International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability
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Enhanced Robust Estimators for Population Mean Accounting for Non-Response and Measurement Error
Get PDFEstimators play a crucial role in statistics, quality assurance, and survey methodology, which estimate key population characteristics like: the mean, variance, and standard deviation based on sample values. However, data collection in medical and social sciences often faces significant challenges due to non-response and measurement errors, which complicate the data compilation, computation, and estimation processes. This study proposes a robust class of estimators that address these challenges by incorporating call-back and imputation schemes and parameters accounting for measurement errors, thereby enhancing estimator efficiency despite the adverse effects of non-response and measurement errors. The properties of these proposed estimators, including bias and mean square errors (MSEs), were derived using a second-degree Taylor series approximation, and a consistency test was performed. The research also established the conditions under which the proposed estimators are more efficient than existing ones. An empirical study utilizing simulated data from distributions—normal, exponential, chi-square, uniform, gamma, and Poisson—demonstrated that the modified estimators under the imputation scheme are significantly more efficient and reliable than the existing alternatives. Consequently, these modified classes of estimators are recommended for practical application, particularly in scenarios involving non-response and measurement errors during data analysis and estimation.
Estimators play a crucial role in statistics, quality assurance, and survey methodology, which estimate key population characteristics like: the mean, variance, and standard deviation based on sample values. However, data collection in medical and social sciences often faces significant challenges due to non-response and measurement errors, which complicate the data compilation, computation, and estimation processes. This study proposes a robust class of estimators that address these challenges by incorporating call-back and imputation schemes and parameters accounting for measurement errors, thereby enhancing estimator efficiency despite the adverse effects of non-response and measurement errors. The properties of these proposed estimators, including bias and mean square errors (MSEs), were derived using a second-degree Taylor series approximation, and a consistency test was performed. The research also established the conditions under which the proposed estimators are more efficient than existing ones. An empirical study utilizing simulated data from distributions—normal, exponential, chi-square, uniform, gamma, and Poisson—demonstrated that the modified estimators under the imputation scheme are significantly more efficient and reliable than the existing alternatives. Consequently, these modified classes of estimators are recommended for practical application, particularly in scenarios involving non-response and measurement errors during data analysis and estimation
Mixed convection flow of heat generating/absorbing fluid in a vertical channel with asymmetric heating condition
Get PDFThe theoretical analysis is performed to determine the exact solution of mixed convection flow of a heat generating/absorbing fluid with nonlinear density variation with temperature (NDT) using nonlinear Boussinesq approximation along a vertical channel. The flow is affected by asymmetric wall heating. It is concluded from the results that, the action of heat sink parameter is to promote the fluid velocity towards the left plate then towards the right, which is as a result of the asymmetric wall heating condition. However, the fluid temperature demonstrates a deteriorating tendency in the presence of heat sink effect. Additionally, in the involvement of NDT, the amount of heat transfer substantially lowered at the both plates
Common Avian Diseases Diagnosed in Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria: A Ten Year (2012–2021) Retrospective Study
Get PDFA ten-year (2012-2021) retrospective study on clinical records of avian diseases presented at the Avian Unit of Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto (VTH UDUS) was conducted. A total of 1,990 cases were recorded. Years 2016 and 2020 recorded the highest number of diseases (310 cases, 15.5%) and lowest number of diseases (27 cases, 1.4%) respectively. On age groups, young birds had 1,361 cases (68.4%) while adult birds had 629 cases (31.6%).Infectious diseases accounted for 1,570 cases (78.9%) while 420 cases (21.1%) were non-infectious diseases. The highest prevalence among the infectious diseases was viral diseases and accounted for 743 cases (47.3%) followed by bacterial diseases 567 cases (36.1%), parasitic diseases 242 cases (15.4%) and fungal diseases 18 cases (1.2%). Among the viral diseases, Avian pox was the most recorded disease 372 cases (50.1%), Aspergillosis was the most prevalent fungal disease with 12 cases (66.7%), while Colibacillosis was the most common bacterial disease with 198 cases (34.9%). Lousiness was the most common parasitic disease with 106 cases (43.8%). With 128 cases (30.4%), heat stress was the most prevalent non-infectious condition. Turkeys were the most recorded types of bird (46.2%), while parrots were the least recorded (0.4%). Poor management may be responsible for distribution pattern of cases recorded in the hospital. Birds owners should always consider good management through consulting veterinarians and there should also be periodic assessment of case records in the VTH in order to have regular updates on level of patronage of the hospital and pattern of occurrence of different diseases
A New Lightweight Cryptographic Cipher for Detection and Prevention of Replay Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks
Get PDFSecurity concerns have been brought up by the electronics industry's widespread use of ubiquitous gadgets. The limitations of power consumption, space, and speed make it impractical to construct a full-fledged cryptographic environment using traditional encryption techniques in embedded systems like the Internet of Things. Lightweight cryptography is the main focus in order to get over these obstacles. This study proposes a new lightweight cryptography cipher that modifies the original PRESENT cipher by introducing a new layer between the S-box layer and P-layer of the current encryption-decryption process, lowering the encryption round, and changing the Key Register updating technique. The delta value function of the lightweight cipher known as the Modified Tiny Encryption Algorithm (MTEA) is added to the key register to update its encryption value. By adding an additional layer, we are able to lower the PRESENT round from 31 to 25, which is the bare requirement for security. Encrypting the key register increases the suggested algorithm's efficiency. By using MATLAB2022a and SIMULINK2022a are product of math work, widely used for mathematical computing algorithm development, data analysis, visualization and simulation
Adapted Strategies for Augmenting Biology Practical in Resource-Constrained Senior Secondary Schools in Zamfara State, Nigeria
Get PDFThis study aimed to explore the strategies employed by Biology teachers to argument practical components of the Biology curriculum in resource-constrained senior secondary schools in Zamfara State, Nigeria. The research adapted a descriptive survey research design. The population of the study comprised 206 Biology teachers across 166 public secondary schools in the State. A sample of 132 Biology teachers, comprising 83 from urban schools and 49 from rural schools, was selected through cluster sampling from all the four educational zones in the State. The research instrument used was a validated questionnaire with a Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of 0.85. The questionnaire was used to collect data on demographics, resourceful strategies, instructional approaches, and curriculum adaptation techniques. Three research questions were raised and one hypothesis was formulated. The data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for the research questions, while t-test was used for the hypothesis. The study found significant differences between urban and rural Biology teachers in resourceful strategies and curriculum adaptation, but no difference in innovative instructional approaches. Despite various adapted strategies like improvisation from local material and inter-school resource sharing, challenges persist in integrating virtual experiments and accessing external support for augmenting practical components of the Biology curriculum. Recommendations include providing adequate Biology laboratory resources, offering teacher training opportunities, and investing in technology for virtual experiments
Modified And Multivariate Models for Estimation of Diffuse Solar Radiation in Ogoja, Cross River State, Nigeria
Get PDFThis research utilized a 22-year dataset (2001-2022) of monthly average climatic data for Ogoja, Nigeria. The dataset includes global solar radiation, all-sky surface shortwave diffuse irradiance, mean temperatures, wind speed, relative humidity, and surface pressure, obtained from NASA. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression, with atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, mean temperature, and wind speed as independent variables. Nineteen models were developed and categorized into modified Page, Liu and Jordan models, clearness index and single variable models, two-variable models, three-variable models, and four-variable models. The effectiveness of each model was evaluated using statistical indices: Mean Bias Error (MBE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Percentage Error (MPE), t-test, and coefficient of determination (R²). Among the models, the quadratic regression expression model (equation 28b) was found most suitable in the modified Page, Liu, and Jordan models category. In the clearness index and single variable models category, the model relating diffuse solar radiation with clearness index and mean temperature (equation 28h) was the best. For the two-variable models category, the model relating diffuse solar radiation with wind speed and mean temperature (equation 28j) was the most found best. In the three-variable models, the model relating diffuse solar radiation with wind speed, relative humidity, and mean temperature (equation 28o) performed best. Overall, the model relating diffuse solar radiation with clearness index and temperature (equation 28h) was found to be the most effective for estimating diffuse solar radiation in Ogoja, which indicates that this model can be used for accurate estimation of diffuse solar radiation in this climatic location via simple temperature measurements, without the use of advanced instruments like pyrheliometers, which makes it a reliable method for estimating diffuse solar radiation, beneficial for solar energy planning and climate studies in similar regions
The Impact of Viroid-Induced Diseases: The Need for Vigilance in Nigeria Amid Climate Change
Get PDFViroids are small, non-coding RNA pathogens that pose significant threats to global agriculture, affecting a wide range of economically-important crops. In Nigeria, the impact of viroid-induced diseases is a growing concern, particularly amid changing climatic conditions as there is virtually no any effort made to uncover the presence of vioroids. Viroids, such as Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), and Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), are globally distributed and have severe economic repercussions. Despite their widespread presence, there is a notable dearth of research on viroids in Nigeria, leaving the country's agricultural sector vulnerable. Viroids induce a variety of symptoms, including stunted growth, chlorosis, and fruit deformities, leading to significant yield losses. Transmission occurs through mechanical damage, vegetative propagation, seed transmission, and insect vectors. Effective management involves stringent phytosanitary measures; early detection through molecular techniques like RT-PCR, and regulatory controls to prevent spread. This review highlights the urgent need for increased research and vigilance in Nigeria to address the threats posed by viroids. Enhanced monitoring, early detection, and international collaboration are essential for developing comprehensive management strategies. Addressing these gaps is crucial for safeguarding Nigeria’s agricultural productivity and ensuring food security in the face of climate change
An Assessment on Nutritional, Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Toxicological Properties of Ipomoea Batata L.
Get PDFAn overview of the Ipomoea genus, namely Ipomoea batatas L., is given in this article. Its traditional uses, nutritional values, phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties are all covered in the review. Many nations have for long been utilizing sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) for traditional purposes including curing allergies, managing patients with diabetes mellitus and as a source of dietary fiber. Ipomoea batatas is mostly composed of carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic substances. A number of nutritional components may be found in sweet potatoes, including minerals, β-carotene, protein, fiber, and vitamin C. Pharmacological properties of sweet potatoes include; anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, aphrodisiac, and antioxidant properties. Every portion of the plant has a distinct sort of phytochemical component and each pharmacological effect and mechanism is dependent on the phytochemical compounds, part and variety of the plant, and also extraction solvent used
Prevalence And Risk Factors of Haemoparasitic Infections In Sheep (Ovis Aries) And Goats (Capra Hircus) Slaughtered At Jibia Modern Abattoir, Katsina State, Nigeria
Get PDFHaemoparasites are blood-borne parasites that cause a range of clinical conditions, from fatal infections to subclinical presentations. This study investigates the prevalence and associated risk factors of haemoparasitic infections in sheep and goats slaughtered at Jibia Modern Abattoir, Katsina State, between December 2021 and May 2022. Blood samples were collected monthly from the jugular veins of 320 animals (160 sheep and 160 goats). Thin and thick blood smear techniques were used for parasitological analysis. Three parasites were identified: Anaplasma species had the highest prevalence at 3.02% in goats, followed by Theileria species (1.67%) and Babesia species (1.46%). The findings underscore the importance of targeted control measures to mitigate the impact of haemoparasitic infections on livestock productivity
Antimicrobial Usage Knowledge Attitude and Practice Among Aquaculture Farmers in Kaduna State
Get PDFThe use of antimicrobials in aquaculture is a widespread practice to prevent infections, promote growth, and reduce mortality. However, this has raised concerns about antimicrobial resistance (AMR), environmental pollution, and human health risks. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of aquaculture farmers in Kaduna State, Nigeria, regarding antimicrobial use and identified associated factors. A stratified random sampling method was utilized, distributing 60 validated questionnaires across four agricultural zones, yielding 51 responses. The pretested questionnaires ensured validity and reliability, with a Cronbach’s α of 0.700. Data analysis revealed key demographic insights: 84.3% of respondents were male, 76.5% had tertiary education, and 51% had 2–5 years of aquaculture experience. Catfish farming dominated (90.1%), with most farmers also raising poultry (62.7%). Findings highlighted a reliance on antibiotics (68.63%), primarily for infection treatment (64.71%). Antimicrobials were obtained through veterinary prescriptions (56.86%), self-prescription (23.53%), or over-the-counter purchases (19.61%). Occasional administration (41.18%) was most common. The prevalence of fungal (52.94%) and bacterial (33.33%) diseases emphasized the need for improved biosecurity, which 88.24% of farmers deemed very important. Challenges included waste disposal practices, water quality management, and the misuse of antimicrobials for prophylaxis and growth promotion. This study highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions, including farmer education, stringent regulatory frameworks, and alternative disease management strategies, to mitigate AMR, safeguard public health, and ensure sustainable aquaculture in Kaduna State