Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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Effects of Seed Size on Germination and Vigour of Cabbage Seeds
No full text本文進行探討甘藍(Brassica oleracea L. Capitate group cv. Oscar)種子大小對發芽、萌牙、幼苗生長與加速老化之影響，將1984年採收具高活力之兩批種子1984-1與1984-2分成三級之種子爲對照。在標凖發芽試驗中顯示發芽與正常幼苗之百分率不受種子大小影響，在人工氣候室9~25℃之溫度範圍內，幼苗萌芽百分率萌芽速率亦不受影響，然而，幼苗鮮重與種子大小卻有極密切之關係，種子越大，幼苗生長越佳，因此，甘藍幼苗之生長係受種子大小所左右。
The effect of seed size of cabbage seeds (Brassica oleracea L. Capikita group cv. Oscar) on germination, emergence, seedling growth and the sensitivity to rapid ageing were studied. Seed lots of 1984-1 and 1984-2 showing high vigour were separated into 3 fractions, unsorted seeds served as control. Seed size had no effect on germination and percentage normal seedlings in the standard laboratory germination test. It did also not affect the final percentage emergence at temperatures ranging 9 from 25℃ at phytotron conditions, nor the rate of emergence. However, seedling fresh-weight was closely related to seed size, the larger the seed, the better seedling growth. Thus, seed size influenced seedling growth irrespective of the physiological age of the seeds
The Characteristics of a Causal Agent of Common Bean wilt and Its Pathogenicity
No full text西元2001年，於南投縣集集鎮的菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)栽培田發生植株萎凋死亡的現象，隨後也在埤頭、魚池及頭社等地區發現菜豆植株萎凋、黃化的病徵。受害植株地下部的根系大多發育不良，根莖部的維管束褐化，病勢蔓延至葉片，繼而全葉枯黃脫落。自罹病菜豆分離病原菌，共獲得FOP-044、FOP-061及FOP-091等12個菌株。各菌株培養在馬鈴薯葡萄糖瓊脂培養基斜面，其菌落顏色為白色或粉橘紅色，可在試管壁形成細小的菌絲結。多數菌株的菌落生長基質呈深紫色；部分菌株會出現數目不等的深墨綠色(dark bluish green)菌核體(sclerotial bodies)。孢子有大孢子、小孢子及厚膜孢子等三種：大孢子呈鐮刀形，具典型的足細胞，大小3.0-6.0×25.0-35.0 μm（平均4.5×30.0 μm），以3-4個隔膜的大孢子較多；小孢子為橢圓或臘腸形，無色，大小2.0-3.8×3.8-11.4 μm（平均2.9×7.6μm）；厚膜孢子大多形成於菌絲間，亦有頂生者，球形至橢圓形，大小2.0-4.0×6.0-15.0 μm（平均3.0×10.5 μm）。大小分生孢子皆著生於分生孢子梗(conidiophore)的瓶狀枝(phialide)上，小孢子呈假頭狀排列。孢子堆呈橙黃色、平鋪型或粒狀型。將FOP-044與FOP-091菌株接種於16種不同作物，結果發現僅菜豆可被其感染。另外取Fusarium oxysporum其他分化種的菌株接種於菜豆上，發現只有由罹病菜豆植株分離到的菌株才能感染菜豆。依上述菌株之形態特徵與病原性，參照Booth氏、Nelson氏等及Gerlach氏與Nirenberg氏之Fusarium分類系統，將引起菜豆萎凋病之病原菌鑑定為F. oxysporum Schlechtend.: Fr. f. sp. phaseoli J. B. Kendrick and W. C. Snyder。本菌最適生長溫度介於24至28℃之間。最適分生孢子發芽的酸鹼值為pH6。最適發病溫度介於24至28℃之間。利用浸根接種法與病菌土接種法，發現菜豆萎凋病的罹病度，會隨著接種菌量濃度的增加而越趨嚴重。菜豆品種間以扁圓莢有絲－屏東大莢最為耐病；而以圓莢無筋絲83-10-28最為感病。
In 2001, a disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was observed in central Taiwan fields. The fungus traversed the vascular bundles throughout almost the entire stem and extended into the branches and the petioles of the leaves. The vascular bundles were conspicuously discolored and extended from the root. In the early stage the color of the leaves turn to bright yellow, later to dark brown. The leaves finally dried up and dropped off. The fungus, Fusarium oxysporum, was consistently isolated from all affected plants. Twelve isolates of the fungus isolated from the diseased tissues were able to cause a wilt disease of common bean, but did not cause any visible symptom in other crops, while other formae speciales of F. oxysporum could not cause a wilt disease of common bean after inoculation in greenhouse. According to the morphological characteristics and pathogenicity tests, the pathogen was identified as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli. The fungus produced the blue-purple colony. Sporodochia appeared discrete or confluent, straw or orange. Sclerotial bodies were sparse to abundant, dark bluish green. Microconidia were produced abundantly from monophialides only in false heads, generally single-celled, elliptical to allantoid, 2.0-3.8×3.8-11.4 μm. Macroconidia were produced abundantly from monophialides, 3.0-6.0×25.0-35.0 μm, on branched or unbranched conidiophores, slightly sickle-shaped, thin-walled, and delicate, with a foot-shaped basal cell, mostly 3-5 septate. Chlamydospores were formed mostly in hyphae, terminal or intercalary, solitary, in pairs or in chains, 2.0-4.0×6.0-15.0 μm. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth and conidial germination of F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli isolates FOP-044 and FOP-091 was at 24-28℃, and for chlamydospore germination was at 24℃. The optimum pH value for conidial germination of two isolates was at 6. The appropriate temperature for infecting common bean plants by these isolates was at 24-28℃. The common bean cultivar, Pingdon-big-pod, was the most tolerant while the cultivar, 83-10-28, was the most sensitive to Fusarium wilt among the tested cultivars
Investigation of the arthropods biomasses in the organic and conventional paddy fields
No full text本調查於2017年3-11月於嘉義縣民雄鄉有機與慣行水稻田中進行，測量各別節肢動物之體長並推估其生物量。各期別之生物量以一期作分蘗初期有機田最多，達1,747.8 mg，其中分蘗初期有機田之生物量貢獻最多的是甲殼亞門（Crustacea）的水蚤科（Daphniidae）及雙翅目（Diptera）搖蚊科（Chironomidae）幼蟲。有益與有害生物從分蘗盛期後， 生物量便逐漸上升，而中性生物的生物量，則沒有此趨勢。此外，兩種農法生物量的分布比例，在統計上亦其有差異，顯示兩種農法生物數量之組成有某種程度的不同。
This study was investigated the arthropods biomasses in the organic and conventional rice paddy fields in Minxiong, Chiayi County from March to November, 2017. The biomass estimation based on its operational taxonomic unit (OTU) was carried from the length-weight regressions. The results showed that biomass of each stage had the highest biomass (up to 1,747.8 mg) in the early tillering stage of first rice crop. The Daphniidae of Crustacea and Chironomidae of Diptera larvae were the most contributors to biomass in the early tillering stage. Both natural enemies and pests were gradually increased their biomasses after tillering stage; however, neutral organisms were not showed the same trends. Moreover, there were differences statistically on proportions of biomass between organic and conventional rice paddy fields
生物反應器的構件、種類及其在植物組織培養上之應用
No full text使用液態培養介質之自動化生物反應器係提供生物科技潛在需求所研發之重要設備，此類設備應用於大規模植物微體繁殖，是未來降低植物種苗生產成本的可能方式，目前又以提升植物組織培養生產技術以及在中草藥資源之開發並萃取藥效成分所獲致的效益最為顯著。生物反應器之培育標的多以植物細胞、體胚或鱗莖、球莖、莖節、微塊莖及叢生新梢等器官為主，其基本構件包含有：1.發酵槽或培育容器；2.葉輪片或攪拌棒；3.通氣裝置或噴氣裝置；4.空氣過濾器；5.感測器及容器內微氣候調控裝置。若依據不同的作動原理和容器構造，則可將其概分為機械攪拌式、氣泡攪拌式以及非攪拌式等三種類型。本文探討近代使用於植物細胞、組織和器官培養之生物反應器設計理念、種類型式和操作特性，彙整此類寶貴的試驗資料，將可提供新型生物反應器設計製造和改良時之參考，並據此研發功能更臻完善且能落實成為生技產業應用的重要利器
(68(2): 91-113)台灣寬薊馬亞科(纓翅目：管尾亞目：管尾薊馬科)之分類描述：II.單毛薊馬族
No full textThis paper reviews 7 genera and 17 species of thrips in tribe Pygothripini of subfamily Idolo-thripinae in Taiwan. Identification keys are and major characteristics are desclibed and illustrated. There are 2 new species, Ethirothnps rubeus Wang and Ethirothnps yangi Wang. Ethirothnps stenomelas (Walker) was recorded for the first time in Taiwan. Allothrips taiwanus Okajima and Scotothnps Chui Chen are new synonyms of Allothrips nubillicauda discolor Chen and Ethirothnps tibialis Okajima, respectively.
本文記錄與描述台灣寬薊馬亞科 (Idolothripinae) 單毛薊馬族 (Pygothripini) 7 屬17 種之分類特徵，族內每屬與同屬內之每種均製作檢索表，包括2 新種：紅高盾薊馬 (Ethiro thrips rubeus Wang, sp. n.) 與楊高盾薊馬 (Ethirothrips yangi Wang, sp. n.)，1 新紀錄種：Ethirothrips stenomelas (Walker)；此外，Allothrips taiwanus Okajima 與Scotothrips chui Chen 分別鑑定為Allothrips nubillicauda discolor Chen 與Ethirothrips tibialis Okajima 之異名
(68(3): 254-260)一個有效率地收集咖啡果小蠹成蟲 [Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari)] 的方法
No full textThe coffee berry borer (CBB) [Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari)] is one of the most serious coffee pests worldwide. Existing methods to collect CBB adults from infested coffee berries are extremely labor intensive and time consuming. In order to develop an productive technique to collect CBBs, a commercial insect breeder was selected as a prototype of the collection device to evaluate the effectiveness of the additional bridge, the bridge texture, and light source of the device. The results showed that the device had the optimal collection efficiency when a strip of paper was added as a bridge to connect the berries in the bottom container to the top collection cup, and when the funnel and the bottom container were covered with aluminum foil to make the light source come only from the top, while the textures of the paper bridge had mininal effect on collection efficiency. This modified collection device provides a better way to collect CBB adults for further research or applications.
咖啡果小蠹 [Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari)] 為咖啡生產過程中危害最嚴重的全球性害蟲之一。以往自受害咖啡果實中收集咖啡果小蠹成蟲之方法非常耗費人力與時間，因此為了開發有效率地大量收集方式，本研究利用市售的小型昆蟲羽化裝置為收集裝置的原型，測試此裝置有無紙條橋接、橋接材質及光源對於咖啡果小蠹成蟲的收集效果。試驗結果顯示，最有效率的收集方式，為於裝置中放置一紙條使其連結上方的收集盒與下方放置受害咖啡果實的底盒，並利用鋁箔紙包覆底盒及連接兩端的漏斗裝置，使光源集中來自上方；而以不同材質之紙條 (濾紙、西卡紙與影印紙) 作為橋接紙張的收集效果，則無顯著差異。綜合上述試驗，本研究所描述的收集裝置及方法，可有效率地自受害咖啡果實中收集大量咖啡果小蠹成蟲，未來可應用於需要大量咖啡果小蠹成蟲活體之研究