Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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(3(2):39-46)A Demonstration of the Application of Calcium Cyanamide for Rice
No full text(1)本示範試驗於民國39年第二期作開始，示範田遍設于全省西部，計13縣31 鄉鎮267農戶。
(2)示範田之設計
1．處理項目
(a)氰氮化鈣施用區 氮60公斤／公頃（1小區施用氰氮化鈣3公斤十本地肥料）。
(b)硫酸錏對照區 氮60公斤／公頃（1小區施用硫酸錏3公斤+本地肥料）。
(c)本地肥料區 （施用自給肥料）。
2．小區面積爲一公畝(10m×10m)計2重複。
3．水稻品種選取各地栽培最普遍之品種。
4．栽培與管理，插秧方法採取正條密植，其他管理均照一般法行之。
(3)示範試驗之結果
1．水稻之生育狀況第一次在最高分葉期調查其結果，就全省平均數均相差無幾；第二次在收穫前調查其結果，亦與第一次甚相一致。
2．水稻之收量，就全省總平均數而言，若以硫酸錏區之谷實與藁稈收量各作爲100，則氰氮化鈣區之谷實與藁稈收量各爲98.4與97.6，其差異僅1.5~2.5%左右，誠屬微少。
3．由上示範試驗結果，顯示氰氮化鈣若充爲水稻田之基肥，施用得法，誠可以之代用硫酸錏。
(4)以上係第一次示範試驗之結果，但若氰氮化鈣每年赓賣連用，對于土壤及作物之影響，尚待來日之袖于突。In Taiwan, calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) is the only one native produced nitrogenous chemical fertilizer. The local farmers are quite familiar with the use of ammonium sulfate on different crops, especially on rice, but not with calcium cyanamide. The purpose of this project is to show the farmers the effectiveness of using calcium cyanamide for increasing production of rice plant, so that the farmers may use more cyanamide in the near future.
For the purpose, the demonstration of the application of calcium cyanamide on rice is designed as follows:
1. Six to seven villages in each prefecture are selected as demonstration centers and in each village, six to ten demonstrations are conducted. A total of 276 demonstrations are conducted and accomplished throughout the 31 villages scattered in thirteen prefectures.
2. Item of treatments are (a) local manure (compost or stable manure) plus 3 kg. of ammonium sulfate, (b) local manure plus 3 kg. of Calcium cyanamide, and (c) local manure only. Each demonstration consists of six plots in two replicates. The area of each plot is 0.01 ha. that is 10 m.×10 m.
3. Calcium cyanamide was applied to the field ten days before transplantation of rice seedling. Local variety of rice plant is selected for planting in each plot receiving pifferent treatments. Other management of the rice plant during cultivation was just the same as farmer's ordinary practice.
This demonstration is carried out in the second crop in 1950 and ended at the end of the same year. Its results may be outlined as follows:
Judging from the average height in centimeter and tillering in number of the rice plant surveyed at 50 days after transplantation and the day before harvest, respectively. There is distinct variation among the treatments mentioned above, throughout all the demonstration centers.
With average yield of rice plant among the 276 demonstrations and taking the average yield of rice grain and straw in the plot receiving the treatment of ammonium sulfate as 100, the average yield of the rice and straw in the plot receiving the treatment of calcium cyanamide is 98.4 and 97.6 respectively. That is only about 1.5 per cent less for rice grain and 2.4% less for straw due to the application of calcium cyanamide.
From the above fact we may obtain a conclusion that calcium cyanamide can be used as basic dressing and in place of ammonium sulfate, as the variation between the effect of calcium cyanamide and ammonium sulfate on the yield of rice plant is so little and may be neglected
(4(2):42-47)Results of Crossing the Rhode Island Red Male and Nagoya (Japanese Breed) Female of Poultry
No full text1．該F1之外觀色澤近似洛鳥紅，名古屋初生雛頭頂具有小黑點之特徵及腳脛鉛色已不復見。
2．該F1♀之平性成熱之體重範園爲1.680-2.335公斤，其平均爲1.928±0.196公斤，其性成熟年齡範國爲217-321天，平均爲256.380±36.374天，而並不較其兩親代者爲早。其體成熟年齡平均約爲十個月，公爲42星期，母爲46星期，母雞稍晚。
3．該F1，第一產卵記錄最高爲287枚，最低爲99枚，平均爲162.143±49.411枚，而較其親代產卵能力爲佳。至於F1第一產卵年卵重平均則爲52.485±4.346克，與其親代之名古屋者相近似而較洛島紅者稍輕，但不顯著。
4．該F1之育成率、生活力均甚佳，其卵之平均孵化率87.531±8.744%形而較其兩親代爲佳且顯著。
5．該F1在平均開始產卵時，每隻平均消耗飼料量共爲15.862公斤，若計算至其體成熟時每隻平均所消耗飼料量則爲21.5公斤，在體成熟後每隻平均日糧在82克左右，較一般純種雞隻消耗量爲省。
6．該F1，之籟（竹抱）性較其親代者爲強，尤較之洛島紅純種爲然。
Studies were conducted over two years period on the hybrids of male Rhode Island Red and female Nagoya. The data gave the following results.
1. The down color of the hybrid was more like that of the Rhode Island Red. The small black spot on the head of baby chick and the lead color shanks of Nagoya disappeared in F1.
2. The sexual maturity of this F1, averaged 256.380±36.374 days, not earlier than that of their parents. And the body maturity of this F1 was about 10 months. The F1 male gained the maximum body weight slightly earlier than the F1 female gained.
3. The egg record of hybrids in the first laying year were averagely 162.143±49.411, much better than their parents record. The averaged egg weight of hybrid was 52.485±4.348 grams nearly same as that of Nagoya and slightly smaller than that of Rhode Island Red, but with no significant difference shown.
4. The hybrids viability was very high and egg hatchability of F1 was 87.531±8.744 per cent, better than that of their parents.
5. During the period of day old chick to the first egg laying per bird consumed 15.862 kilogram of feeds. After the body maturity of this hybrids, the averaged quantity of ration, which was less than Other purebred during this time in general, was about 82 grams per bird per day.
6. The hybrids were higher incidence broodness
(30(4):412-419)柑橘木蝨 (Diaphorina citri K.) 之生態與空間分布之特性
No full textExperiments on spatial distribution of asiatic citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) were conducted at Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute from the winter of 1979 to the summer of 1981. Forty 4th or 5th instar nymphs of asiatic citrus psyllids were introduced on 240 pot-raised citrus saplings (Citrus reticulata var. Suenket) in greenhouse. The highest mean density observed was 57.1 nymphs per sapling. The relative degree of aggregation (m*/m) was high during the low population density period when D. citri was just introduced into greenhouse, and declined as the population density increased. This figure tended to be stable when the insect has been introduced into greenhouse for more than 2 months. The m*-m relationship in nymphal and adult populations were expressed as m*=3.86+2.83m, and m*=5.86+1.33m, respectively. Both nymph and adult aggregated to form colonies as distribution units and the units with random inntra-colony distribution distributed contagiously. The colony area ranged from 1 to 4 saplings.
Naturally occurring D. citri in field had m*-m relationship as m*=0.73+2.46m for nymph and m*=0.76+2.23m for adult. Both nymph and adult had smaller unit colonies in field than in greenhouse. The distribution of nymph and adult in field had similar aggregation tendency. The colony area in field was approximately 1-2 branches.本試驗於民國68年冬季至70年夏季在臺灣省農業試驗所溫室及田間進行，將40隻第4或第5齡木蝨（Diaphorina citri Kuwayama）幼蟲放飼於溫室內240株盆栽之酸橘（Citrus reticulata var. Suenket）苗上，任其繁衍，所得幼蟲最高密度為每株57.1隻。相對聚集度在木蝨剛開始繁衍密度尚低時很高，共後則隨族草之增長而降低，經2個月後趨於穩定。幼蟲與成蟲之m*-m關係可分別以m*= 3.86 + 2.83m 與 m*= 5.86 + 1.33m表示，幼蟲與成蟲均聚集成群落以為分布之單位，單位內之個體為逢機分布，單位之間為聚集性之分布。每一單位所占區域約為1~4苗木。
田間柑橘園內自然發生木蝨之棲群密度較溫室為低，且變化較大，其m*-m關係式在幼蟲為：m*= 0.73 + 2.46m，成蟲：m*= 0.76 + 2.23m。幼蟲及成蟲分布之單位均較溫室內者為小，此二時期之個體在田間分布之聚集性相似，分布單位所占之區域約為1~2分枝
(4(4):1-10)STUDIES ON BEHAVIOR OF CHROMOSOMES AND DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYOSACS AND POLLEN GRAINS IN HAPLOID RICE PLANT
No full text1．本研究係觀察單元體稻染色體之行爲，胚囊及花粉粒發生之過程，藉以解釋其不稔性之原因以及考察稻染色體組(genom)之構造者。
2．在花粉母細胞之肥厚期與第一中期，可認出1~2個之双價染色體(bivalent)。由單價染色體間之接合現象，可推想，在單元體之12個單價染色體之間亦有若干相同染色體之存在。
3．在大部份之情形下，胚囊母細胞在分裂直後形成兩個或三個大胞子，而此等大胞子不久即開始退化。正常胚囊則未能發現之。
4．在花粉發生之過程中，觀察相當於四分子之時期時，除可認出正常四分子之外，尚可認出三分子、二分子及一分子。
5．單元體稻完全不結實，其主要原因可歸於減數分裂之失敗。
1. The present paper describes the behavior of chromosomes in meiosis and the development of embryosacs and pollen grains in haploid rice plant.
2. Two haploid plants were observed; in both of them, pollen mother cells at diakinesis of first metaphase were found to have one or two bivalent chromosomes. This seems to suggest that certain chromosomes in haploid set are to some extent homologus with each other.
3. The second division was not found in a majority of pollen mother cells. This seems to be due to the failure of the first division.
4. In a larger part of cases, two or three megaspores were formed from an embryosac mother cell and they seemed to degenerate soon. No normal embryosac tetrad was found.
5. The number of microspores produced from one pollen mother cell varied from two to four.
6. The haploid plants were completly sterile due to the failure of meiosis such as mentioned above