Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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Planting System in Relation to the Yields of Some Strains of the Smooth Cayenne Pineapple
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The Reporl on Observation of Citrus Trees in the Districts of Kaohsiung and Pingtung in South Taiwan.
No full text( 一) 本分析所引種椪柑目的在探討南部高屏地區，該類果樹適應性如何並決定適宜品種或種類。
( 二) 柑桔在南部終年生長，休眠期不顯著。一年可分2 、5 、8 及12月四個顯著生長期。其中2 、5 兩個月為一年最高發育旺盛期。
( 三) 一年中8月為枝條生長最長時期， 1 月的最短時期並以晚侖甜橙發枝為最長，椪柑發枝為最短，柚類介於二者之間。
(四)品種間樹勢發育情況，柚類生長最快，甜橙類中以雪柑最快，臍橙最慢。柑類中，桶柑較椪柑生長快。
(五) 南部氣溫高雨季多濕，病虫害較北部嚴重，尤以甜橙類感染潰瘍並為甚。而椪柑、桶柑似有免疫生。
(六) 果實發育，坐果初期，每月平均增大0.80 公分，愈近成熟期增大愈緩慢。
(七)南部終年因氣溫較高， 果質著色不良。
(八)柳橙早熟、皮薄、糖度高，而晚俞甜橙嚴重，形大多汁，晚熱，各有不同。以產量言，雪橙高( 31.06企斤)，晚俞甜橙次之(35.1:2 公斤)柳橙較低(20.85 公斤)。
1. The main Plantings of citrus in South Taiwan are in the districts of Kaohsiung and Pingtung. Citrus trees are grown the year round but have four growing seasons which are February, May. August and December .
This vegetative growth is much more rapid and vigorous in February and May than in other months.
2. The longest growth of branches occurs in August the shortest in January as to varieties Valencia branches grow the longest (18.49crn), the shortest are the citrus ponkan (14.32 crn).
3. The tree which developes most ra pidly and vigorously is the Poruelo The smallest and slowest to develope is the Washington Navel orange.
4. The inerease in size of the primary fruits is om an average of 0.8 cm. monthly. But of those nearest maturity. the increase in size is much slower.
5. Early maturity rapid trees development and good Price are the special characteristics of the citrus industry in Southern Taiwan.
6. Lincheng variety of citrus grows vigorously and rapidly with a high adaptation streogth it may be broadly cultivated in Southern Taiwan.
7. Because of the heavy moisture in the atmosphere and too dry climate in dry season that plant diseases and insect pests are much heavier in South Taiwan than in the North anp Central regions. If we Can effectively contral these factors in time. than we should be able to successfully reap one half of what we coltivate
The Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Sorghum Germplasm by Using SSR Markers
No full text高粱[Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, 2n = 2x = 20]為全球第五大禾穀類作物，在禾本科作物中最能耐受長期乾旱和貧瘠土壤，適合低投入之栽培生產，為重要的救荒作物，此外，其用途相當廣泛，如飼料、掃帚、釀酒與生質酒精。評估高粱種原的遺傳歧異度對於高粱的遺傳育種有其必要性，是以，本研究以53個簡單重複性序列（simple sequence repeat, SSR）分子標幟分析93個高粱種原之基因型，評估種原庫和蒐集自臺灣田野之高粱種原的遺傳歧異度及親緣關係。研究結果顯示平均每個分子標幟可偵測到14.4個對偶基因數目，其中多態訊息含量（polymorphic information content, PIC）介於0.206~0.922，平均為0.709，顯示這些SSR分子標幟具有高度的鑑定能力。此93個高粱種原以STRUCTURE軟體分析其族群結構，可分為八個次族群，以Nei's遺傳距離建構親緣樹圖分群，分為三大群，此兩個分析結果具有共通性，擬高粱和詹森草、德州品系和V品系、部分國外引種的種原、臺灣的品系／蒐集系、畜產試驗所恆春分所的育種品系分別歸類於所歸屬之次族群和群集。本研究結果利於以遺傳圖譜分析來探勘重要農藝性狀，為臺灣高粱之遺傳與育種研究奠下基石。
Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, 2n = 2x = 20] is the fifth most important cereal crop in the world. Because of its tolerance to long-term drought and barren soil among the cereal crops of Poaceae, sorghum is suitable for cultivation by low input, resulting in being as a famine crop. In addition, sorghum has multipurpose-utilization such as forage, broom, brewing and bio-ethanol production. To assess the genetic diversity of sorghum germplasm is essential for breeding and genetic researches, 53 markers of simple sequence repeats, SSRs, were employed to genotype 93 sorghum germplasm which were obtained from National Plant Genetic Resources Center and collected from fields in Taiwan. The average number of allele detected by each marker was 14.4, and the polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.206 to 0.922 with a mean of 0.709, indicating high discriminating ability of SSRs. The 93 germplasm could be divided into eight subpopulations and three major clusters with several minor groups revealed by STRUCTRE and cladogram of Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) based on Nei's genetic distances. Both STRUCTURE and UPGMA revealed congruent clusters, for which S. propinquum and S. halepense , Texas accessions and accessions prefixed V, part of introduced germplasm, Taiwanese accessions, and breeding lines of Hengchun Branch, Livestock Research Institute were grouped in either the same subpopulation or minor clusters, respectively. This study paves a way for researches of sorghum genetics and breeding in Taiwan
Morphological diversity study on Taiwan Weedy Red Rice
No full text臺灣早期品種以高株、短粒型秈稻為主，且紅米混雜氾濫；直到1906～1921年開始系統性防除才讓生產田區的紅米消失；近年不論是稻種繁殖圃或是經濟生產區內，反覆出現具有褐色穀粒的田間異型株，這類異型株因為明顯的紅色種皮，明顯造成稻種純度下降，逐漸演變為稻田中一項新興雜草。本試驗自2014年134個稻種繁殖圃(原種、採種圃)收集的521粒雜草型紅米糙米(weedy red rice, WRR)後，將其細分為3個次族群，同時與2014年推薦的15個稉稻、2個秈稻品種與57個1964年前收集保存的紅米種原，其中包含15個臺灣早期秈稻地方種、42個大陸引進種原，分別於北、中、南3個試驗地點評估雜草型紅米的形態趨勢，藉由抽穗日數、株高、種子脫粒性、糙米顏色與穀粒外觀了解其多樣性與不同時代品種(系)的關聯性。雜草型紅米族群在不同試驗區上，均比近代栽培品種略早熟、脫粒性高、分蘗數多、株高較矮且穩定具有紅色種皮；藉由9個性狀的主成分分析結果，可知不同地區下成熟株型與穀粒外觀均屬區隔類群的重要因子，亦可發現雜草型紅米族群的分散程度與分布位置均與近代栽培品種相近，但榖粒外觀卻近似早期秈稻地方種的粗短型粒型，明顯異於近代細長型秈稻品種與短圓型稉稻品種；推測在稻種繁殖圃中強力汰除高株田間異型株下，榖粒性狀較不受人為選拔影響，暗示著雜草型紅米族群與早期地方種關聯性較高。經本試驗可見雜草型紅米收集系(collection)具有半矮株、早熟、易脫粒等雜草化特性，使其得以多世代繁衍而留存於田區；因此，除了宣導使用合格稻種以減少紅米入侵外，並持續移除異型株或阻斷其繁殖週期進行田區清潔是為防治首要任務。
The Taiwan landraces of early times were tall indica type with short grain and the contamination of red rice accessions was once very serious on Taiwan paddy field before 1906. In order to improve grain quality, systematic efforts were conducted to remove off-type plant with red pericarp by hand from paddy field during 1906 to 1921. In recent years, the off-type plants with red pericarp increased vastly on rice seed fields and paddy fields of economic production to reduce the purity of rice seed. We collected 521 weedy red rice individuals, which derived from 134 registered and certified seed fields, and then divided into three groups in multiple regions trials. The three groups of weedy red rice, which were evaluated by nine traits in three locations, compared with 74 check varieties including 15 modern japonica cultivars, 2 indica cultivars, 15 Taiwan native landraces and 42 mainland Chinese landraces. The results showed that the weedy red rice population possessed the morphological trend was early maturity, higher shattering, high panicle number, semi dwarf and red pericarp compared with the other modern cultivars. The results of principle component analysis (PCA) exhibited that the first two principle components were plant type and grain shape. In the two-dimensional plot of PCA, the morphological diverse and population location of Taiwan weedy red rice was closed with modern japonica cultivar across three locations. However, the selection strength of off-type individual for plant height was higher than the grain shape in the seed fields. The information of grain shape could provide the genetic relationship among Taiwan weedy rice and other material groups. In advance, the grain length-width ratio suggested the genetic relationship of Taiwan weedy rice population was closer with Taiwan native indica landraces, but was different with the long-grain or short-grain of modern cultivars. The study showed the off-type individuals with red pericarp would be easily maintained on the soil seed bank of paddy field due to the off-type plants with many weedy characteristics. In future, the control strategy should be not only on the management of qualified seed to reduce the invasion of weedy red rice, but also carry out the field cleaning jobs though removing of off-type plants and stopping its life cycle
