Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Institutional RepositoryNot a member yet
10534 research outputs found
Sort by
A Study of the Camellia Varieties in Taiwan
No full text本文為茶花品種的記述，在山茶( Camellia Japonica ) 中記述有 24 個品種，賓司，五寶及十八學士為其代表。在茶梅(C. Sasanqua) 中有10 個品種。在南山茶(C. reliculata) 中記錄有1 個品種。此外如臺灣的原生種，苦茶( C. brevistyla ) 的其種子含油分甚為豐富，頗有經濟價值。茶梅除供觀賞外， 其新葉亦可製茶。
臺灣的天然條件適宜，茶花種類與品種繁多，極應研究改良以配合社會的需要。
The Camellia Japonica L. has been cultivated in Taiwan about 300 years. Most of its cultivated varieties were introduced from Chinese Mainland. Such as Pai Pao-ta, Hung Mouta'n Shih-Pa-Hsuch Shih, introduced either from Fukien or from Kwnagtung. About 38 years ago, Pin Sau, Shih-Pa-Hsuch Shih, Fo.ting Cha, were also introduced by Mr. Chunzoo Yang from changchow (Fukien province) whate (Kwangtung province) and Shanghai respectively. Chiu Ch'u was introduced by Mr. Chun-Zoo Yang from Fuchow before 53 years and by the another of M. chun-see Li from Fukien before 183 years. The camellia sasanqua Thunb. has been cultivated in Taiwan about 60 years. Most of its cultivated varieties were introduced from Japan and some from Liu Kiu. The Camellia
reticulata L. was introduced by Ralph S. peer from U.S.A. before 11 years.
The CameIlia cultivated ill Taipei and Yang Ming Shall is more than any other places, and its guality is better also. Next are Tao Yuan Hsinchu, and I - Lan
There are ten species and thirty five varieties of CameIlia in Taiwan as follows.
1. Camellia Japonica 1.
(1) Tsao-ch'um (2) Pai pao-ta (3) Hung Mou-ta'n (4) Li-chin cha ( 5) KuanYin Cha (6) Kwangtung Fen (7) Ch'ao-Hsien cha (8) Pai Liu Ch uch ( 9)Shuang-Pan Cha (10) Fen Mou-Tan (11) Pai Mou-Tan (12) Shuang-Pan Cha (13) Sha Ho-hui (14) Li-Yu Chu (15) Mei-Kuei Cha (16) Ch'l Chiao (17) Shih-Pa-Hsuch Shih (18) Wu Pao (19) Ch'u (20) Pin Sau (21) Kai Shih-San Sheng (22) Tai Hsing Shih-pa-Hsuch Shih (23)Hung Lui Chuch (24) Fo-Ting Cha.
2. Camellia Sasanqua Thunb. (1) TanTsu (2) Tan Hung (3) Fen-Hung-shang (4) Pai Hsuch (5) Pa Chiing Mei (6) Tzu Hung-Mei (7) Fen-Pien Mei (8) Shuang-Pan Mei (9) Pai Fei (10) Tai Pai
3. Camellia reticulata L. (1) Yen Chih Hung.
4. Camellia Oleifera Abel
5. Camellia brevistyla Hay.
6. Camellia Salicifolia Champ.
7. Camellia Caudata Wall.
8. Camellia Transarisanensis (Hay) Cohen Stuart.
9. Camellia Transnokoensis Hayata.
10. Camellia Nokoensis Hayat
Experiment of Vegetative Barrier on Slopeland Banana Plantation
No full text1.本試驗之目的爲採求草帶法在香蕉園水土保持之效益及最佳草種與適當行株組，並觀察陡坡地(26°)實施草帶法之可能性。
2.本試驗之結果顯示三種草種中以戀風草最佳，天笠草次之，南非鴿草則不可取。就三草種之刈草敷蓋而論，以刈草敷蓋之方式爲最佳，且可能爲實施草帶法時之必要條件。八種處理中以戀風草草帶刈草敷蓋處理最具水土保持及增産效益，其增産效果較內斜式平臺增段表土不處理者爲佳。各草帶處理在三年內即可漸進成爲增段面向外作6-9度之增段。其在陡坡地(26°)之減小坡度效果亦佳。草帶法簡易，經濟而有效，且山邊溝可通行機械而草帶對機耕作業不若平臺增段妨碍之甚。故適於坡地香蕉園大面積之水土保持處理。
(1) According to the experiment on ”Observation on Terraces Formation by Vegetative Barriers” it was evident that vegetative barriers Could reduce a given slope and form terraces gradually. For the purpose of further studying the species of grass, mowing grass for mulching, merely mowing (no mulching), soil and Water loss, soil-building and yield etc., this experiment was carried out on 23% slopeland with clay loam at Chi-chi, Nantou Hsien from February 1965 to December 1968.
Randomized complete block design with three replications and eight treatments was adopted as follows:
(A) vegetative barrier of Guinea grass. Grass mowed for mulching.
(B) vegetative barrier of Guinea grass. Grass mowed but not being used for mulching.
(C) vegetative barrier of South African Pigeon grass. Grass mowed for mulching.
(D) vegetative barrier of South African Pigeon grass. Grass mowed but not being used for mulching.
(E) vegetative barrier of Weeping lovegrass. Grass mowed for mulching.
(F) vegetative barrier of Weeping lovegrass. Grass mowed but not being used for mulching.
(G) bench terrace with 18cm reverse slope and without retention of topsoil
(H) clean-cultivated plot as check.
(2) Results:
Weeping lovegrass barrier with mulching treatment has the minimum run-off. Guinea grass barrier with mulching treatment is second. There is a maximum run-off from the clean-cultivated plot. Considering the effect of reducing run-off, the mowing grasses mulching treatment is more. effective than mowing grasses but not being used for mulching. So the grasses of the vegetative barriers should be mowed anti be used for mulching.
When rainfall increases by one millimeter, the run-off of each treatment is shown below:
The form abridges
Soil loss in each treatment is proportional to the amount of run-off. Weeping lovegrass barrier with mulching has the minimum of about 4.8 tons per hectare in three years, It is less than that obtained from Guinea grass barrier with mulching. The maximum soil loss is obtained from the cleancultivated plot about 192 tons per hectare in 3 years. It is 38 times of the Weeping lovegrass and Guinea grass barriers with mulching treatments.
During the dry season Weeping lovegrass barrier with mulching treatment has the maximum soil moisture content than other treatments. While reverse slope beech terrace and South African Pigeon grass barrier without mulching have the least.
Weeping lovegrass barrier with mulching treatment has the highest fruit yields of 57 tons per hectare in 3 harvests including 2 ratoons. Guinea grass barrier with mulching yields about 54 tons/ha. Clean-cultivated and South African Pigeon grass barrier without mulching have the least.
The degree of reduction of slope and soil-building are affected by the yield of grass and mulching treatment. However all vegetative barriers have considerable effect on the gradual formation bench terrace. The original slope of 13-degree was reduced to 6-9 degrees.
In conclusion, this experiment indicates that the most appropriate treatment is vegetative barrier of Weeping lovegrass with mulching. It controls soil and water erosion, costs less expense and obtains the highest crop yield. The hillside ditch may be used as farm road for farm machineries. It has less limitation and interference than bench terrace in the field operation. Such method should be put into extension in the slopeland banana plantations
Studies on the Susceptibility of Banana Varieties to Bunchy Top Disease
No full text檢定香蕉品種之萎縮病感病性，於民國五十六年開始，分田間自然發病調查與人工接種試驗兩方面進行觀察研究。在田間自然環境下，供試五十五年品種中，有三十九品種罹病，十六品種未見發病。感病品種中，罹病率鷙逹50%以上者有十九品種（表一）。
以帶病毒香蕉蚜蟲(Petalonia nigronervasa Cog.)，做人工接種，爲一檢定品種萎縮病性確實可靠的方法，兩次人工接種試驗均獲得良好的成效。供試17品種除了龍芽蕉與Ambon兩個二倍體香蕉沒有發病外，其於15個品種都有感染（表二、三）。Ice Cream與Popul二品種的罹病率較低，祇有62.5%與50%，似具有耐病之特性，其他感病品種的罹病率都在75%以上。品種間潛伏期之長短一，差異甚大，仙人蕉的潛伏期最短，Ice Cream與Popul二品種最長。潛伏期長短與品種葉片生長的特性，或栽培環境影響葉片生長有密切的關係。葉片生長快的品種，其潛伏期較短；葉片生長慢者，其潛伏期較長。
不同品種感染萎縮病後，所表現的病微大致相同，葉片上深綠色斷績條線(dark-green streaks)爲最先出現的病微。罹病植株多葉片狡小直立，葉柄縮短而呈帚狀（圖2-16）。
Bunchy top is one of the most important diseases of banana in Taiwan. It has widely distributed and often handicapped the banana industry especially in the central part of the Island. Studies on the susceptibility of banana varieties to bunchy top disease were conducted at the Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station, TARI, from 1967 to 1969 both by observation under natural conditions and artificial inoculation.
For the field observation, among the 55 entries of banana varieties 16 of these showed no diseased plants, while 39 were either susceptible or highly susceptible to bunchy top, ranged from 16.67% to 100% in their infection percentage (Table 1).
Sun (1961) reported that the banana a phid (Pentilonia nigronervosa Coq) was a very efficient vector in transmitting bunchy top disease of banana in Taiwan. For the artificial inoculation trials, 20-30 aphids taken from bunchy top diseased plants were transferred to a test-plant in each variety, and successful results were obtained. Based on the results obtained from both the first and second experiments, marked difference in the susceptibility of banana varieties to bunchy top disease was clearly indicated. Among the 17 varieties tested, two of seeded varieties, Lung-ya-chiao and Ambon, Showed no diseased symptoms, while 13 varieties were highly susceptible. Varieties Ice cream and Popul gave a low infection percentage of 62.5% and 50%, respectively, seemed showing that these two varieties were slightly tolerant to the disease (Table 2 and 3)
It is evident that there is a distinct difference in the incubation periods of tested varieties when it was inoculated by banana aphids which were collected from the diseased plants. The commercial variety so-called Hsien-jen-chiao had given the shortest incubation of 21-47 days in first trial and 50-71 days in second one. The varieties Ice cream and Popul given incubation periods of longer than 80-188 days and 162-254 days, respectively (Table 2 and 3). Obviously, the incubation periods are very closely related to the character of leaf development. In general, the symptoms of bunchy top appeared to be more quickly in a variety whose leaves grew up more rapidly than the variety with slow growing leaves.
However, the symptoms of infection shown by the various varirous varied rather slightly. The most common symptoms were the dark-green streaks within lamina, the slender pseudostem, narrow leaves and straight with short petioles (Fig, 2-16
Study on Triploid to the Breeding of Small-sized Seedless Watermelons Ⅰ. Small-sized Tetraploid Watermelon Raised by Colchicine Method
No full text本研究以二倍體小型西瓜小鳳品種之固定自殖純系爲材料，幼苗用300、450及600倍三種秋水仙素溶液滴下法處理，每天三次連續處理4天，均可引變爲四倍體，但以450倍之效果最佳。所得7株四倍體各結一果各成一系，其次代結果率及種子稔性均甚低，僅16-A1-1系5株結8果得68粒種子，及46-C2-11系4株結2果得11粒種子。四倍體小鳳之花粉粒常呈四分胞子團粒狀。
The inbred pure line of small-sized diploid watermelon cultivar Hsiao-Feng was used as the experimental material in this study. The seedlings dripping method for 4 days continuously. The tetraploid plants were induced with 1/300, 1/450 and 1/600 colchicine solutions, and the best results were obtained from the treatment of 1/450 colchicine solution. 7 plants of tetraploidity obtained I this study bore one fruit each, and low fruit setting and seed fertility were found in the progeny, only 5 plants of line 16-A1-1 and 4 plants of line 46-C2-11 produced 8 fruits with 68 seeds and 2 fruits with 11 seeds, respectively.
The pollen tetrads were usually occurred in the Hsiao-Feng tetraploid watermelon
Study on the Breeding of Small-sized Seedless Watermelons II. Production of Tetraploid and Triploid Seeds
No full text四倍體小型西瓜自交生產種子，如與四倍體雜交二倍體生產三倍體種子相比，前者結果率較低， 結果期較晚， 但一果內種子數較多，種粒較重，發芽率亦較高，後者則反之。育成之四倍體「小鳳」 的花粉粒稔性較低，且四分胞子常成團粒不分離。四倍體與二倍體雜交生產三倍體種子，秋作時結果期愈晚，一果內種子數愈少粒重亦愈輕。磷肥用量增加，可以提高四倍體果實內四倍體種子及三倍體種子之粒數、粒重及發芽率。四倍體及三倍體小型西瓜種子之發芽溫度，以30 ℃最佳。四倍體植株不論自交或與二倍禮雜交，主蔓、第一次側蔓及第二次側蔓均可結果;主蔓上一果內種子數最多， 粒重亦最重， 第二次側蔓上果實內之種子畢竟最少。依本試驗方法所得之結果，對於過去小型西瓜四倍體及三倍體種子生產上之困難，已經克服並已達到實用化階段。
The small-sized selfing tetraploid watermelons h a d less and delayed fruit sets, but had more number of seeds per fruit, higher individual seed weight and better seed germination rate than that of the tetraploids pollinated with diploids The pollen fertility of Hsiao Feng, the tetraploid watermelon bred in this experiment was low, and the pollen tetrads were usually unseparatable. In the fall crops, the later the fruits setted the fewer and lighter triploid seeds would be obtained. Increasing phosphor us application on tetraploid plants could increase the number, weight as well as germination rate of both triploid and tetraploid seeds. The optimum temperature
for triploid and tetraploid seed germination was at 30 ℃. Fruits could set on primary, secondary and tertiary branches, but the fruits on primary branches contained more seeds and the seeds were heavier than that on tertiary ones. In conclusion, the difficulties of triploid and tetraploid seed production of small-sized watermelons had been solved
Morphological Study of Edible Amaranth and Its Natural Cross-pollination Test
No full text臺灣莧菜品種依葉形及株形，可歸納爲十系，雌雄花雜生於同一花序中，爲雌雄同株異花，雄花數顯此雌花爲少，花粉粒圓形，黃色，風揚力不遠，其自然雜交率在10%左右，紅莧對白莧爲單一因子顯性遺傳，其染色體數由花粉母細胞測得爲n=17。
32 accessions of edible amaranth were collected in Taiwan for morphological and taxonomical studies. According to the leaf color and plant characteristics, these accessions can be classified into ten groups. Edible amaranth is identified as a monoecious plant, but the number of female flowers is usually more than that of the male flowers.
The pollen dispersal of edible amaranth is by wind but not far from the plant. The natural cross pollination rate observed in Fengshan is about 10% in edible amaranth. The red leaf color is governed by a single dominant gene. The chromosome number of edible amaranth is n=I7
Studies on the Effect of Cover Materials on the Growth of Coba (Zizania latifolia Turcz.) Seedlings
No full text靑殼品種茭白在臺灣南部地區冬季育苗期間利用隧道棚整根苗法及配合塑膠布覆蓋保溫育苗，可提高苗床溫度及增加可供定植苗與健壯苗之育苗率，利用透明塑膠布與淡藍色塑膠布覆蓋不但可以提高昔床之溫度各8.2℃及6.7℃，而且可以促進幼苗植株高度與鮮重之增長，但不能促進提早幼苗之萌芽時間及增加根冠之萌芽數，若以一般農民慣用之可供定植苗之植株高度80-100公分及健壯苗高度100公分以上之幼苗而言，利用透明塑膠布及淡藍色塑膠布保溫育苗之育苗率各高達76.9%及69.6%，而一般農民慣用之育苗法僅17.2%。若以一般農民慣用之可供定植苗植株鮮重8.1-12.0公克及健壯苗12公克以上幼苗而言，以透明塑膠布及淡藍色塑膠布保溫育苗之育苗率亦各高達58.8%及44.2%，而一般農民慣用之育苗法僅13.2%，由此試驗結果可知茭白在臺灣南部地區冬季利用塑膠布保溫育苗效果極佳，此種育苗技術足可提供農民育苗之參考與應用。
Dormancy crown of coba (Zizania latifolia Turcz.), cv. Green Shell, were used as experimental material at present study. There were five treatments, included: a) Crown reversed put in a nursery bed covered with a tunnel shaped transparent plastic sheet. b) Crown reversed put in a nursery bed covered with a tunnel shaped pale blue colored plastic sheet. c) Crown reversed put in a nursering bed covered with two layers of a tunel shaped jute bag. d) Crown reversed without any covering (check 1). This is the normal nursery method used by farmers and e) Crown not-reversed without any covering (check 2). The experimental results indicate that the nursery bed temperature is increased 8.2℃ and 6.7℃ as compared with check plots when the bed is covered with a tunnel shaped transparent and pale blue colored plastic sheet respectively. Only a little increase in nursery bed temperature was observed when it was shaded with jute bags. The plant height and fresh weight increased when the nursering bed was covered with either transparent or pale colored plastic sheet, but germination time and rate were not changed, when classified according to seedling plant height, good guality seedlings were between 80-100 cm and the heat seedlings were higher than 100 cm. The percent suitable for transplanting in the transparent and pale blue colored plastic sheet treatments were 76.9% and 69.6% respectively, while the method used by farmers had only 17.2%. However, if classified according to fresh weight of young seedlings, seedlings suitable for transplanting weighted between 8.1-12.0 g and the best seedlings were heavier than 12 g. The percentage of suitable seedlings from the treatments covered with treatments covered with transparent and pale blue colored plastic sheet were 58.8% and 44.2% respectively. While the farmers method had only 13.2%. The data show that a nursery of coba seedlings covered with transparent or pale blue colored plastic sheet will be more productive in southern Taiwan during cool winter season and the materials required are available and inexpensive
Effects of Auxins on Shoot Growth and Fruit Quality of Wax-apple
No full text以七年生蓮霧園爲材料，自十二月初起至六月底止，每半個月噴一次下列四種auxins: 2,4-D, 5, 10, 20 ppm; 2,4,5-T 5, 10, 20 ppm; 4-CPA 5, 10, 20 ppm; SNA 25, 50, 100 ppm各計14次。自一月起至六月底止共調查抽梢情形及品質分析各五次，初步結果顯示抽新梢對蓮霧果實之影響甚大，尤以大量抽稍後，尚呈紅嫩狀態時，因搶奪養分，致果皮顏色不紅，糖度低降，品質差。及至新梢生長停止，葉呈淺綠色後，皮色及糖度漸恢復正常。
四種auxins對抑制蓮霧抽梢及提高品質之效果，依使用濃度而異，在抑制抽梢方面：以2,4,5-T及SNA之頂梢數及枝幹數最少，新梢長最短，尤以2,4,5-T5 ppm及SNA 25 ppm對抑制運霧抽梢之效果最佳；2,4-D 5 ppm效果雖亦不錯，但有藥害，會造成嫩葉捲曲畸形，幼花序掉落，果皮色不紅，糖度低降。在果重、果長及果寬方面，初期各藥劑均有顯著增進效果，但後期則相反。在糖度及果皮色方面，4-CPA及SNA均有提高糖度及增力色澤之效，2,4,5-T效果不顯著，2,4-D反比對照差。
就旱花寒害落果之防止效果言，四種藥劑均甚有效，尤以2,4,5-T效果最好，可減少落果78.7%，其次爲4-CPA及2,4-D、可減少64.5~69.3%，再次爲SNA可減少23.7%；在濃度方面2,4-D、2,4,5-T及4-CPA均以10 ppm爲最佳，SNA則以50 ppm爲佳。
Seven-year-old wax apple trees were treated 14 times with the following auxins: 1). 2,4-D 5, 10, 20 ppm; 2). 2,4,5-T 5, 10, 20 ppm; 3). 4-CPA 5, 10, 20 ppm; 4). SNA 25, 50, 100 ppm; at half-month intervals during December-June period. The shoot growth of trees and fruit quality were investigated 5 times during January-June peirod.
The preliminary results showed that the growing shoots affected the fruit quality. The fruits borne on trunks or shoots without significant elongation growth had better color and higher total soluble solid content than those on trunks or shoots with extensive sprouting and elongation.
The effect of auxins on the growing shoots and fruit quality depends on their concentrations. In respect of inhibition of growing shoots, 2,4,5-T and SNA showed less and shorter terminal shoots as well as trunk shoots. Five ppm of 2,4,5-T and 25 ppm of SNA showed the best results for controlling shoot growth. Five ppm of 2,4-D inhibited shoot growth but it resulted in the injury of young expanding leaves, dull fruit color and low sugar content of fruits. In respect of fruit weight, length and width, all the chemicals showed beneficial effect in the initial period but deleterious afterward. In respect of fruit color and total soluble-solid content, 4-CPA and SNA showed beneficial effect, 2,4,5-T showed no significant effect and 2,4-D showed deleterious effect.
All the chemicals prevented fruitlet abscission due to chilling injury, 2,4,5-T showed the best result and reduced 78.7% of fruit abscission. In respect of the concentration of chemicals 10 ppm of 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and 4-CPA showed the best result