The high magnetic anomalies zones (HM) 0.2378 nT/m to 0.02349 nT/m are related to rocks that have high ferromagnesian with large amount of felsic minerals. Application of Second Vertical Derivatives (SVD) filter produces a map in which prospective zones of mineralisationsand structures were mapped out. These mineralisation zones were seen to be concentrated in areas with high analytic signal of gradient0.2378 nT/m.Application of structural complexity analysis due to CET located deposits occurrence favourable zones that coincided with zones mapped out from SVD map. Structural trends as revealed by CET Plug-IN are NE-SW, NW-SE, minor E-W and N-S trends