International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability
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Experimental Analysis of the Effect of Shear Forces on Oil-Water Separation, Using a High Shear Mixer
Get PDFIn most water-drive reservoirs, the dispersion of oil in produced water is a result of high water cut conditions. During production, the oil droplet size decreases as a result of their encounter with process facilities such as: valves and pumps which has a detrimental impact on upstream separation. The present work performed an experimental analysis of the factors affecting the formation of droplets. Laboratory mixing of oil and water was conducted using a high-shear mixer. An analysis of the droplet size distribution of three different oil viscosities were obtained using a microscopic technique. The overall results show that the coalescence rate decreases with increasing oil viscosity and the rate of agitation. Droplet sizes within the range of 3 – 100 micrometers were observed. The results obtained from this experiment can be used to test the design of new separators and can provide an avenue for the design of low shear centrifugal pumps
Bifunctional Effects of MoO3/S-ZrO2 and Mo2C/S-ZrO2 Catalysts in Transesterification of Groundnut Oil
Get PDFSuccessful doping via impregnation and carburization under CH4/H2 atmosphere were respectively employed to achieve the formation of MoO3/S-ZrO2 and Mo2C/S-ZrO2 catalysts. The synthesis of both materials was confirmed as illustrated by the binding energies associated with XPS spectra of C1s, Mo 3p and Mo 3d states. In addition to compatible BET surface areas of 120 and 97m2g-1, both catalysts were found to exhibit appreciable densities of surface Mo species as revealed by the N2-adsorption data. These species enhanced catalytic activity and prompted the catalyst to exhibit bifunctional properties during transesterification of groundnut oil. When compared with the support system (i.e. S-ZrO2), the overall catalytic performance at 60oC, 0.5g of catalyst and 1:6 (oil: methanol) followed the trend S-ZrO2 < MoO3/S-ZrO2 < Mo2C/S-ZrO2. Another appreciable result is the conformity of the derived biodiesel with international specifications approved by ASTM for B100 and other fuel grades of methyl esters
A K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN)-Algorithm in Poultry Diseases Monitoring System
Get PDFIn poultry farming, the most important factor during their growth and production is for the birds to be free from any disease. Unmonitored and uncontrolled temperature and humidity within the cage can lead to reduced productivity and high rate of mortality. Diseases such as: avian influenza, Newcastle, fowl paralysis, semolina and so on may wipe up an entire farm in few minutes. This research used K- nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm and developed a model to monitor such factors automatically. In the model, digital camera was deployed in the cage that records the behavior of the fowls. The model was trained on the normal behavior of a healthy/unhealthy fowl based on the clinical signs so that any abnormal sign reported immediately by the system. The experimental results show that the model can report the various diseases sign in poultry farms
On The Existence and Uniqueness Conditions of The MLEs of The Four-Parameter Exponentiated BurrXII-Poisson Distribution
Get PDFA maximum likelihood estimator is guaranteed to exist, provided specific regularity conditions are met to ensure a well-defined likelihood function and achievable maximization. This paper considered the existence and uniqueness of the maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) of the exponentiated BurrXII Poisson (EBXIIP) distribution under some possible conditions.  
The Impact of Prevalence of Taenia Solium Eggs in Soil And Cysticercosis-Free Pigs In Zuru Local Government Area, Kebbi State, Nigeria
Get PDFThis study assessed the prevalence of Taenia solium cysts in pigs and the presence of T. solium eggs in soil from freely roaming pigs in the Zuru district of Kebbi State, Nigeria. A total of 50 soil samples were collected from selected areas and examined for taeniid eggs using centrifugation and sedimentation techniques, while 24 pigs were inspected for cysticercosis following standard meat inspection procedures. No porcine cysticercosis was detected, as all pigs were free of cysts at the antemortem inspection. However, taeniid eggs were identified in 13 of the 50 soil samples (26%), suggesting potential environmental contamination that could pose a risk to both human and animal health. The presence of T. solium eggs in the soil indicates possible contamination from human feces and highlights the risk of infection and re-infection in pigs scavenging in these areas. This finding underscores the potential health hazard to pork consumers. The study recommends implementing strict control measures to reduce the transmission of T. solium in the region
Assessing Clean Cooking Energy Utilization Among Households in North-Western States of Nigeria: Evidence from NDHS 2018 Data
Get PDFThe use of clean cooking fuels is crucial for enhancing public health and environmental sustainability. However, in many low-income regions, including North-Western Nigeria, the reliance on unclean fuels remains high, contributing to adverse health outcomes and environmental degradation. This study assesses the utilization of clean energy and identifies household factors influencing the adoption of clean cooking fuels among households in North-Western Nigeria, while analysing disparities across states. Data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) were analyzed, focusing on the household recode (HR) file, resulting in a sample of 9,509 households across Kebbi, Sokoto, Zamfara, Katsina, Kano, Jigawa, and Kaduna state. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis were employed to assess the proportion of households using clean versus unclean cooking fuels and to identify sociodemographic factors associated with clean fuel usage. The analysis revealed that approximately 95% of households relied on unclean fuels, such as wood, kerosene, and charcoal, while only 5% used clean fuels, including electricity and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Significant variations were observed among the states, with Kano having the highest proportion of clean fuel usage at 8.87%, while Sokoto had the lowest at 0.42%. Wealth, educational attainment, and urban residence were strong predictors of clean fuel use. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to promote the adoption of clean cooking fuels in North-Western Nigeria, addressing barriers to usage and improving access to clean energy sources to enhance public health and environmental sustainability
D-Optimal Mixture Design Applications in the Assessment of Mineral and Antinutritional Contents of Amaranth-Based Blends
Get PDFMalnutrition is becoming more endemic especially in war-ton and highly deprived area of Africa. The amaranth, pumpkin and sunflower flour seed were cleaned, sorted, milled and defatted to obtain defatted flour samples. The amaranth, pumpkin and sunflower seeds were cleaned, sorted, milled and defatted using n-hexane. Optimization of the production of composite flour from defatted amaranth, sorghum, defatted pumpkin and defatted sunflower flour using D-optimal mixture design of Design Expert software with the levels for amaranth (40-60 %), sorghum (10-30 %), pumpkin (20-40 %), and sunflower flour (3-10 %), respectively was carried out. Using D-optimal design, Fourteen (14) runs were generated and the blends were analyzed for mineral composition (sodium, potassium, iron, calcium, and phosphorus) and anti-nutritional factors (phytate, tannin, oxalate, saponin and trypsin), respectively. The response variables were modeled using a linear regression equation. The mineral composition ranged from 5.50-9.82, 335.01-340.84, 10.80-12.15, 73.56-89.16, and 276.82-284.90 mg/100g for sodium, potassium, iron, calcium, and phosphorus. Phytate and tannin content ranged from 0.1-0.22 and 2.70-2.90 mg/100g, respectively. The linear model terms for both mineral and antinutritional factors were significant (p £ 0.05). In conclusion, composite flour from amaranth, sorghum, pumpkin and sunflower flour have substantial mineral profile and controlled antinutritional factors and therefore can be used in the development of nutrient-densed food product such as snack
Mathematical Modelling and Transmission on the Dynamic of Syphilis with Exposed, Early and Late Latent Syphilis
Get PDFThis research presents a Mathematical Modelling and Transmission on the Dynamic of Syphilis with Exposed, Early and Late Latent Syphilis. The model is governed by a system of six ordinary differential equations namely: Susceptible (S), Exposed (E), Early latent, Late latent Infected and Recovery (????). An analysis was performed on the model to determine the disease-free equilibrium, endemic equilibrium, reproduction number, local stability, and global stability. The results of the analysis indicate that the disease-free equilibrium equation is locally asymptotically stable if the reproduction number is less than one, and unstable if the reproduction number is greater than one. The system has met all the requirements to be considered globally asymptotically stable. We have conducted numerical simulations of the model, and the results show that the number of people who are exposed will keep increasing. It will only decrease if people become aware of the syphilis problem in the community. If a person is mildly infected with a virus but shows no symptoms, they can still spread the virus and cause harm. However, if the infected person gets treated during the latency period, which is the time between infection and onset of symptoms, they can recover within the first five weeks of the pandemic. This information is supported by a graph. In general, the number of syphilis cases will decline over time if they are properly treated. On the other hand, if left untreated, out of every 300 individuals, 280 will be affected by syphilis. However, those who have recovered from syphilis suggest that with appropriate care, treatment, and safe sexual behaviour, it is possible to avoid contracting syphilis
Mathematical Model on The Dynamics of Corruption Menace with Control Strategies
Get PDFIn this study, we create a mathematical model of corruption dynamics that includes containment measures to stop the threat from spreading. We calculate the model's corruption-free equilibrium's basic reproduction number and stabilities. In order to maximize the number of incorruptible and honest persons while minimizing the dynamics of the threat, the model employed two control strategies: a public education campaign and the incarceration of those found guilty. Using Pontryagin's Maximum Principle (PMP), we determine the prerequisites for the best course of action for limiting the infection's spread. The numerical simulation that demonstrated the potential of control measures in preventing the dynamics of corruption in society from spreading was conducted using Runge-Kutta of order four
Survey And Antibiogram of Escherichia coli O157:H7 In Drinking Water Sources In Argungu Zone Of Kebbi State, Nigeria
Get PDFWater Source is essential to human life, both for drinking, bathing and other domestic activities, which lead to discriminate demand and production of portable water in Kebbi State. Coliform such as E. coli O157:H7 is pathogenic serotype that is known to cause diarrhea leading to fluid loss and other complication like haemolytic Ureamic syndrome. A gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae, their presence in water signifies faecal contamination. A survey and antibiogram of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in drinking water sources was investigated in Argungu zone of Kebbi State, Nigeria. One hundred water samples that include those from Borehole, (40) Well, (50) Tap (8) and Dam (2) were sampled for the study. The samples were inoculated onto MacConkey agar and pinkish colonies on the media were subculture on to Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar. The presumptive E. coli isolates that appeared as green metallic sheen on EMB were further conformed biochemically. The people within the area do not consider water source as possible health hazards associated with such water. Therefore, wells stand the risk of contamination either from human beings or other animals as severally reported in the literature. The presence of Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157:H7 in Argungu town indicate the need for more intense public health awareness by sanitary health officers and to also investigate water sources periodically for their bacteriological quality