Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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Preliminary Studies on the Improvements of Quality and Yield of Asparagus
No full text本研究目的在於探究影響蘆筍品質及產量之因子，並加以實驗研究作爲改進應用之依據，以建立亞熱帶最合理之蘆筍生產技術基礎，發展臺灣蘆筍產業。
本研究方法分爲：（一）蘆筍新品種在亞熱帶之生態特性觀察研究，（二）亞熱帶蘆筍栽培技術改進試驗，（三）人爲誘導休眠方法試驗，（四）殺草劑藥害測定試驗，（五）蘆筍嫩莖採收後處理試驗五個實驗進行。茲將所得結果摘要如下：
1.就供試10個新品種之嫩莖生產力而言，生產力較高之品種有UC309，UC711，UC72，生產力中等之品種有NJ264，NJ265，UC500W，生產力較低之品種有NJ306，NJ305，NJ304，UC66。
2. 白蘆筍以產量高，嫩莖中大，端正，少扁平莖之品種爲佳，本試驗認爲UC711品種爲白蘆筍有望之品種。
3. 綠蘆筍品種以嫩莖粗大，色澤濃綠，產量高之品種爲佳，本試驗認爲UC309品種爲最有希望之綠蘆筍品種。
4. 蘆筍產量之分佈以採收開始時爲較高，隨採收期間逐漸遞減，如採收期間不留母莖使其行同化作用則其遞減現象更顯著。
5. 本試驗結果，白蘆筍開始採收30天後留母莖區比採收後15天，40天，75天留母莖區或不留母莖處理者產量爲高，至於所留母莖數以3莖爲佳。
6. 根據本試驗結果，綠蘆筍之留母莖方式以採收後一個月內留母莖較不致影響後期嫩莖之產量。
7. 綠蘆筍之株距大小，據第一年試驗結果，以20 cm區產量較高，30 cm, 40 cm區次之，但嫩莖平均種以30 cm爲較大。
8. 臺灣冬季低溫不夠，蘆筍植株未能全部進入休眠狀態，如僅用很能制灌水方法，或折莖方法人工控制其休眠效果不大。就本試驗供試8種藥劑而言，以2% Gramoxan, 5% Casoron, 20%硫酸錏，10%尿素，1%MH-30溶液爲最有效，前兩者藥效較快，但濃度過高則有抑制新嫩莖生育之現象；後三者藥效較爲緩慢，但對新嫩莖之發育有利，爲蘆筍有望之人爲誘導休眠劑。
9.本試驗供試11種殺草劑，對於白綠蘆筍幼莖有發現藥害現象者，有Casoron, TOK E-25, Flight A, Amizol。就殺草效果而言，以每公頃1公斤Diuron或Monuron較有希望。
10. 蘆筍嫩莖採收後處理對於品質之影響甚大。嫩莖採收後放置於室溫下，在短時間內其維他命C含量亦有顯著之變化。據分析結果，採收3小時之白蘆筍所含維他命C量比採收後即生分析者低12.83%，採收後6小時之綠蘆筍所含之維他命C量比採收後即行分析者低13.30%，因此採收後之蘆筍嫩莖以最迅速方法送至加工廠製罐或快速冷凍加以提高品質。
11. 嫩莖採收後之貯藏溫度對於維他命C含量變化頗大，在室溫放置二天之白蘆筍僅爲2℃低溫處理比5℃低溫處理之貯藏效果更佳。故採收後之嫩莖應立即放置於2℃低溫或行預冷處理除去嫩莖之田間熱後冷藏於低溫，以抑制蘆筍品質之變劣。
12. 採收後之嫩莖雖在低溫貯藏，但如貯藏期間太外，其維他命C含量亦會減低，據分析結果綠蘆筍在5℃貯藏15天之維他命C含量僅爲收直後之24.71%，在2℃貯藏者爲42.95%，在－27℃冷凍者爲50.72%，故綠蘆筍採收後應立即快速冷凍加工爲佳。
13. 蘆筍嫩莖採收後，其外觀品質如色澤、萎縮、長度、重量、筍尖散開等亦有變化，而此變化速度受水分及溫度之影響爲最大。如貯藏於低溫再供90%以上之相對濕度或浸水處理則有利於外觀品質。
14. 綠蘆筍之營養價值比白蘆筍爲高，據分析結果採收直後之白蘆筍每100公克嫩莖之維他命C含量爲29.155 mg，而綠蘆筍含有44.636 mg，比白蘆筍高53.10%。再者，綠蘆筍除供冷凍製罐加工用外，又適宜作新鮮蔬菜消費，因此臺灣應多獎勵生產綠蘆筍供國人消費，以提高國民營養。
The purposes of those studios were to ascertain the factors of affecting the quality and yield of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) and to establish a reasonable cultural methods in the Tropics and to develop the asparagus industry in Taiwan.
There were many ways to improve the asparagus quality and yield such as through genetic factors cultual physiological factors and post-harvest physiological factors. Five experiments including (1) Ecological observation of new varieties in the Tropics, (2) Improvement of cultural practices, (3) Effect of artificial dormancy, (4) Plant injury of herbicides. (5) Post-harvest handling practices were carried out at Fengshan Trop. Hort. Expt. Sta. The experimental results were summarized as follows:
1. With regard to the productivity of variety used, UC309, UC711, UC72 were high yield varieties, NJ254, NJ265 UC500W were medium, and NJ107, NJ305 NJ304, UC500W were low yield varieties.
2. UC711 was considered as the most promising variety in this trial for white asparagus due to its high yielding and uniform, medium-sized spears.
8. UC309 was considered as the most promising variety in this trial for green asparagus due to its larger spears with dark green color and high yielding
4. The distribution of yield would be declined from the beginning of harvesting and this inclination would be significant and rapid if no stems reserved during the harvesting period.
5. The yield of white asparagus in the plot with reserving stems after 30 days harvesting was higher than those in plots with reserving stems after 15 days, 40 days, 15 days harvesting or without reserving stems. As to the number of reserving stems, 3 stems seemed to be better than 2 ones.
6. As to the green asparagus the stem-reserving within one month after harvesting would not affect greatly on the yield of late stage.
7. Spacing study of green asparagus in the first year showed that the highest yield was spaced at 20 cm., and 30 cm., 40 cm. spacings were next in order. However, the average weight of spears was the highest from 30 cm spacings in rows.
8. Since the dormancy in the tropics was a chief problem due to insufficient cold in winter, some possible measures of inducing artificial dormancy were devised in the experiment. The effect of limiting irrigation alone or breaking stems were not effective, whereas 2% Gramoxan 5% Casoron, 20% Ammonium sulfate, 10% Urea, and 1% MH-30 solution were effective. The first two chemicals had rapid effect, but the development of new shoots would be inhibited at higher concentration, whereas the last three ones had slow effect but helpful to the development of new shoots.
9. Casoron, TOK E-25, Flight A and Amizol of 11 herbicides used were found to have injuries on both green and white shoots 1 kg of Diuron or Monuron per hectare would be promising for weed control.
10. The post-harvest handling practices had great effects on the quality of harvested asparagus. The ascorbic acid content, the internal quality of asparagus showed a significant change in the spears stored in room temperature conditions even in short time. Based on the results of analysis 12.83% of ascorbic acid content of white asparagus were reduced after 3 hours storing in room, and 13.30% of ascorbic acid content of green asparagus were reduced after e hours storing in room. Hence, it is very important to deliver harvested asparagus immediately to canneries for processing to raise quality of asparagus.
11. The temperature of holding had much influenced on the deterioration of asparagus quality. The ascorbic acid content of white spears stored at room temperature for 2 days was only 46.82% of that stored at 2℃. Moreover, the effect of 2℃ cold storage was better than that of 5℃ cold storage. Therefore, it is very important to cool harvested asparagus at 2℃ as rapidly as possible or make precooling to remove the field heat of harvested spears and maintain at the conditions of low temperature to inhibit the deterioration of quality asparagus.
12. Much deterior after of internal quality was also caused under the different conditions after long time of holding. Green asparagus stored at 5℃ for 15 days lost 75.29% of its ascorbic acid, at 2℃ it lost 57.05% and at -27℃ it lost 49.28%. Hence, green asparagus is recommended to process as quick frozen products.
13. In addition to the changes of internal quality as mentioned above, the external quality such as freshness, crispness, length and weight of spears, discoloration, shrivel and feathering would be changed too. These changes could be greatly affected by water and temperature of holding. If stored spears with the butts in water or provided high relative humidity above 90% in addition to the cold air alone was considered helpful to external quality.
14. The ascorbic acid content of green asparagus was 53.10% higher than that of white one. Moreover, green asparagus can be used for fresh market in addition to freezing and canning. Therefore it is recommended to produce more green asparagus for local consumption to raise national nutrition
Studies on Interspecific Crossing of Genus Brassica under Natural Conditions Possibility of Natural Crossing among Some Brassica spp. with Different Chromosome Number
No full text一、本研究開始於民國五十二年八月至五十三年六月底結束，研究地點在海拔1000公尺之西實農場，氣候穩定可靠，所用材料（一）金門早生球莖甘藍n=9，（二）天津竹筒青白菜n=10，（三）四川榨菜a=18。
二、三種異數染色體之蕓苔屬蔬菜，天然混合栽培採種時，經此次實驗結果，所收種子，立刻播種，作幼苗純度檢查，仍可保持固有特微不變，證明混合採種時，不易雜交。
三、用人工花蕾授粉雜交時，正反交結果，各組合中雖有極少數花朶具有親和力，但所結之莢果不發育，更無種子可言，其中雖亦有少數種莢，發育良好，但種子完全不充實無發芽力。
四、人工花蕾授粉雜交，如此困難成功，推論自然花粉雜交，則更難混合，因此可斷定混合栽植採種或隔離不遠採種時，無慮花粉雜亂。
1. The present study was carried out out from August 1963 to June 1964 at the Shi-Pao Farm of Central Taiwan (1,000 meters above sea level), where the whether conditions are comparatively steady. The materials used are:
(1) Brassica oleracea Linn, var, caulorapa Linn.
(Kinmen Early Kohlrabi, n=9)
(2) B. Pekinensis Rupr.
(Tientsing Chutong Pai-Tsai, n=10)
(3) B. juncea Coss. Var. tumida Tsen et Lee
(n=18)
2. Open crosses were tried in the field where the test 3 species were planted in the same spot, the seeds obtained from the field were sown immediately after harvest and used for further examination on morphological characters. From the results obtained, it seemed that interspecific hybrid did not occur.
3. Reciprocal crosses among materials mentioned above by artificial pollination were also studied, and only a few numbers of pods and seeds were obtained from some cross combination, but all of the seeds did not have germinating ability in spite of the fact that the seeds used were from the well developed pods.
4. From the results of this experiment, it seems difficult to produce interspecific hybrids at any cross combination by or artificial pollination
Studies on the Regulation of the Season of Banana Production in Southern Taiwan
No full text香蕉留1芽或2芽來比較週年四季蕉類生產率，以不同時留2芽較現行生產法留一芽者可增產40%，同時留2芽者則稍次。
The results of this experiment indicated that banana plant from plots with two suckers during the year gave higher yield than that of plant with only one sucker as conventionally practiced in southern Taiwan banana plantation
The Effect of the Number of Leaves and Hands on the Yield and Quality of Spring-and Winter-bananas
No full textQuality香蕉保留相同果手數時，葉片愈多似可愈早收穫，留果手數愈多時，可能延遲收穫。對果實發育情形影響較少，但果手數愈多，果指寬、果皮厚、果柄寬等則減少，維他命C含量也有影響，葉片多或果手少時含量較少。果手愈多或葉片愈多産量愈多。
This experiment was carried out from April, 1968 to June, 1969. The study included winter-bananas produced in the Li kong locality of Pingtung country, and spring-bananas produced in the Mel Nung locality of Kaohsiung country. Spring-bananas were thinning the fruit hands and leaven to keep both of them in 6, 8, 10, three kinds of treatments, winter-bananas were thinning the fruit hands and leaves to keep koth of them in 4, 6, 8, treatments seperatly. Each taeatment was in sex repetitions. The aim was to study the effect on yield and quality of thinning the banana fruit and lesves. The result was briefly as follows:
1. There was a significant increase in yield of fruit, but this higher production resulted in a lower nutritional value.
2. Thinning the fruit hands had a greater effect on regulating the season than did thinning the leaves.
3. The effect on fruit development was greater if 4 or more fruit hands or leaves were thinned out, however there was almost no effect on fruit development if only 2 fruit hands or leaves were thinned out.
4. The fruit from plants with many leaves had a higher composition of sugar, acid, ash and vitamine C than did fruit from plants with few leaves.
5. A part of spring-bananas with 10 fruit hands were unfit for export because of poor quality, winter-bananas with 4 fruit hands were too large and too heavy for export. Therefore it is the best to leave 7-8 fruit hands of spring-bananas and 6-7 fruit hands of winter-bananas. Sometimes under ideal conditions it may be possible to increase one fruit hand. For both spring-bananas and winter-bananas many leaves are better than few leaves
The Changes of Water and Dry Weight Contents in Autumn and Winter Banana during Different Stages of Fruit Development
No full text冬蕉自抽穗後12日開始測定果實發育及乾物重變化，顯示10-50日期間內對果皮營養與耐藏能力有極密切關係。在100日收穫，果皮具最大乾物重（密度）。120日收穫則産量較高。果皮發育期間遠較果肉爲短，二者之比較約爲1:3。果皮及果肉水分急劇減低後，隨之乾物呈現顯著增加。關於香蕉植株及果實所含水分，在同一季節中均有一定量，在不同季節中則有變化。不同品種春蕉及秋蕉水分含量之差北蕉爲7%，矮蕉爲5.98%。南部一般能灌溉及雨季無長期積水蕉園，缺水及排水問題對香蕉生育所引起之不良影響不至嚴重。
A. The development of winter banana fruit:
(1) The reasons causing the skin of banana rapidly increasing water content during 10-30 days after fruit thinning are the transevaporation osmotic withdrawal and cell expansion to meet the physiological requirements But there are little increase of dry matter during this period. During 30-40 days the water content decreases rapidly, the concentration of cytoplasm and dry matter increase, therefore the thickness of skin is increased significantly. The increase of dry matter, fresh weight, fruit length and thickness of skin during 10-50 days after thinning is the most important period of development of skin tissue which might affect the storage greatly of banana fruit.
(2) During 100-120 days after thinning, the dry matter, fresh weight and the thickness of skin decrease but the water content is increased.
(3) The water content of skin is 19% higher than pulp in winter-banana. It would be an important relationship between water content of skin and the rottenness of banana.
(4) The increase of dry matter and fresh weight of pulp during 10-90 days is faster than 90-100 days after shooting. The period of formation of pulp is longer than that of skin which is in 3:1 ratio of time.
(5) The water content of skin and pulp has the tendency of decrease just before increasing dry matter, and which cause increasing the concentration of cytoplasm.
(6) If we produce winter banana in Feb, the yield is affected by low temperature during fruit developing period of 80-100 days after shooting. So we suggest that selecting warmer area to grow winter-banana will get higher yield.
(7) Among four kinds of seasonal banana, the summer-banana shows higher water content which will promot efruit starch hydrolysis in harvesting period of high temperature. Therefore, storage life might be increased by harvesting in lower maturity of summer-banana.
B. The water content relates to different cultivated condition of autumn-banana:
(1) There are no differences of water content of plant and fruit between water culture and land culture banana grown in course sand soil condition.
(2) There are no differences of water content among different soil condition and different cultivation practices. They have same storage life.
C. Water content between varieties and seasons:
In same season, there are also no significant differences of water content between pei-chiao and Dwarf Chinese cultivars. The seasonal change of water content of these two cultivars can be put in the order of spring, summer, winter and autumn banana. The former has higher water content than the latter. The difference of water content between spring and autumn banana is 7% in Pei-chiao, 5.98% in Dwarf Chinese cultivars. The difference of summer-spring banana and winter-autumn banana is 4.90% in Pei-chiao, 2.66% in Dwarf Chinese. The important reasons of seasonal change might be explained by temperature and wind
Discussion on the Air Circulation and Ventilation of Mushroom Growing Room
No full text堆肥材料在堆積時會産生氨氣，對菌絲發育有害，應該排除，但排除栽培期中菌絲與茹體所産生的CO2等氣體，才是日常通風換氣之主要目的。空氣應該有適當管道來引導才有正確的流動途逕，並用鼓風機來增加流動時空氣之壓力，才足以掃除CO2，並使排出茹舍。在産茹期中每小時換氣至少需要五次。希望本省將來建造標準的菇舍，及標準的鼓風機規格，才能有標準的通風換氣操作規範。
The main purpose to promote an efficient air circulatory and ventilatory system is remove CO2 produced during mushroom mycelium growth and fruiting period. Ammonia gas, produced from the compost materials during composting should be removed also. During cropping at least 5 air changes per hour is required for normal mushroom growth
Studies on the Effect of Packing and Temperature on the Onset of Climacteric Rise of Papaya Fruits
No full text1.低成熟度之果實，在5~10℃下，其後熟的更年期上昇完全受到抑制。在15℃及室溫下，經11-14天後開始更年期上昇，中熟度之果實在5及10℃，其後熟的更年期上昇亦被完全抑制，在15℃及室溫下，經7-8天後開始更年期上昇。成熟度高之果實，其開始後熟的更年期上昇所需之日數，在不同貯藏溫度5、10、15℃及室溫下，依次爲17天、10天、7天、2天，貯藏溫度愈高，所需日數愈短，更年峯發生亦愈早且愈高。
2.各種成熟度採收之木瓜，貯於10℃以上溫度下，可使果實完全成熟。果實成熟時可溶性固形物含量提高，酸度減低。但如再繼續貯藏則可溶性固形物含量又減低，酸度又提高，果實也開始腐爛，溫度愈高變化愈快。
3.採收成熟度較低或經過低溫處理之果實，均可減少或延緩病害之發生。溫湯處理雖可減少或延緩炭疽病及蒂腐病之發生，但對於防止黴病之發生似無效果。PE袋密封包裹加速黴病之發生。
4.木瓜在10℃以下貯藏時發生凍害，超過15℃抑制後熟之效果差，故存於10~15℃之溫度下，或以成熟度稍高者，採用10℃貯藏，而成熟度較低者，以採用15℃貯藏爲佳。
1.低成熟度之果實，在5~10℃下，其後熟的更年期上昇完全受到抑制。在15℃及室溫下，經11-14天後開始更年期上昇，中熟度之果實在5及10℃，其後熟的更年期上昇亦被完全抑制，在15℃及室溫下，經7-8天後開始更年期上昇。成熟度高之果實，其開始後熟的更年期上昇所需之日數，在不同貯藏溫度5、10、15℃及室溫下，依次爲17天、10天、7天、2天，貯藏溫度愈高，所需日數愈短，更年峯發生亦愈早且愈高。
2.各種成熟度採收之木瓜，貯於10℃以上溫度下，可使果實完全成熟。果實成熟時可溶性固形物含量提高，酸度減低。但如再繼續貯藏則可溶性固形物含量又減低，酸度又提高，果實也開始腐爛，溫度愈高變化愈快。
3.採收成熟度較低或經過低溫處理之果實，均可減少或延緩病害之發生。溫湯處理雖可減少或延緩炭疽病及蒂腐病之發生，但對於防止黴病之發生似無效果。PE袋密封包裹加速黴病之發生。
4.木瓜在10℃以下貯藏時發生凍害，超過15℃抑制後熟之效果差，故存於10~15℃之溫度下，或以成熟度稍高者，採用10℃貯藏，而成熟度較低者，以採用15℃貯藏爲佳
Studies on the Response of Nitrogen Application to the Growth and Protein Content of Five Tropical Leafy Vegetables
No full text由生長曲線、葉面積之變化、葉／（葉＋莖）之比率及蛋白質含量等資料可確定在酷熱、多雨之熱帶夏季環境下，靑骨蕹菜、扁四芥菜、虎耳白莧菜、黃金白菜及黃金葉芥藍菜等五種熱帶性葉菜類之適當採收時間及其對不同氮素肥料施用量之效應。增施氮肥可以提高這些蔬菜之産量與蛋白質含量，在本試驗之情況下，每公頃施用200公斤氮素已足夠獲得這五種葉菜理想生長之所需。
Five tropical leafy vegetables which are generally considered to be relatively heat tolerant were included in an experiment involving different levels of nitrogen. These were water convolvulus (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.), leaf mustard (Brassica juncea Cosson), edible amaranth (Amaranthus mangostanus L.). golden Pai-Tsai (Brassica chinensis Linn). And Chinese kale (Brassica alboglabra Bailey). Using growth curves, changes in leaf area, leaf/(leaf+stem) ration, and protein content, I was able to determine the appropriate harvest time for these five leafy vegetables when grown under tropical monsoon conditions. Nitrogen increased the growth and protein contents of the five vegetables. Nitrogen fertilization increased the production and protein contents of these crops under the experimental conditions. The rate of contents of these crops under the experimental conditions. The rate of nitrogen application in this experiment showed that 200 kg N/ha will be sufficient for the ideal production requirements of the five tropical leafy greens
