Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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Identification and fungicide screening of black rot of balsam pear caused by Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum in Taiwan
No full text2016年夏秋（9月－11月）季節，於屏東的里港與萬巒及臺南東山地區，初期觀察到苦瓜果實上發生類似細菌性果斑病菌之褐色水浸狀病徵，後期病斑上可見黑色柄子殼產生。經由形態學觀察與分子生物學特徵，將其鑑定為Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum（Fr.）Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley（syn. Didymella bryoniae（Fuckel）Rehm），該菌被證實可引起多種瓜類的蔓枯病和果實的黑腐病或果腐病。本研究自罹病苦瓜果實分離之菌株SC04與SC10及葉片所分離之菌株SCl01，經病原性測試結果顯示，來自果實與葉部之S. cucurbitacearum菌株皆可在苦瓜果實引起黑腐的病徵，於葉片和莖部則可造成褐色水浸狀病斑。此外，SCl01、SC04及SC10菌株對6種不同瓜類之寄主範圍測試，結果顯示供試菌株皆可在所有測試植株上造成水浸狀病斑，然其中又以胡瓜（秀綠）、西瓜（甜美人）、甜瓜（銀輝）及洋香瓜（秋香）病徵表現較嚴重。進一步測試該病原菌對不同藥劑之感受性，結果指出目前推薦於防治瓜菜類病害之藥劑中，以賽福座的效果最佳，而四氯保淨次之，於培養基上對病原菌菌落之生長抑制率均可達70%以上，可提供農民防治苦瓜黑腐病之參考。
During summer to autumn of 2016, the fruit of balsam pear (Momordica charantia L.) with brown and water-soaked lesions was observed in Pingtung and Tainan in Taiwan. At later stage, blackish pycnidia were observed on old lesions of the diseased fruits. The pathogen was identified as Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum (Fr.) Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley (syn. Didymella bryoniae (Fuckel) Rehm) based on morphological and molecular characteristics. The fungus caused gummy stem blight on stems and black rot on the fruits. In this study, the SC04 and SC10 isolated from black rot fruits and SCl01 isolated from leaf spot infected fruit, leaf and stem of balsam pear in pathogenicity tests. Moreover, six cucurbit cultivars were susceptible to SCl01, SC04 and SC10 isolates, in which watermelon, cucumber, muskmelon and orient melon showed severe symptom on stems. Moreover, in screening of the fungicides for controlling the black rot, triflumizole was found to be able to inhibit the colony growth effectively
Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Photosynthetic Characterization in Japonica Rice Introgression Lines with High Sink-source Traits
No full text本研究於2013-2014年在行政院農業委員會農業試驗所農場進行二年期間一期稻作試驗，以評估外在供源處理能否改善水稻供源平衡關係，並藉由SPAD葉綠素測計建立不同供源與積存系統的最佳肥培管理與光合作用的反應模式。本研究以高產潛能特性之多粒數品系‘TNG71-Gn1’與高光合作用品系‘TNG71-qCAR11’為試材，而輪迴親‘TNG71’為對照組。田間試驗結果顯示氮肥可促進總葉綠素含量增加，並使SPAD讀值上升，且氮肥亦可延緩葉片老化現象。在不同氮肥對產量影響結果發現，氮素施用量增加反而有減產趨勢，此與該品種之遺傳特性與易感穗稻熱病有關連性。進一步探討積存與供源對氮素、葉綠素含量及淨光合作用效率間之差別效應，並建立快速測計SPAD讀值與淨光合作用反應之預測模式。本研究結果發現隨著種植天數增加則葉綠素含量、SPAD讀值及淨光合作用效率表現均逐漸下降，而增施氮肥可維持較高的葉綠素含量及淨光合作用效率表現
(68(4): 305-314)Evaluation of Control Efficacy of Phosphorous Acid Against Sweet Potato Foot Rot
No full text由Phomopsis destruens 引起之甘藷基腐病為我國近年來甘藷栽培之重要病害，目前發病田區以種植健康種苗搭配植前田區淹水及化學藥劑等方式進行防治。為了提供有機及非農藥栽培者另一友善環境之防治方式，本研究於生體外 (in vitro) 及溫室試驗中探討亞磷酸-氫氧化鉀中和液 (neutralized phosphorous acid solution; NPA) 防治資材對P. destruens 之防治效果。生體外試驗結果顯示，濃度0.33–2.00 g L-1 之NPA 可對P. destruens 菌絲生長及孢子發芽產生明顯之抑制作用，其中2.00 g L-1 之NPA 抑制率最高，分別可達85.1% 及98.9%。進一步於溫室試驗中以「台農71 號」甘藷扦插苗測試NPA 於不同濃度、施用量、施用時機及施用次數對甘藷基腐病之防治效果，結果顯示NPA 於高濃度 (2.00 g L-1 及1.00 g L-1)，且每棵甘藷苗澆灌60 mL 以上藥液時，可有效防治基腐病之發生。NPA 之施用時機，則以種植後1 wk 澆灌較佳，若於種植後2 wk 或3 wk 後才澆灌則防治效果較差；施用次數而言，則接種後連續施用1 次、2 次或3 次均可達到顯著的防治效果。本研究結果顯示，NPA 對P. destruens 可能具直接抑制或殺菌之效果，且經溫室試驗測試對甘藷基腐病具顯著防治效果，應可作為未來於田間非農藥栽培或有機栽培防治甘藷基腐病之防治資材。
Sweet potato foot rot caused by Phomopsis destruens is a serious disease of sweet potato recently in Taiwan. Currently, preventing this disease in the fields relies on these methods, including planting healthy seedlings combined with flooding before planting, applying chemical fungicides and other control techniques. In order to provide an environmentally friendly method of disease control for organic or eco-friendly farming system, this study evaluated the control efficacy of neutralized phosphorous acid solution (NPA) against P. destruens through in vitro and greenhouse trails. In vitro studies showed that mycelial growth and spore germination of P. destruens were significantly inhibited by 0.33–2.00 g L-1 NPA, and the inhibition of mycelial growth and spore germination were the highest (85.1% and 98.9%, respectively) while it was applied with 2.00 g L-1 NPA. In greenhouse trials, NPA was applied with different concentrations, application dosages, timings and times to pathogen-inoculated variety ‘TN-71’ seedlings to evaluate its control efficacy. The results showed that NPA could control the disease only in higher concentration (2.00 g L-1 and 1.00 g L-1), and the application dosage should be over 60 mL. The application timing of NPA was the best at 1 wk after inoculation, while applying NPA at 2 or 3 wk after inoculation showed lower control efficacy. For application times, applying 1, 2 or 3 times all showed significant control efficacy. This study showed that NPA might have direct inhibition effect on P. destruens, and its control efficacy against sweet potato foot rot disease was confirmed through greenhouse trials. In conclusion, this study proved that NPA could
be applied as a low-toxic protectant for non-pesticide or organic farming systems to control sweet potato root rot in the field
(68(4): 333-340)Fruit Rot of Passion Fruit Caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae in Taiwan
No full text2017 年7 月中旬於南投縣埔里鎮大坪頂地區之百香果果園中發現一種新病害，受害果實出現墨綠色至黑色塊斑而外圍有黃暈，病斑易擴大聯結成大範圍灰黑色並呈現凹陷的塊斑，又於塊斑上出現黑色小點 (為病原菌之柄子器)。剖開果實可見果皮內側黑化且易產生黑灰色菌絲，果肉失去原有的風味。本研究自罹病果實穩定分離得到一種真菌，培養於馬鈴薯葡萄糖培養基 (potato dextrose agar; PDA) 培養基上，該菌絲生長快速，於24℃下培養4 d 後，其菌落呈現灰黑色毛絨狀，具有濃密之氣生菌絲。本菌之分生孢子初期呈卵圓形、透明、單室且細胞壁厚，逐漸轉變成褐色，中間有一隔膜且具有明顯縱紋。依據本病害之病徵表現、病原菌形態特徵及分子序列鑑定結果，將此菌鑑定為Lasiodiplodia theobromae。經人工接種孢子懸浮液於「台農1 號」百香果果實後，發現L. theobromae 對百香果具有病原性，並能再分離得原接種的真菌，完成柯霍氏法測，證明此菌為引起百香果果腐病之病原菌。另外，無傷口者，則不易造成果實發生果腐病。本文由L. theobromae 引起百香果果腐病，為台灣百香果病害新紀錄。
A new disease caused by fruit rot of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) was found in major passion fruit production areas at Puli Township, Nantou County of Taiwan in 2017. The infected fruits showed dark green to black patches with yellow halo. The lesions usually enlarged and joined into a large black and sunken patch with the appearance of black dots (the pycnidia of the pathogen). The flesh inside was blackened with soar flavor and easy to produce black gray hyphae. A kind of fungus was consistently isolated from the diseased tissue. The mycelium of the fungus grew rapidly on potato dextrose agar and formed a grayish-black fluffy colony with dense aerial hyphae at 24℃ after being cultured for 4 d. The conidia of the fungus were initially oval, hyaline, unicellular and had thick cell wall, but days later showed dark-brown color and developed one septum with longitudinal lines. The causative fungus was identified as Lasiodiplodia theobromae based on morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequence blasting on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank database. The identified L. theobromae could cause similar symptoms on the fruits on trees and the detached fruits by inoculating the tested fruits with conidia suspension through wound treatment, and the same pathogen could be re-isolated from the diseased fruit tissue to fulfill the Koch’s rules. Immature and mature passion fruit could show disease symptoms when inoculated with L. theobromae through wound treatment but no symptom was found to those without wound treatment. This study is the first report about fruit rot of passion fruit caused by L. theobromae in Taiwan
Study on the Effect of Timing of Irrigation on Yield and Quality of Spring-maturing Pineapple During the Fruiting Period
No full text(一)本試驗為研究臺灣鳳梨春果低產現象,與春果結實期間之灌水效果,期獲知最適宜之灌水時期,以達成經濟有效之目標
(二)試驗於52年9月至53年5月在鳳山熱帶圜藝試驗分所舉辦。
(三)早春果(9月間處埋電石,翌年4月成熟)於謝花後果實生長至成熟期間(1~4月〕行灌水最有效果,約可增加果重11~12%,花芽分化前後(9~10月)之灌水效果不著。
(四)中期春果(10月處理電石,翌年5月成熟)在花芽分化前後10~11月)行灌水,可加小果數7~8%,因而亦增加果重。結實期之灌水,亦使果重增加,依灌水期間之長短增加之程程不一,且有顯著之累積效果,全期灌水產率達22~23%,後半期之灌水效果較前半期灌水者為佳。
(五)春果在花芽分化前後及謝花後至成熟期問行灆水者,效果最大,產量增高,品質亦好。
誌謝:本研究之完成得國家長期發展科學委員會之補助,謹此誌謝。
1. This experiment investigates the cause for the lower productivity of the spring maturing fruits the pineapples of Taiwan, and the effects of irrigation during the stage of the fruiting. Expecting to find out a suitable period of irrigation attains the economical objects.
2. Th experimentation had been administrated by Feng-shan Tropical
Horticulture Experimental Station from September, 1963. to May, 1964.
3. Irrigation after the fading of the flowers that are during the stages of the developing of the fruits and the fruiting (Jan. to April) have the most significant effect, It can be increased the weight of fruits 11-12%on the early spring-maturing fruits (treated by Calcium Carbide in September, maturing in April, next year). Irrigation during the stage of floral initiation (September to Oct.) have the insignificant effect.
4. Irrigation around the stages of floral initiation (October to November) can be increased the number of fruitlets 7-8% on the mid Spring-maturing fruits (treated by Calcium Carbide in October, maturing in May, next year). Irrigation during the stage of the fruiting can be increased the weight of fruits and have an effective accumulation on the time of irrigation. The whole stage of the maturing-fruits to irrigate may be increased 22-23% and the later half of the stage IS more effective than the former half of the stage.
5. Irrigation around the stages of floral Initiation and after the fading of the flowers till the stage of maturing-fruits have the most effective, higher yields, and the best quality on the spring-maturing fruits
Relation Between the Plant Size and Occurrence of Fasciated Flower Stalk in Japanese Ever-Season Radish
No full text1.本試驗自民國五十三年一月一日開始至五十四年六月底止結東,自五十三年一月一日至十二月一日每月初播種一次,共分十二次播種,試驗地點在海拔2250公尺,年平均溫度12.5。C之福壽山農場進行。
2.在年平均溫度12.5。C之福壽山農塲,十月一日至十二月一日,一月一日至三月一日播種者,苗體發育不大,平均直徑最小2.6分,最大6.76公分,至抽苔季節,花序正常,分枝整齊,結籽良好。
3.自四月一日至九月一日播種者,苗體直徑平均在7.5公分以上,雖能抽苔,花序呰成畸形,畸形花序之頂端,略現花朶,均花而不實,無種孒可收。
4.花序正常之植株,單株種孒收量,以早播者較晚播者為多,種子形粒大小,亦以早播者較晚播者大。
5.在年平均溫18。C以上之地區,歷年試驗,不論大苗,小苗,均難抽苔開花。
1. In this experiment the author studied the relation between the Plant sue and occurrence of fasciated flower sta1k in connection With the seed production of Jpanese ever-season radish.
2. As the seed production of Japanese ever-season radish was
impossible in the area Where the annual mean temperature exceeds 18。C, the experiment was carried out at the Fu Show-Shan Farm ( 2,250 meter altitude, annual mean temperature 12.5。 C ), Taichung
prefecture during the period of January 1964 to June 1965. The radish seeds were sown on the first day of each month in 1964. The plants which were sown in January, February, and March bolted and flowered in the same year, others bolted and flowered in the next year.
3. It is note worthy that the occurrence of fasciated flower stalk were closely related with plant size, other words, the plants which were sown from April to September had large plant size at flowering season, and all of these plants bolted fasciated flower stalks. No seed was obtained from these plants. On the other hand the plants which were sown in January' February' March, October November, and December bolted flowered, and produced seeds normally in spite Of they were small in plant Size. The author also observed that early seeding resulted in higher production of seeds
