International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability
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Effects of Flood on Environmental Quality in Ringim, Jigawa State, Northern Nigeria
Get PDFThe aim of the study was to determine the level of flood risk and its effects on environmental quality in Ringim Local Government Area. Dabi, Kyarama, Ringim, Sintilmawa and Yandutse were purposively selected being the most flood prone in which 400 questionnaires were administered. Observation method was also adopted in the study. Flood risk map was developed through simulation method using GIS spatial analyst. Descriptive statistics particularly percentage was employed in SPSS software. Result indicated that flood used to occur every year according to 85.5% of the respondent. The worst scenarios of flood in the area occurred in 2012, 2015 and 2018 according to 384, 287 and 400 respondents respectively. Simulation result categorised the area into high risk 354.1km2(33.1%), medium risk 507.4km2 (48.0%) and low risk 195.5 km2 (18.5%). Larger part of the respondents (93%) indicated that flood disaster has serious negative effects on environmental quality in the area. Over 50% of the respondents in the whole areas indicated that the major form of land damage due to flooding is through erosion and land degradation. In all the areas flood effect on quality of the water is less. Majority of the respondent in the areas (63.75%) indicated that effect of flooding on vegetation is less to moderate. Most of the areas studied are affected by moderate to high risk of flooding that causes serious damage to environmental resources such as land, water and vegetation which need to be restored through flood control and mitigation strategies for effective environmental quality
Achieving Sustainable Energy Growth Through the Development and Adoption of Biofuels Technology in Nigeria for Enhanced Productivity
Get PDFDevelopment and adoption of biofuels holds a diversity of opportunities and potentials for the Nigerian economy. Therefore, the quest for biofuels in Nigeria should in no doubt represent a legitimate ambition. This is so because the focus on biofuel production has assumed a global dimension and the benefits that may accrue from such effort may turn out to be enormous if the precondition is adequately satisfied. One of the benefits is access to clean modern energy services which is an enormous challenge facing the African continent because energy is fundamental for socioeconomic development and poverty eradication. Today, 60% to 70% of the Nigerian population does not have regular supply of electricity and petroleum products. There is no doubt that the present power crisis affecting Nigeria will persist unless the government diversifies the energy sources in domestic, commercial, and industrial sectors and adopts biofuel technologies to reduce energy wastages and to save cost. The research adopted descriptive statistics and utilize secondary sources of data and important literatures. It also reviewed a set of energy policy interventions, which can make a major contribution to the sustainable economic development, environmental factors and how they affect availability of energy crops and social development of Africa's most populated country, Nigeria. Adoption of biofuel technology will increase energy efficiency and leads to important social benefits, such as reducing the energy bills for poor households. From an economic point of view, implementing the country's biofuels energy target will have significant costs reduction and clean energy and will help the country to tackle greenhouse gas emissions
Physicochemical Analysis of Well Water Utilized in Gusau Metropolis, Zamfara State
Get PDFThe physicochemical parameters of water from five (5) different wards in Gusau metropolis of Zamfara state has been studied for the purpose of ascertaining the water quality inside the well. Five wellwells each from five different ward within Gusau metropholis (T/Wada ward, S/Gari ward, Mayana ward, Madawaki ward, Galadima ward) were sampled, the parameters sampled include Temperature, Turbidity, pH, Total dissolved solid (TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS), Color, Odor, Taste, Total hardness, Chloride content and Conductivity. The results obtained when compared with the WHO standards for drinking water showed that temperature, pH, TSS, TDS, total hardness and electrical conductivity are within the maximum permissible limits recommended by WHO.The mean turbidity values for T/Wada, S/Gari, Mayana, and Madawaki (2.3± 1.0, 1.0±3.50, 4.50±0.08, 3.0±0.08 NTU respectively) are lower than the WHO recommended value (5.00 NTU) while that of Galadima ward (15.7±0.077) is higher than WHO recommended value. Also the chloride content in the well of Madawaki ward (317±1.7) was found to be greater than the maximum 250mg/l concentration recommended by WHO. Therefore, not all the well investigated had parameters that conforms to the WHO 2006 recommended permissible limits for drinking water hence possible adverse effect due to consumption of the water containing high level of these parameters may occur among the inhabitants of this study area
Magnetohydrodynamic Casson Fluid Flow Past a Vertical Plate in the Presence of Thermal Conductivity and Chemical Absorption
Get PDFThe present study examines effects of thermal conductivity and chemical absorption on Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) convective boundary layer, flow of Casson fluid in a vertical plate. The governing flow equations are converted into dimensionless form using suitable non-dimensional parameters and variables and then numerically solved by explicit finite difference method (EFDM). Computations were performed to analyse the effect of thermo physical parameters of engineering interests associated with the flow quantities viz. velocity, temperature, concentration field and presented through graphs. It was found that chemical absorption parameter when increased has the tendency to enhance the fluid velocity as an opposite result is seen with higher values of Casson parameter. Comparison of present results with the previous literature was carried out to show the accuracy of the results
Assessment of Free Radical Scavenging Potency and Nutritional Profile of the Formulation of Ocimum Gratticimum (Scent Leaf) and Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter Leaf)
Get PDFBitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and scent leaf (Ocimum gratticimum) are well known vegetables with lots of medicinal potency, commonly grown in most part of West Africa, but consumed in little amount due to the bitter taste of bitter leaf and availability of alternatives for scent leaf. These vegetables are underutilized, owing to their countless medicinal potency.The study was undertaken to estimate proximate, mineral composition and antioxidant potentials of the formulation of Bitter leaf and Scent leaf vegetables using standard methods. The formulation (1:1) of V. amygdalina and O. gratissimum contained in percent, moisture (9.15), ash (11.78), crude protein (40.22), crude lipid (6.08), crude fibre (7.69), carbohydrate (45.44) and calorific value (1723.18 kcal). Elemental analyses of the formulation (in mg/100g) revealed that the formulation contained: Sodium (536.67), Potassium (3866.67), Calcium (3255.33), Magnesium (4014.67), Iron (612.13), Nitrogen (6.44) and Phosphorus (2135.07). The qualitative screening for free radical scavenging compounds using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-PicrylHydrazyl (DPPH) was carried out on TLC. The result showed greater activity in the ethanol extract. In vitro quantitative determination of free radical scavenging activity using DPPH at 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 μg/mL also showed ethanol extract with the highest activity (IC50 of 48.73 μg/mL). The results of nutritional analyses showed that the formulation is a good source of plant protein, minerals, crude fibre, carbohydrate and calories. From the available data, the nutrient content of the formulation will contribute to nutritional requirements for good health in humans. Also, the results obtained for antioxidant potentials are indications that the formulation may be used in combating free radical related diseases often orchestrated by oxidative stress
Performance of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Varieties in Sokoto State, Nigeria
Get PDFThe study evaluated the growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as affected by varieties in dry land farm of Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto state during 2018 cropping season. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of variety on growth and growth components as well as yield and yield components of groundnut. The treatments comprised of six (6) varieties of groundnut. Four are improved varieties (Samnut23, Samnut24, Samnut25 and Samnut26) and two local varieties (Bahausa, and Yarmadani) and were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times. Data on growth and yield parameters such as stand count, plant height, canopy spread, 50% flowering, Days to maturity, pod yield, grain yield, 100-seed weight, harvest index and haulm yield were taken and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSSv22) software. Results of the analysis indicated that varieties differed significantly on growth and yield except for stand count at 3WAS. Samnut 24 recorded the highest mean stand count before harvest and highest mean pod yield while Samnut 25 recorded the highest canopy spread, least days to maturity and highest grain yield. Bahausa recorded the highest mean haulm yield and thus, the study concluded that Bahausa has the highest haulm yield per hectare with yield of 2166.7kg/ha and Samnut 25 possess highest grain yield of 117.80 kg/ha. It is therefore recommended that appropriate variety should be sown in the study area based on the interest of the farmer whether for grain or for haulm
Invitro Assessment of Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents Efficacy of Some Isolates from Hands Surface
Get PDFInsufficient hand hygiene has been implicated in Hospital and community-acquired infections. Our hands are soiled when being used to touch contaminated surfaces and therefore serve as a vector for the transmission of infectious microorganisms. The efficacy of hand sanitizers sold out to the public is crucial to infection prevention and control since its one of the ways to break the chain of transmission of infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms colonizing our hands. Accordingly, five (5) brands of commonly used hands sanitizers was purchased in triplicate within Sokoto metropolis and were evaluated for their efficacy against selected transient bacteria and fungi isolates from hands surfaces. The test isolates were identified by cultural and microscopic examination, biochemically and serologically. The isolated test organisms include: Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli0157:H7 and Candida albicans. The efficacy testing of the sanitizers was carried out by: 1) the time kill test and ii) the in use potency test. The result of the time kill test revealed that only DET-HS reduced the test isolates by a 3Log10 and above within 30 seconds of application. The other hand sanitizers showed a lesser log10 reduction of the test isolates at the said time. The efficacy of the Hand Sanitizers in reducing base line bacterial count from hands of subjects was computed. The mean percentage colony forming unit reduction shown by DET-HS was 99.7%, and therefore was the highest in efficacy observed. GMB-HS showed the least bacteria load reduction of 31.3%. Regulatory bodies are encouraged to carry out steady routine checks and constant efficacy testing of hand sanitizers sold within the public domain so as to inform the populace on hand sanitizers most suitable for hand hygiene practice, withdraw and destroy substandard products sold off the counter while enforcing stringent quality assurance measures during formulation, importation, storage, distribution and sales of the products
Qualitative Evaluation of Groundwater Condition from Part of Gusau Metropolis Zamfara State, Northwestern Nigeria
Get PDFThis research is aimed at assessing the impact of three major waste dumpsites situated within Gusau metropolis on shallow groundwater quality. Fifteen (15) representative groundwater samples were collected from hand-dug well taping shallow aquifers in different locations within the study area. The results revealed pH values that range between 7.26 to 8.12 with mean value of 7.50, whereas, recorded Total dissolve solid (TDS) range between 377 to 1393mg/L with average concentration of 751.27mg/L. The mean value recorded is > 500mg/L which is the limit set by WHO for drinking water. All the major and minor ions indicate moderate concentration in studied water samples compare to their various WHO, 2011 set up standard, except of sodium (Na+) which show elevated values above the threshold of permissible limit for domestic water use. Among the heavy metal, Cr+2 and Pb+2 revealed average concentrations higher than the permissible limit set by WHO for drinking water while Fe+2 and Cu+2 average concentrations were within the set up limit. The result of the correlation matrix shows that virtually all the major and minor ions are significantly correlated, suggesting similar source of their enrichment, which is not far from the mineral dissolution from the lithological framework due to chemical weathering. Similarly, they equally show significant relationship with total dissolve solids (TDS) and pH indicating their control efficiency of the groundwater within the study area. However, Fe+2 and Pb+2 are significantly correlated, this may not be unconnected with anthropogenic inputs, particularly from the waste dumpsites. The well-water samples in the study area are basically ‘Alkali waters’ that are predominantly SO4 2- and Cl-. The relative abundance of the three (3) dominant water types are as thus: Na-SO4> NaCa-SO4> Na-SO4-Cl. The relative abundance of cations is: Na++K+> Ca2+> Mg2+; while the relative abundance of the anions is: SO4 2-> Cl-> HCO3-. The Gibb’s diagram highlights the supremacy of weathering of rocks, with a slight influence of evaporation-crystallization, in controlling the geochemistry of the well-water samples in the study area
Monthly Variation of Relative Humidity and Its Response to Temperature in Zamfara State
Get PDFThis research paper investigates the monthly variability of relative humidity, and possible effect of temperature on the variability in Zamfara state North-west Nigeria. Ten years data (2005-2014) of measured monthly mean relative humidity and temperature obtained from NIMET was averaged to an annual scale data which was used in ploting graphs for studying the variations using Minitab software. It was observed that, relative humidity varies across the Months over the periods, with a positive quadratic trend from the month of March to August. The peakrelative humidity was observed in the month of August and the minimum was in the month of February, butdecreasing trend was observed in the corresponding temperature from April to August with the peak in April and lowest in August, this affirms that as temperature increases relative humidity decreases. For response of relative humidity to temperature, linear regression was carried out with the relative humidity as response while temperature as predictor and coefficient of determination R2 = 18.25% was determined, which showed a fair correlation between relative humidity and temperature
Mathematical Model for the Transmission Dynamics of Lassa Fever Disease with Contact Tracing and Effective Quarantine
Get PDFIn this paper, we developed a mathematical model to study transmission dynamics of Lassa fever with contact tracing and effective quarantine as control strategies. The model is sub divided into eight mutually exclusive classes namely: Susceptible human SH, Humans suspected to have had contact with the infected CH , Infected humans IH, Quarantined humans QH, , Dead humans D, Susceptible rodents SR, and Infected rodents IR. We established the positivity of the solution for the model equations, more also, we obtained the invariant region of the system. The disease-free equilibrium point was established and the model threshold parameter (Reproduction Number) was examined using next-generation operator method. The model analytical result shows that diseases free equilibrium is local asymptotically stable at R0 < 1 and unstable at R0 > 1, We also established that the model is globally asymptotically stable using Castillo-Chavez method. The simulated results show that effective contact tracing and quarantining reduces the spread of Lassa fever. We therefore conclude that every effort must be put in place by the agencies concern to ensure that early contact tracing and effective quarantining is encouraged as this play a very vital role in controlling the spread of the virus