International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability
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Pathological Assessment of Fungi from Diseased Crops Grown with Contaminated Irrigation Water in Some Selected Local Government Areas of Sokoto State
Get PDFCrop production in Sokoto State is heavily dependent on irrigation, but contaminated irrigation water often introduces pathogenic fungi and heavy metals which compromise crop health. This study investigated the presence of fungal pathogens in crops grown with contaminated irrigation water used in three Local Government Area of Sokoto State which include Kware, Wamakko, and Tambuwal. The Physicochemical analysis shows that the pH of the water is neutral with 7.18,7.15 and 7.04 from TBW, KW and WMK respectively. The electrical conductivity recorded highest from KW with 1688, then 1685 from WMK and the least was from TBW, dissolve oxygen was higher in TBW and lest recorded was from WMK, the result of BOD recorded highest from WMK with 23.3 followed by 22.9 from TBW and 22.1 from KW, Ca, Mg and Cl were also analyzed with highest ca from TBW WITH 84.0 followed by KW with 68.0 then the least was 30.0 from WMK. Heavy metal analyses were Iron which recorded highest from WMK with 10.5 and lowest from KW with 5.1, copper recorded highest from TBW with 6.4 followed by WMK with 5.5 and KW was the least with 4.3, lead concentration was very minimal across all the sample sites with 0.9,0.8 and 0.4 from KW,WMK and TBW respectively. Zinc recorded higher from TBW with 13.0 and the least was 8.1 from WMK, chromium concentration was recorded from KW with 4.3 and WMK was the least with 2.3. Isolation of fungi from the irrigation water samples shows that both water and diseased crops. Pathogens identified included Aspergillus niger, (10%) Rhizopus stolonifera (10%), Mucor hiemalis (6.66%), Candida tropicalis (6.66%), Penicillium (3.33%), Cladosporium (3.33%), Trichoderma, fusarium (10%), and Aspergillus flavus (10%). Pathogenicity tests confirmed their role in crop spoilage. Results revealed high contamination levels, linking irrigation water to the prevalence of fungal diseases in crops, all the fungal isolated detected from the water samples were also isolated from the diseased crops. The study concludes that irrigation water is a major vector for fungal pathogens and heavy metal stress, threatening agricultural productivity and food safety. Recommendations were made on water treatment, farm sanitation, crop rotation, and policy interventions
Residue Theorem and Contour Integration: A Python-Based Approach to Real Integrals
Get PDFContour integration and the Residue Theorem provide powerful techniques for evaluating real integrals that are otherwise difficult to compute by elementary methods. These tools, rooted in complex analysis, have long been applied to problems in physics, engineering, and applied mathematics. This paper presents a Python-assisted approach to contour integration, blending classical analytical methods with symbolic computation and numerical verification. Specifically, we employ the SymPy library for residue evaluation and symbolic manipulation, and the mpmath library for high-precision numerical integration. Representative examples include the Lorentzian integral the Dirichlet integral , and the rational integral . In addition to reproducing these classical results, we also visualize canonical contours such as semicircular paths in the complex plane and demonstrate parameterized numerical contour integrals to illustrate the role of residues and Jordan’s lemma. Results confirm the accuracy of classical theory and highlight the value of computational tools in reducing algebraic errors, enhancing reproducibility, and providing visual intuition. This synergy between theory and computation enriches the teaching of complex analysis and opens avenues for extending contour integration methods to more advanced applications
Phytochemical, Antibacterial and Characterization of 9-methoxy-12-phenyl-dodec-10-enoic acid-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-ylester Isolated from Acacia macrostachya leaves
Get PDFAcacia macrostachya is plant usually a tree belong to family Mimosaceae (Fabaceae), it is popularly known as “Gardaye” in Hausa Language (Sokoto). A. macrostachya is one of such useful plants in African traditional medicine. It is used to treat numerous diseases such as malaria with convulsion, diarrhea, inflammatory diseases, snake bite, anti-diabetic, and cancer among others. The aim of this research is conduct phytochemical screening; antibacterial studies of Acacia macrostachya leaves and characterizes the isolated compound from A macrostachya leaves. The plant were collected from “Lungu” bush in Shagari local government area 12°38′N 5°0′E and authenticated at herbarium Department of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacy Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria with Voucher number PCG/UDUS/Faba/0016. One kilogram of the powdered plant materials was methanol which gave the extract yields of 131.72g (13.17%). The phytochemical screening reveals the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, carbohydrate and phenolics. Antibacterial effects on the extracts at various concentration (200 mg/cm3, 100 mg/cm3, 50 mg/cm3 and 25 mg/cm3, against S. Typhi, S. dysenterae, E. coli, P. aeruginosa were studied. The extract was then subjected to column chromatography which leads to the isolation of compound UGP2. The isolated compound was characterized using FTIR, and Nmr. The study showed that A. macrostachya leaves have medicinal potential which could help in the treatment of bacterial infections that affect human and animal respectively
Management Of Retained Fetal Membrane In A 7-Year-Old Jersey Brown Cow
Get PDFRetained fetal membrane (RFM) is a common post-parturient disorder in dairy cattle, often resulting in reduced fertility and economic losses if not promptly managed. This report describes the clinical management of RFM in a 7-year-old Jersey cow weighing approximately 500 kg, presented to the Veterinary Clinic, Sokoto State, with a hanging mass protruding from the vulvo-perineal region for more than 12 hours after normal calving. Clinical examination confirmed retained placental membranes, with mild discomfort but stable vital parameters. The condition was treated by gentle manual removal of the retained membranes using a sweeping motion to detach the cotyledons from the maternal caruncles. Uterine lavage with 0.9% normal saline was carried out over three consecutive days to flush out residual discharges. Long-acting oxytetracycline was administered at 20 mg/kg body weight along with analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. The cow recovered well and no further vulval discharge was observed within 24 hours post-treatment. RFM typically arises from incomplete separation of fetal cotyledons from maternal caruncles, influenced by factors such as dystocia, hypocalcaemia, nutritional imbalance, or hormonal dysfunction. Manual removal remains effective when performed carefully to prevent uterine trauma and infection. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and proper management in minimizing complications like metritis, endometritis, and infertility. Preventive measures including balanced nutrition, adequate mineral supplementation, and stress reduction during the peri parturient period are essential for sustaining reproductive performance and minimizing economic losses in dairy production
Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Urinary Schistosomiasis Among Residents Within Dallaje Reservoir, Bindawa Local Government, Katsina State, Nigeria
Get PDFSchistosomiasis remains a major neglected tropical disease and a leading cause of morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. Schistosoma haematobium, transmitted via freshwater snails, is responsible for urinary schistosomiasis, with school-aged children being the most vulnerable. This study assessed the prevalence and predictors of urinary schistosomiasis among residents near the Dallaje Reservoir, Katsina State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 392 schoolchildren aged 7–15 years. Socio-demographic data were collected using pre-tested questionnaires. Urine samples were examined for S. haematobium eggs by sedimentation, and statistical analysis was performed using chi-square tests with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. The overall prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis was 28.6%. Infection was detected exclusively in males (46.7%), while no cases were recorded among females (0%), reflecting significant gender disparity (p < 0.0001). Age-specific prevalence was highest among children aged 13–15 years (37.6%). Children of working-class parents were significantly more affected (p < 0.0001), likely due to reduced supervision. No association was found between parental education and infection (p = 0.5867). Engagement in water-related activities such as swimming, fishing, and irrigation was strongly linked with infection risk (p < 0.0001). Urinary schistosomiasis remains highly prevalent around the Dallaje Reservoir, with transmission strongly influenced by gender, age, parental occupation, and water-contact behaviors. The absence of infection in females highlights cultural practices that limit exposure. Control strategies should prioritize gender-sensitive interventions, improved water and sanitation access, and targeted health education for at-risk populations.Schistosoma haematobiu
Development of K-Neareast Neighbor Based Model for Network Intrusion Detection Using Random Forest for Feature Selection
Get PDFNetworked monitoring has emerged as one of the primary security technological advances, and network security challenges have gained increasing attention due to the extensive usage of the web. As a result, conventional signature-based and anomaly-centered intrusion detection systems are not effective enough. The efficacy and preciseness of network security measures are significantly impacted by the beginning information source's substantial dimension and volume of content. An inventive method for choosing the key attributes and reducing the overall length of information was the random forest-based feature selection, which simultaneously increased the Ture Positive Rate and decreased the False Positive Rate. Consequently, the classifier and selection of features both contribute significantly to improving network monitoring performance. On the simulated dataset, the suggested K-nearest neighbor and Random Forest perform admirably and successfully ensure the kNN classifier's progress. Simulations and experiments were conducted using the R programming language, and the results indicate that the model we developed reaches 99% accuracy. The experimental findings demonstrate the effectivenes
Ruptured Uterus in Gusau, Northwest Nigeria: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study
Get PDFRuptured uterus is one of the most life-threatening complications in obstetrics, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study retrospectively analyzed cases of ruptured uterus managed at the Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Northwest Nigeria, to identify prevalence, risk factors, clinical presentation, management outcomes, and associated complications. A total of 60 cases were reviewed. The mean age of patients was 30.4 ± 7.1 years, with 66.7% residing in rural communities. Most patients (80%) were unbooked, while 23.3% had a history of cesarean section (CS). Common risk factors included oxytocin use (33.3%), misoprostol use (20%), and combined uterotonic use (46.7%). Rupture most frequently occurred at home (16.7%) or in lower-level health facilities (63.3%). Vaginal bleeding (100%) and abdominal pain (83.3%) were the predominant presenting symptoms, while 56.7% presented in shock. Management included uterine repair (23.3%), repair with bilateral tubal ligation (46.7%), and subtotal hysterectomy (30%). Perinatal mortality was as high as 93.3%. The study highlights the urgent need for improved antenatal care, timely referral systems, skilled birth attendance, and strengthened health care infrastructure to reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality from ruptured uterus in Nigeria
Preliminary Quality Evaluation of New Generic Brands of Ciprofloxacin Tablets
Get PDFRoutine quality assessment is essential to ensure safety, efficacy, and compliance with pharmacopeial standards. This study evaluated six newly marketed generic brands of ciprofloxacin 500 mg tablets using in-vitro quality control tests.
In-vitro quality control tests including weight uniformity, thickness, hardness, friability, and disintegration were performed in accordance with the British Pharmacopoeia standards. The ciprofloxacin content was determined using ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry (USP Monograph). All brands exhibited uniform white color, consistent shape, and intact markings with no evidence of breakage. Weight uniformity testing confirmed compliance with United States Pharmacopeia (USP) limits, although mean weight differences across brands were statistically significant (p = 0.0001). Tablet thickness showed minimal deviation (SD = 0.03–0.26) but significant inter-brand variation (p = 0.001). Hardness values fell within the 40–100 N range for all except Brand D; ANOVA revealed significant differences between brands (p = 0.001). Friability was below the USP threshold of 1% for all brands, with Brands E and F recording 0.00%. All brands completely disintegrated within 30 minutes, indicating acceptable in-vitro performance. Drug content assay showed that Brands B (103.6%), D (102.1%), E (99.9%), and F (101%) complied with USP specifications (90–110%), while Brands A (77.4%) and C (89.3%) failed.
In conclusion, most evaluated generics demonstrated satisfactory pharmaceutical quality; however, the failure of two brands in drug content assay underscores the need for routine post-market surveillance to safeguard therapeutic equivalence of ciprofloxacin tablets
The Transmission Dynamics of Hepatitis B Virus Disease with Impact of Awareness and Vaccination
Get PDFHepatitis B is a viral infection that targets the liver, caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is one of the most common blood-borne infection, it occurs when the virus gets to the liver through the bloodstream, multiplies and releases many new viruses into the bloodstream, it inhibits the life-preserving functions of the liver, thereby increasing the risk of a serious liver disorder. Hepatitis B infection has two main stages; the acute phase and the chronic phase. In this study, we focused on these stages by developing and analyzing a new mathematical model that explains how the disease spreads within a population. We also explored different ways to control the virus, including the use of vaccines and raising awareness about infection, which can help reduce transmission and improve prevention efforts. The existence and uniqueness of the model’s solution was ascertained, using the Lipchitz condition, the boundedness of the solutions and positivity of the variables and parameters of the model were established, the later by comparison theorem. Effective basic Reproduction number of the model was obtained by next generation matrix method. The local and global stabilities of the system of equations of the model were obtained. Numerical simulations of the dynamics of the model were carried out and interpreted. It was discovered that, the importance of vaccination and Awareness of the disease (through testing), help in better management of the silent killer disease (HBV)
A Survey of Plant Parasitic Nematode Associated with Avocado (Persea americana) In Gembu Sardauna Local Government Area of Taraba State
Get PDFPlant parasitic nematode causes damages to Agricultural crops which includes plantations and horticultural crops among others. It is in this regard a survey was conducted to identify the different plant parasitic Nematodes genera, frequency of occurrence and population density of the plant parasitic nematode associated with avocado (Persea americana) in Gembu ward (A and B) Sardauna local government area of Taraba state Nigeria in the month of May/June, 2022. About 120 soil samples were collected at random from the rhizosphere of avocado plant. A total of ten composite soil samples were obtained from each wards out of which 250cm of soil was used for the nematode extraction using modified Tray-method. Followed by identification of plant parasitic nematode genera which was done using pictorial key to genera. The results of the microscopic analysis of the soil samples in the surveyed areas reveal the existence of eight (8) genera, including: Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus, Xiphenema, Pratylenchus, Aphelenchus, Radopholus, Trichodorus and Rotylenchus. Meloidogyne was the most widely distributed with frequency of occurrence value in percentage (16.26) and (19.11), and the least frequent genera was Rotylenchus (8.94) and (7.72) and population density value in percentage Meloidogyne (16.3) and (19.1), followed by Helicotylenchus (14.6) and (17.3) and the genera with least population density was Rotylenchus (8.9) and (7.7) respectively