International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability
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Phytochemical Profiling, Mineral Analysis, Nutritional Composition, and Bioactivity Assessment of a Commercial Honey-Fortified
Get PDFHM-4 is a commercial polyherbal product used for the treatment of various illnesses, including hypertension and diabetes. It consists of honey and four different medicinal plants; Curcuma longa, Aframomum melegueta, Zingiber officinale and Piper nigrum in various unrevealed proportions. This study aims to determine the phytochemical, proximate and mineral composition, as well as in-vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of HM-4. Phytochemical screening for the presence of bioactive compounds in the HM-4 was performed using standard methods. Proximate and mineral composition were determined using AOAC guidelines and atomic absorption spectrophotometry after wet digestion, respectively. Antioxidant potential was evaluated using 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), nitric oxide and hydroxyl ion scavenging assays. In-vitro antidiabetic potential was determined using 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) method.
Phytochemical analysis identified several bioactive compounds including flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, tannins and terpenoids. Flavonoids content was 509.6 mg/QE, alkaloid 12.5 mg/100g, total phenolics 0.343 mg/GAE, and tannins 0.378 mg/100g. HM-4 possess good antioxidant property, with IC50 values of 148 and 112 µg/ml for DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. The HM-4 is rich in essential micronutrients, predominantly potassium. Proximate analysis revealed that HM-4 is rich in carbohydrate (89%w/v) and calories (1554%w/v). The HM-4 exhibits in-vitro antidiabetic property, with 57,1% alpha amylase inhibition at extract concentration of 500 µg/ml , indicating its potential as an adjunct in the management of diabetes.
The HM-4 is a valuable source of bioactive compounds and micronutrients, offering significant antioxidants and antidiabetic properties that could be further explored for the development of novel nutraceutical
Evaluation of Modified Sequential Probability Ratio Test and Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve in Kidney Disease Diagnosis Sensitivity-Specificity Analysis
Get PDFThis study evaluates the diagnostic performance of the Modified Sequential Probability Ratio Test (MSPRT) and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve in kidney disease detection using patient data from Borno, Maiduguri specialized hospital. The analysis compares the efficiency, sensitivity, and specificity of these methods in determining kidney disease progression based on Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and related biomarkers. Results indicate that MSPRT exhibits dynamic decision-making advantages, whereas ROC provides robust threshold-based classification. Results indicate that MSPRT offers adaptive decision-making capabilities, reducing false positives and negatives by continuously updating classification probabilities. However, it requires predefined parameters and can be computationally intensive. In contrast, the ROC curve provides a stable, threshold-based classification method, offering a clear-cut measure of diagnostic performance through the Area Under the Curve (AUC) but lacks real-time adaptability. Findings suggest that while MSPRT can enhance early detection and improve diagnostic efficiency in real-time settings, the ROC curve remains a valuable tool for benchmarking diagnostic accuracy. The ROC curve, on the other hand, provides a graphical representation of diagnostic accuracy by plotting sensitivity against specificity and determining an optimal threshold for disease classification. Both approaches are assessed to identify their strengths and limitations in clinical decision-making. A combined approach integrating the strengths of both methods may provide a more reliable framework for kidney disease classification
Leveraging on the Transfer Learning with ResNet-50 for Efficient Classification of Waste Categories
Get PDFThe rapid urbanization and population expansion in Nigeria have resulted in a substantial rise in solid waste production, posing considerable issues for efficient waste management and environmental sustainability. This study addresses these difficulties by creating an automated trash classification system utilizing deep learning techniques to improve the efficiency and precision of waste classification. The ResNet-50 convolutional neural network was utilized via transfer learning to train a model using a meticulously assembled dataset of 2,527 waste images categorized into six types: cardboard, glass, metal, paper, plastic and trash. Data augmentation techniques, including random rotation, flipping, and zooming, were employed during preprocessing to enhance model generalization and resilience. The training procedure utilized a two-stage approach: first, the base ResNet-50 layers were frozen to leverage pre-acquired general image data, and subsequently, the top layers were fine-tuned to accommodate waste-specific attributes. Evaluation criteria such asccuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score showed consistently strong performance, with validation accuracy maintained at 97.8%. The confusion matrix demonstrated robust classification performance. The findings highlight the model's capability to efficiently automate waste classification, hence diminishing reliance on labor-intensive manual sorting commonly found in Nigeria. This study advances the overarching objective of sustainable urban trash management by offering a scalable, precise, and economical classification methodology
Assessment of Fish Parasites and their Predisposing Factors in Two Fresh Water Bodies in Ogbia, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
Get PDFFish is a substantive element for the existence of man. It constitutes a significant ingredient of human meal particularly for its protein content. However, parasitic infections on fish post threat to fish life and potential consumers globally. This investigation seeks to examine fish parasites from two fresh water bodies, Kolo creek and Ekoli River and determine visible factors increasing fish vulnerability to the threating parasites and infections. A total of 112 fish samples were evaluated using the normal saline and preparation of blood smear respectively. The parasites were identified using the pocket naturalist guide. Parasite infestation load reported was 51.0 % with the Kolo creek have 28.6 % and 22.4% observed in Ekoli River respectively. The most prevalent parasite noticed was Ichthyophirus and Ichthyobodo species having actual incident of 18.0% each. However, the most vulnerable fish was Claris auguillaris (36.8 %). The study established that fish vulnerability is related to its food chain affiliation with bottom dweller having increasing risk. The study further suggests that human unhealth attitude toward the fresh water ecosystem can intensify parasitic load on fish. However, individuals with habit of consuming inadequately prepared fish food are at risk of fish to man infections
Assessment of Helminth Contamination and Associated Public Health Risk in Water Sources in Imiringi, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Get PDFHelminths are highly infective, causing serious diseases among man and animals via water and soil routes. This study assessed helminths contamination in three water sources in Imiringi, Bayelsa State, Nigeria: Kolo Creek, a handmade pit water reservoir, and a borehole. Using sodium chloride sedimentation, 150 water samples were analysed. A 41.3% infestation rate was observed, with the handmade pit water reservoir and Kolo Creek being the most affected. The helminths observed in this study were Ascaris 31 (29.0), Strongyloides 27 (25.2) and Triuris 49 (45.8). Water sources in the study area was infested with helminths pathogens, indicating health risk of residents. Helminth portray a serious public health problem and require deliberate effort to curtail its spread to save residents from helminthiasis. The study established that Adherence to public health standards in the siting of bore hole and other manmade water sources can aid prevention of helminth spread and free residents from helminthiasis risk. Prioritizing personal cleanliness and ensuring strict compliance to sanitation policies can obstruction helminths contamination of water sources and promote human wellness and reduce burden on the health system. Residents depending on these sources for water should adopt the habiting of boiling water before use so as to get rid of parasitic worm residential in the water
Mathematical Modeling of the Transmission Dynamics of Pediculosis Capitis
Get PDFThis study presents a modified mathematical model to analyze the transmission dynamics of pediculosis capitis (head lice). By employing stability analysis on a modified model, we demonstrated that, when the basic reproduction number (R₀ < 1) is maintained below the critical threshold of one, complete eradication of head lice from a host population is achievable. Simulations based on our analytical results predict that this elimination can occur within a 30-day timeframe, providing a clear target for effective public health interventions
Geospatial Assessment and Mapping of Degraded Areas in the Sudan Savannah of Nigeria Using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques
Get PDFThe Sudan Savannah Zone of Nigeria has experienced notable shifts in land productivity due to the combined impacts of anthropogenic activities and climatic factors. Identifying and mapping degraded areas is critical, particularly in this region characterized by rapid population growth and advancing desertification. This study employed MODIS satellite imagery to evaluate land degradation dynamics in Sokoto and Kebbi States within the Sudan Savannah Zone from 2001 to 2021, utilizing Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) trend analysis and correlation methodologies. Findings revealed that 31.06% of the study area exhibited land degradation, while 23.41% demonstrated productivity enhancements. Spatial analysis highlighted an escalating trend of degradation in Kebbi State, in contrast to significant improvements observed in Sokoto State. Human activities, including overgrazing and unsustainable agricultural practices, emerged as predominant drivers of degradation, whereas land recovery initiatives and natural regeneration processes contributed to productivity gains. The results underscore the urgency of adopting integrated land-use planning strategies to harmonize food security objectives with environmental sustainability, thereby advancing Nigeria's efforts toward achieving land degradation neutrality
Nutritional Profile and Phytochemical Assessment of Senegalia macrostachya (Mimosasea) seed (“Ya’yan Gardaye” )
Get PDFThe seeds of Senegalia macrostachya (commonly known as “Ya’yan Gardaye” in Hausa) are underutilized plant resources with significant nutritional and medicinal potential. S. macrostachya is a plant native to Senegal, southern Sudan, and sub-Saharan Africa. This study evaluates the nutritional composition and phytochemical profile of S. macrostachya seeds obtained from Jabo, Tambuwal Local Government Area, Sokoto State, Nigeria. The seeds were processed into powder for subsequent analyses. Proximate assessment revealed a composition of 6.50±0.02% moisture, 6.00±0.01% ash, 6.00±0.02% lipid, 5.00±0.01% crude fiber, 3.36±0.01% nitrogen, 21.0±0.20% protein, and 55.50±0.30% carbohydrates. Mineral analysis indicated the presence of calcium (5.00±0.02 mg/g), magnesium (24.00±0.21 mg/g), sodium (70.00±0.32 mg/g), potassium (3000±0.01 mg/g), and phosphorus (0.70±0.00 mg/g). Sequential extraction using methanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate yielded 13.4%, 3.64%, and 2.0% respectively, with methanol producing the highest yield. Phytochemical screening of the extracts confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds, including steroids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, balsams, and volatile oils, which are associated with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. These findings highlight S. macrostachya seeds as a promising source of nutrients to combat malnutrition and bioactive compounds for therapeutic applications. Further studies are recommended to explore the bioavailability, toxicological profile, and mechanisms of action of the identified compounds for broader utilization in food and pharmaceutical industries
Mathematical Model for Schistosomiasis Transmission Dynamics and Optimal Control in Uganda
Get PDFSchistosomiasis, a parasitic disease spread by snails, is a major health and economic issue in tropical and sub-tropical areas, particularly in Pakwach District, Northern Uganda, where it significantly affects both humans and cattle. This study aims to develop a mathematical model to understand the transmission dynamics of schistosomiasis, with a focus on the role of varied intermediate hosts in the region. The model uses nonlinear differential equations and includes human, animal, and snail populations to explore the effectiveness of control measures like mass drug administration, snail control, and public health education. Key findings highlight that controlling the environment where infected snails thrive is crucial, and public health education is especially effective. Limitations include reliance on existing data, and future research should focus on refining the model, vaccine development, and evaluating the cost-effectiveness of control strategies. The study provides valuable insights for schistosomiasis control in Pakwach and similar regions globally
Equilibrium Analysis of Cournot Competition Model
Get PDFThe paper discusses equilibrium solutions of Cournot competition strategy, which is a quantity based competition strategy. The paper derives equilibrium solutions of the competition strategy and analyses differences and influences of various scenarios on upstream and downstream enterprises. The paper later focuses on the comparison of the equilibrium points of Cournot and Collusion strategies when considering similar and dissimilar market demands. The difference in degrees of substitutability between duopoly retailers also has an effect on the equilibrium solution. The paper takes a numerical example to make a relevant analysis. Finally, empirical research explains pricing strategies of the duopoly in real life