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Effect of Deep Seeding Condition on Seedling Characters of Dwarf Rice Near-isogenic Lines Derived from Different Genetic Background
No full textIn order to investigate the variation of seedling characters in different dwarf genes under deep seeding condition, Taichung65 and its near-1sogenic lines were used in this investigation. The emergence ability and seedling characters of sd-1(T65) and sd-7(T65) were similar to T65 under the deep seeding (5,7cm) however d-1(T65) had significant lower emergence ability. Near-1sogenic lines of sd-1(T65), sd-7(T65) and T65 emerged with the elongation of incomplete leaf internode and the 1st leaf internode, however elongation of the 1st~2nd leaf internode was observed for d-1(T65). At 5cm seeding depth, T65 and its dwarf near-1sogenic lines were emerged by the 1st leaf. Although T65 'also emerged by 1 st leaf at 7crn seeding depth, its near-1sogenic lines emerged by the 2nd leaf with the tendency of d-1(T65)＞sd-7(T65)＞sd-1(T65).
The emergence ability and seedling characters of sd-1(T6S) and sd-1(S) under deep seeding were investigated further. At 5cm seeding depth, the differences were found on mesocotyl to 1st leaf internode, 1st leaf blade, seedling length, and leaf number was found. At 7cm seedling depth, different on length of internode, leaf sheath and blade were observed. The emergence ability and seedling characters of d-1(T65) and d-1(S) under deep seeding were similar. Difference on mesocotyl and incomplete leaf internode to the 1st leaf internode were found at 5cm seeding depth and the 1st leaf internode and height of seedling was found differently at 7cm seeding depth
健康種子群集檢測中受感染種子比例及其信賴區間估計之新電腦程式
No full textA new computer program was developed to calculate the maximum likelihood estimate of the proportion of infected seeds in a seed lot, the confidence limit for the specified confidence level, the fitted values and a chi-squared statistic for testing the goodness-of-fit. By taking into account overdispersion, a phenomenon that is also known as heterogeneity, the new software can overcome the limitations of the Seed Test analysis program (Ridout and Roberts, 1995) when the data has a poor fit to the model. The merits of this program are that it uses a generalized linear model for binomial data with complementary log-log (CLL) link function to estimate the proportion of seed infected and that it establishes the confidence limit using the Score method, which is shown to have the optimal properties to meet some criteria when allowance is made for overdispersion. To illustrate the program, several data sets for the determination of seed-transmission rates of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) in bottle gourds are analyzed.
在本文中我們發展一套新的電腦程式，目的在計算種子批中受感染種子比例的最大概度估計值與其信賴區間，並且呈現檢測中陽性反應配適值與卡方分析之適合度檢定。新的程式最大優勢是考慮資料過度離勢現象（又稱異質性），進而克服了英國園藝研究機構先所研提程式的缺點；在估計種子批的感染種子比例上，這程式使用了互補雙對數連接函數之廣義線性模式來加以處理，且利用有相當不錯性質的計分方法來建構信賴區間，最後本文並以數批扁蒲種子受胡瓜綠斑嵌紋病毒感染為例，來闡述此程式的實用性與應用價值
Changes in Physical and Chemical Properties in the Fruit of Different Litchi Cultivars (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) During Browning
No full text本研究針對荔枝果皮褐化現象進行生理特性之調查，找尋具代表性之生理反應，作為荔枝採收後果皮褐化的觀察指標。以早熟品種三月紅(San Yue Hong)、楠西(Nan Shi)、玉荷包(Yu Her Pau)和晚熟品種大造(Da Zao)和黑葉(Haak Yip)品種果實為材料，荔枝果實採收後貯藏於20℃、相對濕度80%貯藏庫內，果實分別貯藏約6～10天後，果皮褐化面積會達25%以上，失去商品價值。不同品種間果皮色澤有明顯差異。荔枝果實失重、果皮離子滲漏率和pH值隨著貯藏時間增加而逐漸增加，果皮花青素(anthocyanin)含量、丙二醛(malondialdehyde)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenoloxidase)和過氧化氫酶(peroxidase)活性則因品種而有不同趨勢變化。利用簡單線性回歸分析顯示，果皮亮度、b值、離子滲漏率、果實失重率與果皮褐化指數變化之間具顯著相關性。因此，荔枝果皮亮度、b值、離子滲漏率與果實失重率皆可作為荔枝果皮褐化反應判定和預知其進行的有效指標
Planting System in Relation to the Yields of Some Strains of the Smooth Cayenne Pineapple
No full text(1)本試驗採複因子設計，逢機區集排列法參試因子有三個①鳳梨品系有二號系及三菱系二變級；②畦距有三尺及四尺二變級，③株距有一尺，一尺二寸及一尺五寸三變級，共十二種組合處理，重複四次。全部用裔芽苗作雙行交點栽植，行距概爲二尺。
(2)本試驗之田間管理皆按一般鳳梨栽培法進行，未施促進開花之電石處理，亦未進行除冠芽，除裔芽等工作，施肥則以株爲單位，每株每年施硫酸錏484公分，過磷酸鈣15.2公分，硫酸鉀90公分。
(3)一個更新期三回收穫之鳳梨生果之産量記錄，經變方分析之結果，品系，畦距，株距及品系×株距之F測驗皆極顯著。
(4)二號系之産量，顯高於三菱系，每公頃一個更新期三回收穫産量，二號系超出三菱系達18.8公噸，差異極爲顯著。
(5)畦距爲三尺者産量顯高於四尺者，差異極爲顯著，株距一尺者産量最高，與一尺二寸者及一尺五寸者之産量相比較，差異皆極顯著，一尺二寸者與一尺五寸者間産量差異亦極顯著。
(6)以二號系言，産量因株距之漸寬而依次遞減，三種株距相互間之産量差異皆極顯著，但在三菱系，株距一尺及一尺二寸間之差異不顯著，一尺二寸與一尺五寸間之差異顯著，一尺與一尺五寸之差異則極爲顯著，可見在三菱系，株距相差二寸，産量差異並不顯著，相差至三寸或三寸以上産量差異始顯著。
(7)在株距爲一尺及一尺二寸時，二號系與三菱系間之産量差異，皆極爲顯著，株距寬至一尺五寸，兩品系間之産量差異即不顯著，可見株距放寬至一尺五寸，不論栽植二號系或三菱系，其産量殆無顯著差異，株距縮小一二寸每公頃栽植株數即增加葚多，由本試驗之結果觀之，二號系校之三菱系更適於密植。
(8)二號系栽植最密區，畦、行、株距爲三尺、二尺、一尺者産量最高，每公頃一個更新期三回收穫總産量達120.96公頃，與其他十一區相比較差異皆極顯著，栽植最疏區畦、行、株距爲四尺、二尺、一尺五寸者，品系不論爲二號系或三菱系，産量皆最低，與上述之最高産量區相比較，總産量相差達60-65公噸之多，密植增産之效果至爲明顯。
(9)從三回收穫之果實成熟期觀之，各季果實以夏果占大多數，春果産量最少，在總産量上，所占比例甚微，冬果産量亦不多，僅占總産量之九分之一以下，冬果之等級，大体上言，兩品系皆以一等品所占比例較二等品爲高，但夏果之等級顯然因品系而異，在二號系，各種栽植距離皆以一等品果實較二等品果實爲多，在三菱系，適相反，不論栽植疏密，一等品果實皆較二等品果實爲少。
(10)每公頃一個更新期三回收穫之總收益，由於不同等級果實在價格上之差異，品系間之栽植距離間之差異更見顯著。
(11)鳳梨植株産生吸芽和裔芽之數目因品系而異，完全受遺傳因子之控制，與栽植之疏密無關。二號系産生吸芽早，産生裔芽之數目每株平均僅三枚，三菱系産生吸芽遲、而裔芽之數目每株平均多達六枚以上。
(12)多冠芽之發生率與栽植疏密無關。兩品系産生多冠芽果實之數目，亦無顯明差別。
As the planting distances and strains of the Smooth Cayenne variety play an essential role on the crop in pineapple, it is of great importance to ascertain the optimum spacing, between double-rows and between plants in the row, as well as a desirable strain for closer planting in order to obtain a maximum yield. This experiment was a 2×2×3 factorial randomized complete block design with four replications, using 900×300cm, plots. The three factors consisted of two levels of strains of the Smooth Cayenne variety, i.e. the No. 2 strain and the San-Ling strain; two levels of spacing between double-rows, i.e. 90cm. and 120cm.; three levels of spacing between plants in the row. i.e. 30cm., 36cm., and 45cm., as a total of twelve treatment combinations. The distance between rows were 60cm. in all plots. The experiment was conducted at the Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station. Slips were used as planting material which were planted at the beginning of October, 1956. The field was managed as usual way. Neither de-crown nor de-slip was done after flowering of the summer crops as it was usually done by farmers in Taiwan for improving the form and size of fruit. Nor was calcium carbide treatment made for hastening the flower bud formation. Compost was used as basic manure. 0.4kg. compost per plant was applied about 30cm. under the soil surface between rows on the bed. Chemical fertilizers were applied four times a year. 13gm, of ammonium sulfate and 23gm, of a 10-6-10 mixed fertilizer were applied to each plant alternatively.
Since the winter of 1946, fruits harvested were weighed and graded individually according to size. They were graded into four size classes in the conventional way with rigid iron rings having inside diameter of 130, 115 and 100 millimeters. One week before every summer crop began to be harvested, numbers of suckers and slips on the fruit-bearing plants were counted. The filed was carried into the second rations, namely a plant crop and two ratoon crops were harvested.
Results obtained may be summarized as follows:
(1) The analysis of variance made on the total yield data from the three harvests showed that the effects of strains, spacings between double-row, spacings between plants in the row and the interaction for strains and the spacings between plants in the row were highly significant.
(2) The No. 2 strain prodnced 94.6 metric tons of fruit per hectare as a total yield of the three harvests, which was 19.8 metric toms more than the yield of the San-ling strain.
(3) By decreasing the distance between paired-rows from 120cm. to 90 cm. the yield of the three harvests per hectare increase almost 12.8 metric tons or 16.2%.
(4) As to the spacing between plants in the row, yields increased progressively with the reduction in spacing from 45cm to 30cm between plants, (the maximum increase being 30.6 metric tons hectare) The difference in yield between any two of the three spacing levels were all statistically very significant.
(5) In case of the No. 2 strain, yield decreased with the increase of the spacing between plants in the row, difference in yields between any two levels of which showed statistically very significant. While in case of the San-Ling strain, although yield decreased too with the increase of the spacing between plants in the row, difference in yields, between 30 cm. and 30cm. was not significant, between 36cm. and 45cm. significant, and between 30cm. and 45cm. very significant.
(6) When the spacings between plants in the row were 30cm. and 36cm. there were very significant differences in yields between the both strains. Spacing increases to 45cm. the difference in yield between them showed insignificant. Obviously the San-Ling strain is quite undesirable for closer planting.
(7) The highest yield was obtained in the closest planting. i.e. spacings between beds, rows, and plants were 90-60-30cm. planted the No .2 strain which giving a total yield of fruit of three harvests up to 120.96 metric tons per hectare, comparing this treatment with any other eleven treatments, the differences in yield were all statistieally very significant, in the case of the widest spacings. i.e. spacings between beds, rows, and plants were 120-60-45 cm. yields were the lowest in both strains among the twelve treatments. Differences between that highest and these lowest yields were 62-65 metric tons per hectare. This fact proves that the effect of close spacing on yield is very prominent.
(8) A majority of the total yield was given by the summer crop and less than one nineth of which by the winter crop, and only a very small portion of which by the spring crop. As concerning to the grades of all the fruits, both strains produced a large proportion (in weight) of first-class fruits than second-class ones in winter crop. But in the summer crop, fruit grades differed with the different strains. The No. 2 strain produced more first-class fruits than second-class ones, On the contrary the San-Ling strain produced fist-class fruits less than the second-class ones.
(9) Suckering in the plant crop was uniform at all spacings of a given strain, but was different in average number per plant with different strains. The same case was the number of slips per plant in the plant crop. Obviously the formation of suckers and slips is controlled by genetic genes. The No. 2 strain produced suckers earlier and slips less in number than the San-Ling strain.
(10) It was found that the formation of multiple crown fruit, which has been fairly common in pineapple plantations in Taiwan, showed no relation to the planting system. Moreover both strains produced a very similar percentage of multiple crown fruit. (average 9.40%, the No. 2 strain 8.31%, and the San-Ling strain 10.49%)
Under the climatic conditions of Taiwan and the methods of crop management employed, the closer spacing does not interfere with cultural or harvesting operations. Cuite apart from the increased yield per hectare which could be expected in an average season, closer spacing would be an advantage from the point of view of weed control and soil moisture conservation; the greater shading of the soil between be rows tends to suppress weed growth early in the growing period and to reduce the loss of soil moisture by evaporation.
The No. 2 strain possesses several distinctive or superior characteristics, such as it producing suckers ealier, forming slips less in number and the most important, being more productive and more favaurable to closer planting. So this strain should be propagated and distributed to the farmers in large exten in the near future in order to substitute the San-Ling strain which was commonly cultivated by farmers in Taiwan
Studies on the Response of Fruit Set and the Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Fruiting of Tomato under Summer High Temperature in Taiwan
No full text1 . 本試驗成Manalee番茄為材料，在全省二地區分期播種，並用五種植物生長素配合成不同濃度及處理方法，以探討臺灣夏季高溫下番茄結果現象及植物生長素對番茄結果之影響(表1、2)。
2. 臺灣夏季高溫致使番茄結果率顯著降低，氣溫愈高期其結果率愈低， 而結果來降低之原因之一起授粉受精困難，最顯著之原因為柱頭容易在開花前伸出花藥筒外，以致使授粉困難(表3、4、5及圖2 )。
3. 植物生長素在夏季高溫期對促進番茄結果、產量均有極顯著之效果， 但在適溫期則效果不顯著;其在夏季之效果依TRYLONE、TOMATOTONE、PCPA 、2,4-D 及TOMACON 之順序前者高於後者。。而對於增進果重方面，則以 2,4-D 之效果最大， TRYLONE 之效果最少。各濃度及處理方法間並無顯著差異。(表6,7,8, 9)
4. 植物生長素對番茄植株均有發生輕微藥害現象，藥害程度以愈高濃度在愈高溫期愈為明顯，其中以2,4-D之藥害最嚴重(圖4)
5. 植物生是素處理對番茄果實有發生畸型、裂果及空心果之單為結果現象(圖5,6,7,8) 。但在愈高溫期不良果之發生愈為嚴重， 植物生長素中以2,4-D 發生不良果最多， TRYLONE 最少， 且各植物生長素亦以高濃度者在高溫期較易發生(表10)
1. This study was conducted in order to investigate the condition of tomato fruit set and the effect of plant growth regulators on tomato fruiting under summer high temperature in Taiwan. The Manalee variety of tomato was used and Sown on different date at Fengshan & Hsinchu, the sbuth.& north part of Taiwan respectively (Table 2). The kinds of plant growth regulators, concentrations and method of treatment used in this experiment are shown in table 1. 2. It is condsidered that the fruit set of tomato during summer in Taiwan is very badly. As the higher temperature period we grow tomato, the lower percentage of fruit set we obtain. One of the causes of the poor fruit set is attributed to the remarkable elongation of style with stigma elongated over the cone of anthers before flowering which affects the behavior of pollination and fertilization (Table 3, 4, 5 and Fig. 2). 3. The number of fruits, yields and fruit size were highly significant increased by treated with some plant growth regulators than untreated during summer high temperature condition, but non-significant were affected during the optimum temperature period. Among 5 kinds of plant growth regulators, arranged according to the effectiveness in increasing the fruit set as well as yield, were TRYLONE, TOMATOTONE, PCPA, 2,4-D and TOMACONCTable 6,7, 9). But 2,4-D was the best and TRYLONE was the poorest, and the other regulators lay between them in the effectiveness of increasing fruit size (Table 8). There are no difference among the concentrations of regulators and between the two methods of treatment. 4. The optimum temperature period always has the better result than summer high temperature period in fruit set, yield and fruit size of tomato in spite of treated with or without treated of regulators (Table 6, 7, 8, 9). 5. Slight injury of tomato plant (stunting, Fig. 4) was occured by treated with any regulator. However, the higher temperature period or the higher concentration of regulator was used, the heavier injury of plant was found. Among these regulators, 2,4-D might injure more easily than orthers. 6. As the higher temperature condition we grew tomato or the higher concentration of regulator we used to treat on tomato, the higher percentage of abnormal shape, cracking and puffy parthenocarpic ifruit we obtained (Table 10 and Fig. 5, 6, 7, 8). 2,4-D was the highest and TRYLONE was the lowest in increasing the percentage of abnormal fruit