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Revision of the genus Theopea Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) in Sundaland and the Philippines: Redefinition of the genus
No full textThe genus Theopea Baly, 1864 is redefined. Seventeen species from Sundaland and the Philippines are recognized and classified into four species groups (including seven new species): T. impressa (Fabricius, 1801), T. longicollis (Jacoby, 1896), T. louwerensi Jolivet, 1951, T. lunduensis Mohamedsaid, 1998, T. chungi sp. nov. in the T. impressa group; T. flavipalpis Laboissere, 1940, T. guoi sp. nov., T. lui sp. nov., T. sabahensis sp. nov. in the T. flavipalpis group; T. elegantula Baly, 1864, T. pulchella Baly, 1864, T. fairmairei Duvivier, 1885, T. kedenburgi Weise, 1922. T. houjayi sp. nov., T. tsoui sp. nov., T. yuae sp. nov. in the T. pulchella group; and T. costata (Allard, 1889) in the T. costata group. The following new synonyms are established: Theopea pulchella Baly, 1864 = T. nigricollis Jacoby, 1892 syn. nov.; Theopea impressa (Fabricius, 1801) = T. impressa flavicornis Laboissere, 1940 syn. nov. and T. impressa malaccana Laboissere, 1940 syn. nov.; T. lunduensis Mohamedsaid, 1998 = T. sepilokensis Mohamedsaid. 2000 syn. nov. Lectotypes are designated for Crioceris impressa Fabricius, 1801, Ozomena longicollis Jacoby, 1896, Theopea elegantula Baly, 1864, T. fairmairei Duvivier, 1885, T. nigricollis Jacoby, 1892, and T. pulchella Baly, 1864. Theopea obliterata Jacoby, 1884, T. variabilis (Jacoby, 1887), T. incostata (Allard, 1889), T. clypeata Jacoby, 1896, T. modiglianii Jacoby, 1896, 7: dohrni (Jacoby, 1899), T. viridipennis (Jacoby, 1899), and T. weberi (Weise, 1913) are removed from Theopea and regarded as species incertae sedis
Ovary Culture of Banana
No full text以香蕉(Musa Cavendishii Lamb)子房及子房切段爲培植體，於組織培養環境下，探討培植體大小及培養基組成鹽類，氮源，碳素及生長調節物質等對子房培養發育的影響。
試驗材料採用長度4~8cm，重量2~5gm的子房，因其對處理有明顯反應，易觀察及比較。
香蕉子房在液態培養基中生長較在固態培養基中爲佳，鮮重，乾重、長度之增加亦較多。
子房在MS大量鹽類，全量、二分之一、四分之一、八分之一四種用量中，外觀並無不同，長度及乾重之增加經鄧肯氏多種變域測驗法分析無顯著之差異，但全量MS對子房鮮重之增加較其他各組爲顯著。
在所試蔗糖、葡萄糖及果糖三種糖類中，以蔗糖較適合子房之生長，葡萄糖及果糖都會引起子房基部不同程度的褐化。6%之蔗糖爲試驗結果中最佳之濃度。
所試五種氮源，KNO3+(NH4)2SO4，KNO3，(NH4)2SO4，Urea, glutamine中，NH(上標 +)4-N引起子房基部褐化的程度較NO(上標 -)3-N所引起者爲輕，兩者合用較單獨使用之效果爲佳。
生長調節物質中，phenoxy acids類auxin(2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, 0-CPA, P-CPA)，對香蕉子房長度之增加皆有明顯的促進作用，但濃度超過1mg/ℓ，子房生長過速彎曲呈S型，甚至頂部褐化。BA與GA3對香蕉子房之正常生長甚有助益，有助於果肉之生長。
試管中培養之香蕉果肉有澱粉堆積，果皮有單寧細胞存在，培養16~20週後，會自發轉黃而成熟，成熟時果重約15~30公克，約爲自然成長者的七分之一。
Banana (Musa Cavendishii Lamb) ovaries and ovary segments were cultured and its responses in growth and development were followed. The experimental factors included: (1) size of explant, (2) form of media, (3) concentration of macro-element salts, (4) source of carbohydrate, (5) concentration of sucrose and (6) concentrations and combinations of growth regulators. The results are as follows:
Ovaries, 4-8 cm in length and 2-5 gm in weight, collected from the 3rd to 8th hands of emering inflorescence responed to culture much better in growth and development. Ovaries of smaller or larger sizes showed little response to culture.
Growth of ovary expressed in increase in fresh weight, dry weight and length were higher in liguid than on agar media. There were no difference in external appearance and in length and weight of ovaries cnltured in media containing macro-elements of MS salt (1962) in 1, 1/2, 1/4, and 1/8 strength. But the increase in fresh weight of ovaries cultured in full strength of MS salts was significantly higher than in other treatments.
Sucrose gave much better growth than glucose or fructose. Growth of ovaries in 6% sucrose was better than in 3% or 9%. NH4(superscript +)-N was more suitable for culture of banana ovaries than NO3(superscript -)-N. With the same concentration of nitrogen, NH(superscript +)4-N and NO(superscript -)3-N in combination gave better growth than either one used alone.
In comparison with the indole auxins, phenoxy acid auxins (2, 4-D, 2, 4, 5-T, O-CPA, P-CPA) in concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 5, 10 mg/l showed promotive effects on increase in length of ovaries. With concentrations higher than 1 mg/l, ovaries became curvature of S shape possibly due to unequal growth in different portion. BA and GA3 in concentrations of 1, 5, 10 mg/l gave normal growth of ovary filled with pulp.
Starch grains in pulp and tannin cells in peel of cultured ovary were detected. Cultured ovaries became yellow and showed the sign of ripening after 16 to 20 weeks in culture. The weight of ripened ovaries ranged from 15 to 30 gms, about one-seventh of the weight of a normal fruit
Genome-wide association mapping of gene loci affecting disease resistance in the rice-Fusarium fujikuroi pathosystem
No full textBackground Rice bakanae disease has emerged as a new threat to rice production. In recent years, an increase in the occurrence and severity of bakanae disease has been reported in several areas in Asia. Although bakanae disease affects rice yield and quality, little is known about the genetics of bakanae resistance in rice. The lack of large-scale screens for bakanae resistance in rice germplasm has also limited the development and deployment of resistant varieties. Results A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify genes/loci conferring bakanae resistance in rice. A total of 231 diverse accessions from Rice Diversity Panel 1 (RDP1) were inoculated with a highly virulent Taiwanese Fusarium fujikuroi isolate and assessed for resistance using two parameters: (1) disease severity index based on visual rating and (2) colonization rate determined by reisolation of F. fujikuroi from the basal stems of infected rice seedlings. We identified 14 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) (10 for disease severity and 4 for colonization rate), including 1 mapped for both parameters. A total of 206 candidate genes were identified within the 14 QTLs, including genes encoding leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing and NB-ARC (nucleotide-binding adaptor shared by APAF-1, R proteins, and CED-4) proteins, hormone-related genes, transcription factor genes, ubiquitination-related genes, and oxidase/oxidoreductase genes. In addition, a candidate QTL (qBK1.7) that co-localized with the previously identified QTLs qBK1 and qFfR1, was verified by linkage analysis using a population of 132 recombinant inbred lines derived from IR64 x Nipponbare. GWAS delineated qBK1.7 to a region of 8239 bp containing three genes. Full-length sequencing across qBK1.7 in 20 rice accessions revealed that the coding regions of two LRR-containing genes Os01g0601625 and Os01g0601675 may be associated with bakanae resistance. Conclusions This study facilitates the exploitation of bakanae resistance resources in RDP1. The information on the resistance performance of 231 rice accessions and 14 candidate QTLs will aid efforts to breed resistance to bakanae and uncover resistance mechanisms. Quantification of the level of F. fujikuroi colonization in addition to the conventional rating of visual symptoms offers new insights into the genetics of bakanae resistance
(69(1): 65-76)Pseudobulb Rot of Cymbidium Caused by Fusarium oxysporum
No full text假球莖腐敗病 (pseudobulb rot) 為小花蕙蘭生產過程中重要病害之一。受害植株初期下位葉片失去光澤、失水，爾後呈現黃化、萎凋狀。當葉片整片褐化後易抽起與葉鞘分離，只遺留假球莖及殘留之葉基部，最後造成植株死亡，剖開罹病植株可見假球莖與連接根部組織呈黑褐化腐敗病徵。由罹病組織可穩定分離到一種鐮孢菌，該類鐮孢菌在馬鈴薯葡萄糖瓊脂 (potato dextrose agar; PDA)。於室溫25–30℃、光照環境下，其培養菌落形態可區分為兩型 (type)，type-I 菌株之菌落為淡紫色，而type-II 菌株之菌落為土黃色。依據病原菌形態特徵及分子序列鑑定結果，此兩型的鐮孢菌皆被鑑定為Fusarium oxysporum。此兩型的病原菌，皆可造成蕙蘭屬中報歲蘭與四季蘭之假球莖與根部黑褐色腐敗。此兩型的病原菌菌絲生長溫度範圍為16–32℃，最適溫度為24–28℃；孢子發芽溫度範圍為16–36℃，最適溫度為24–36℃；最適本病害發生溫度為25–30℃。此兩型的病原菌不僅危害報歲蘭與四季蘭外，亦可在虎頭蘭之假球莖上造成類似病徵，但在其他蘭花如文心蘭、仙履蘭、嘉德麗雅蘭及石斛蘭植株上皆未見病徵產生。
A kind of disease causing pseudobulb rot disease was commonly observed in Cymbidium cultivation area in Taiwan. The disease symptoms included yellowing or withering of leaves and finally plant death. All the infected plants showed brown rot of pseudobulb and root. Two strains of Fusarium sp. showing different colony types were consistently isolated from the infected pseudobulbs and roots. On potato dextrose agar at 25–30℃ cultured under 12 h photoperiod for more than 2 weeks, type-I isolates presented light purple colony and type-II isolates presented terra yellow colony. In disease investigation, the isolation frequency of type-I Fusarium was much higher than type-II Fusarium. Both of these two types of Fusarium sp. were identified as Fusarium oxysporum based on morphological characteristics as well as sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF-1α) genes. Pathogenicity test of these two pathogens on Cymbidium sinense and Cymbidium ensifolium (by inoculation of spore suspension on root, pseudobulb and leaf) was confirmed for fulfilling the Koch’s postulates. The temperature range for mycelial growth of these two types of pathogen was the same at 16–32℃ (optimal at 24–28℃), and for spore germination was the same at 16–36℃ (optimal at 24–36℃). The temperature range for disease development of type-1 F. oxysporum was 15–30℃ (optimal at 25–30℃). The host range test showed that these two types of pathogen could infect C. sinense, C. ensifolium and Cymbidium hookerianum, but not other tested orchids, such as Oncidium flexuosum, Paphiopedilum insigne, Cattleya and Dendrobium moniliforme
Evaluation of white sweet potato tube-feeding formula in elderly diabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial
No full textWhite sweet potato;Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Tube feeding;Enteral nutritionBackground Elderly people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have an increased risk of diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular complications, thus diabetic patients with a functioning gastrointestinal tract but without sufficient oral intake require enteral nutrition (EN) formulas to control blood glucose. White sweet potato (WSP) was a kind of sweet potato could provide a healthy carbohydrate source to EN formula. The aim of this study was to examine at risk of malnutrition T2DM patients whether a WSP-EN would attenuate glucose response and elevate nutritional index compared to a standard polymeric formulas. Methods In this randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled, pilot clinical trial to investigate the effects of EN with WSP on aged residents with T2DM in long-term care institutions. In total, 54 eligible participants were randomly assigned to either the non-WSP-EN or WSP-EN group. For 60 days, the WSP-EN group received a WSP formula through nasogastric tube via a stoma with a large-bore syringe. The participants received EN of standard polymeric formulas without WSP in the non-WSP-EN group. Results The body weight, body mass index, Mini Nutritional Assessment score, and Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index were significantly higher in the WSP-EN group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the WSP-EN intervention reduced glycated hemoglobin levels (6.73% +/- 1.47% vs. 6.40% +/- 1.16%), but increased transferrin (223.06 +/- 38.85 vs. 245.85 +/- 46.08 mg/dL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (42.13 +/- 10.56 vs. 44.25 +/- 8.43 mg/dL), and vitamin A (2.45 +/- 0.77 vs 2.74 +/- 0.93 mu M) levels (p < 0.05). In addition, there was no important side effects including gastrointestinal intolerance with prescribed doses in our WSP-EN treated patients when compared with control ones. Conclusions The results suggest WSP incorporated into enteral formulas can improve nutrition status and glycemic control in elderly diabetic patients
Quality Analysis of Commercial Phosphate-solubilizing Bio-fertilizer Products
No full text高品質的微生物肥料才能在田間提高植物營養元素的吸收及促進植物生長，而政府的品質管控有助於微生物肥料產品在田間獲得更好和更一致的結果，而且還可以從市場上去除品質差的產品，進而提高農民的信心。本文將介紹農業試驗所於 2017 年與 2018 年購買市面上販售的溶磷菌肥料產品，進行溶磷菌有效活菌數、雜菌率、溶磷環、溶磷活性及菌種鑑定，其檢測方法參考農糧署公告的微生物肥料檢驗項目之檢驗方法。由 2017 年檢測結果可知，農業試驗所由市面上購得的 14 個溶磷菌肥料產品只有 5 個皆符合農糧署微生物肥料規定，合格率為36%。由 2018 年檢測結果可知，16 個市售溶磷菌肥料產品只有8個皆符合農糧署微生物肥料規定，合格率為 50%。上述檢測結果為國內微生物肥料產品上市以來第一次全面性的微生物肥料產品之品質分析，該分析資料可提供農糧署在微生物肥料產品品質管控以及未來微生物肥料法規修改之參考。
Only bio-fertilizers with good quality can assure its promotion in plant nutrients absorption and growth in the field, and the supervision of product quality from government side could play another key role not only in helping bio-fertilizers provide a better and consistent results in the field, but also in eliminating products with bad quality. Both efforts could enhance the farmers’ confidence in these microbial products. In this report, all of the analysis results of commercial phosphate-solubilizing bio-fertilizers, purchased from markets from 2017 to 2018 were documented. The scope of product analysis included total plate count of viable microbes, contamination rate, phosphate-solubilizing zone, phosphate-solubilizing activity, target species identification. All of methodologies followed the publications by Agriculture and Food Agency (AFA). In 2017, only 5 among 14 commercial products (36%) met the requirements by AFA . In 2018, only 8 among 16 commercial products (50%) met the requirements by AFA. This is the first product quality report about commercial phosphate-solubilizing bio-fertilizers. This result will be submitted to AFA and referred to revise the management law of bio-fertilizers in the future
The Assessment of Phosphate-Solubilizing Microbial Fertilizer by Periwinkle and Cucumber
No full text國內目前微生物肥料尚無肥料效果及活性指標規範。以盆栽日日春為指標作物之肥效試驗，結果顯示二種市售溶磷菌皆無促進植物磷肥吸收之淨效益。無論有無滅菌之菌劑，皆會降低土壤之pH 值，並同時稍降低土壤磷濃度。日日春是否能真實反應微生物之肥效仍待觀察。小胡瓜之肥效田間試驗，結果顯示商品A 溶磷菌無促進植物磷肥吸收之淨效益，其中滅菌處理，甚至對植株有顯著負面影響，推測或許與其成分中含尿素較高，經加熱產生縮二脲酸對植株造成的毒害。商品Ｂ處理之小胡瓜產量與全量化肥處理之相當，經滅菌處理則與對照相當，顯示此商品確有肥效。
In Taiwan, it is not necessary to submit an experiment report of fertilizer effect whenever application for registration of microbial fertilizer is needed. Furthermore, there is no regulation for the quantitative test of viable indicators. The result of periwinkle pot test showed that the treatments of these two commercial PSM (phosphate-solubilizing microbial) present non positive effects to the plant growth and phosphate uptake. Whatever sterilized or not, two goods could reduce the pH and Bray I phosphate concentration of the test soil. was completed. The result of the cucumber field trials showed that PSA treatment present non positive effects to the plant growth and yields. In addition to, PSA fertilizer present minus effects significantly, caused by the toxicity from biuret, generated from heating, speculatively. On the other hand, PSB present positive effect to the plant growth and yield, showed that PSB is a effective product
Applications of Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria in Zea mays Production
No full text本研究目的在針對市售2 種溶磷菌，對玉米肥效及整合性施肥應用進行評估。肥效試驗方面：玉米含苞葉穗重及單軸穗重，分別以½施肥量＋滅菌液處理及½施肥量＋菌液處理，顯著高於全量肥料推薦用量處理，在可溶性固形物 (°Brix ) 之表現，各處理間無顯著差異。在整合性施肥應用方面：春作於酸性土壤之試驗結果顯示，不施有機肥處理方面，僅單軸穗重½肥料推薦用量＋菌粉處理，顯著優於全量肥料推薦用量處理。在基肥施用稻殼灰炭方面，½肥料推薦用量＋菌粉及菌液2 個處理，在含苞葉穗重及單軸穗重，均顯著優於全量肥料推薦用量處理。在秋裡作於鹼性土壤之試驗結果顯示，含苞葉穗重及單軸穗重，均以⅔肥料+菌液及全量肥料+菌粉2 項處理，顯著優於對照組。而在可溶性固形物之表現，2 期作各處理間，均無顯著優於對照組。
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of corn fertilization and integrated fertilization on two commercially available phosphate solubilizing bacteria.The fertilizer efficiency test showed that: The ear weight and uniaxial ear weight of maize were treated with 1/2 fertilization amount + sterilizing solution and 1/2 fertilization amount + bacterial liquid treatment, which was significantly higher than the recommended dosage of whole fertilizer. There was no significant difference between the treatments at °Brix. The integrated fertilization application showed that: Spring was tested in acidic soil, and no organic fertilizer treatment was applied. Only uniaxial ear weight 1/2 fertilizer recommended dosage + bacterial powder treatment, significantly better than the total amount of fertilizer recommended treatment. In the application of rice husk ash biochar in base fertilizer, the recommended dosage of ½ fertilizer + bacterial powder and bacterial liquid treatment, the weight of glutinous leaves and the weight of uniaxial ears were significantly better than the recommended dosage of whole fertilizer. Test for alkaline soil in autumn: In the weight of glutinous tassel and uniaxial ear weight, it was treated with ⅔ fertilizer + bacterial liquid and full fertilizer + bacterial powder, which was significantly better than the control group. Performance at °Brix showed that: There was no significant difference between the two treatments in the treatments