Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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Study on the Physiological and Morphological Characters upon the Seeds of Tah-Mei-Hwa Radish Produced in Difference Origins
No full text一、大梅花蘿蔔種子因採種地環境之不同，影響種子之大小，可超過一倍以上，海拔1,200公尺之南山村採種者，每1,000粒種子重量為11. 94公克，平地海岸布袋地區採種者，為5 . 9 17公克。 二、粗蛋白質之含量，小粒種子較多於大粒種子，粗脂肪之含量，大粒種子較多於小粒種子。 三、播種後20天，幼苗生長情形， 不論幼苗直徑、子葉大小、幼莖高度，低海拔地區之小粒種子，均較高海拔地區之大粒種子為小。 四、成苗之生長速度，至最後收穫時之真葉數相同，其高度約略相等，但在生育中期，播種後60天調查，大粒種子仍見優勢。五、至最後收穫時調查塊根收量，高海拔地區生產之大粒種子，產量均多於低海拔地區生產之小粒種子。 六、至於塊根形態之變異，空心以及皮厚程度， 塊根頂端直徑之變化， 塊根佔葉重之百分比，無明顯之區別。
1, Both the size and weight of 1,000 seeds were much affected by origins having different environmental conditions. For instance, the weight of Pu-Tai. 2. The crude protein contents of smaller seeds were higher than larger seeds. But the contents of crude fat showed reverse order. 3. At the 20 days after sowing, the growths of seedlings got from large seeds were faster than those of small seeds. At the harvesting time, the differences of the plant height were not significant. 4. The plots of larger seed showed higher yields than those of the smaller seeds. The differences were from 14 to 54%. The shape of roots were not significantly affected by seed sizes. 5. The author considers that the large seeds are rich in vitality, therefore the seedling may grow rapidly and vigorously inspite of the unfavorable conditions, such as drought, insect or disease damages
柑橘線蟲對於柑橘生長之影響及用殺線蟲藥劑防治之效果
No full textThis experiment has been conducted for one year from Septemberof 1969 to August of 1970 at the Yangmingshan Field Station, Shihlin Horticultural Experiment Station. The nematocides used in this experiment were emulsifiable 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropane(DBCP), emulsifiabledichloro-diisopropyl ether (DCIP), and granular dichloro-diisopropyl erher (DCIP). Growth of Sunki, Citrus reticulata var. Sunki.was verysignificantly decreased by infestation of the citrus nematode. Tylenchulussemipenetrans, and increased by application of nematocides. Efficacyof the DBCP for controlling the citrus nematode was significantlymuch better than that of the DCIP, and the emulsifiable DCIP was significantly better than the granular DCIP as the equal applied rat eof active ingredient concerned. The emulsifiable DBCP applied at the rate of 6 grams of active ingredient per square meter would be very practicable and effective for controlling the citrus nematode in the field condition.
本試驗所使用之殺線蟲劑，計有DBCP乳劑 DCIP 乳劑 及DCIP 粒劑三種。供試之苗水為酸橘。經一年之田間試驗結果，得知酸橘之生長受柑橘線蟲為害至為顯著。凡經上述三種殺蟲劑處理者，除DCIP 粒劑每平方公尺施用三公分之有效藥量處理外，對酸橘之生長均有顯著之增進。尤以DBCP乳劑每平方公尺施用九公分及六公分有效藥量時效果最佳。較對照區使酸橘之株高平均增長約2.1倍，並使株重平均增重平均增長約3 . 6倍。同時可完全消滅線蟲。一般言之，上述三種殺線蟲劑。以DBCP乳劑之效果為最佳，次為DCIP乳劑，效果最差者則為DCIP粒劑。此外，根據此一試驗結果，得知酸橘生長之優劣與柑橘線蟲在土壤中存在量之多寡有顯著之關連；柑橘線蟲殺死量與殺線蟲劑之施用量多寡亦各有顯著之關連
The Effect of Maturity and After-ripening on the Germination of Papaya Seed
No full text瓜果賞後熟作用能使其種子充賞飽瀉。以綠熟期採放之果最為顯著，海黃期採收者次之，黃熟期採坎之呆則不甚顯著。果買成熟度及其後熟作用對於種子之發芽力有顯著之影響，成熟度愈低影響愈大，綠熟期採l汝之果如不經後熟，其發芽率僅為2 5 % ,經5天之後熟增至4 9% ，經10天之後熟可增高至7 5 % ;講黃期採收之果如不徑後熟，發芽率亦僅52% ，但隨後熟期間之增長可增高至90% ;黃熟期採坎之果即使不經後熟，其發芽率亦有7 5 % ，如再徑5天後熟，可提高至8 6 % ，但後熟期增至10天，其發芽率反而有降低之趨勢。在黃熟期踩坎，再經5天後熟，或在講黃期採坎，再經10天後熟，然t音說採種子，可得最充賞飽j商而發芽率高之種子。
This study took place at the Fengshan Tropical Horticultural Experiment station in Feb. 1971. Three stages of maturity of No. 1 Solo hermaphroditic fruit were studied: the first stage of maturity-green in color; the 2nd-with yellow groove; the last-yellow ast-yellow and ripe. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of maturity and after-ripening on the Germination of Papaya seed and to serve as a reference as how to have excellent Papaya seed in the future. The results of this study is as follows: 1. Put an uncompletely ripe Papaya at a suitable temperature, The effect of after-ripening on the seeds is striking and the half-green fruit becomes ripe, too. The colour of Fruit Rind is changed from green into slinght yellow and to yellow finally. The color of seed coat is turned from white into ton and to black-brown finally. 2. The effect of after-ripening is great on the fruit and on the maturity of the seeds. Namely, the After-ripening can promote the seed mature. 3. Through the processes of weighing or washing the seeds, it is found that the effect of after-ripening on the seeds of Maiture green fruit is magnificent; 4. Maturity and after-ripening conspicuously effect on the germination of the seed. If it is without after-ripening, The germination of the seed of the Mature green fruit is Very weak. But the germination is increasing with five days. after-ripening; much greater with 10 days. The seed of the yellow groove fruit after-ripening is still weak too. In accordance with the withoutin time length of after-ripening, the rate of germinaton grows, and the fruit is obviousely great; greatest at 10 days after-ripening. 5. In short, the ideal of Papaya, Producing in winter, is that of the yellow ripe fruit adding 5 days after-ripening. In regard to the growth of the tree, the management of the field, the equipment of the after-ripening and etc, the favorable time for Picking off the fruit is when it's yellow groove adding 10 days, after-ripening Then the hest seeds can be obtained after
Powdery Mildew of Gerbera in Taiwan
No full text在嘉義農業試驗分所栽培之非洲菊發現白粉病，白粉病菌的有性世代並未發現。分生孢子鏈生於孢子梗頂端，無色，單胞，短橢圓形，大小爲20~33.7×15μm (27.7×19.6μm)，含有2~10皿狀物。孢子發芽管短，單出或分叉形。根據其分生孢子特徵，可知本菌屬於Sphaerotheca fuliginea。初步調查，荷蘭Marleen、Veronica、Damco、美國Gigi Mixture等爲較易感病品種。
Powdery mildew of Gerbera jamesonii Bolus was found in February, 1990 at Chiayi, Taiwan. The sexual stage of the powdery mildew fungus in Gerbera was not found in Taiwan. Conidia are formed in chain,. ovoid, 20~33.7×15~25 μm (27.7×19.6 μm) in size, and containing fibrosin bodies. Conidia germinate with a short simple or forked germ tube. According to the characteristics of the Qidium state, Sphaerotheca fuliginea was identified as the causal agent
Variation of Fruit Characters among Longan (Euphoria longana Lam.) Varieties in Taiwan
No full text調查臺灣52龍眼品種及部份品種於不同地區不同年份之果實性狀變異顯示各種果實性狀均受品種、地區、年份之影響，尤以眾重最為明顯。調查107組樣品之果實性狀變異範圍如下，果色均爲黃褐色，各品種有深淺之不同，部份帶有果粉；果肉半透明，淡白至淡黃之間；肉質有軟脆之分，以脆肉較多；種子色由紅褐至黑褐，以黑褐較多。成熟期自7月至10月，以8月最多；果重介於5.2至18.2公克之間，平均10.6公克，種子重介於0.5至2.5公克之間，平均1.8公克；果肉可溶性固形物含量在10.3%至26.0%之間，平均18.3%；果肉率在50.0%至70.8%之間，平均61.6%。果實大小和果重、果皮重、種子重、果肉重有顯著之正相關。粉殼爲最主要之品種，其次爲紅殼及青殼，其餘均少量栽培。目前龍眼栽培之主要問題爲：1.需有不同成熟期、大果、豐產之品種以調節產期。2.植株矮化之方法。3.隔年結果之防止。4.每穗果數之控制，以免果實因結果太多而變小。
Summary The variation of fruit characters among 52 longan varieties at different locations and years in Taiwan was investigated Most fruit characters studied were affected by different varieties, locations, and years. The effect was most significant in fruit weight. The variation of fruit characters of 107 samples measured was as follows. The fruit is light to dark yellow-brown. The aril is translucent white to light yellow. The seed is red brown to black brown. The mature season was from July to October. Most were harvested in August. Fruit weight ranged from 5.2 to 18.2 grams (mean=10.6 g), Seed weight ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 grams (mean=1.8 g). Soluble solids in aril ranged from 10.3 to 26.0% (mean=18.3%). Aril ratio in fruit ranged from 50.0 to 70.8 (mean-61.6%). Fruit size was significantly related to fruit weight, peel weight, peel weight and aril weight. The cultivar Feng Ko accounts for more than 80% of longan production in Taiwan. It is followed by Hong Ko and Ching Ko. Current problems confronting longan culture in Taiwan are: l) needs of varieties with large fruit, high yield and various mature season, 2) control of plant height to lower cost of management, 3) methods to control irregular bearing, and 4) methods of thinning to control fruit number per cluster
Study on the Propagation of Avocado Resistant Stock by the Method of "Franqueamiento"
No full text為解台灣酪梨根腐病危害問題，參考“嫁接嵌木高壓法”(franquea-miento)繁殖酪梨耐病砧木品系”Duke 7”。爲比較採穗期、接穗儲藏期間及嫁接日對”Duke 7”之接穗嫁接於一般實生砧木之成活情形，於兩個日期切取”Duke 7”之接穗，將其儲藏於6±1℃下，1星期後第一次取出部分接穗嫁接於一般實生苗，而後每隔1星期取出部分接穗，再連續嫁接4次。結果顯示以1990年1月17日切取，儲藏14天後之接穗嫁接成活率最好，可達74.4%。又兩個切取日接穗，於儲藏後連續5次嫁接總成活率平均皆至少有43.53%以上，但平均間無顯著性差異。爲瞭解生長調節劑與”Duke 7”接穗萌發枝條生根促進之關係，於枝條長到30葉時，以浸過含IBA 0至10,000ppm或NAA 0至300ppm單獨或組合溶液之木片，插入枝條靠近接合部莖上之入爲斜切口中，並用介質高壓。9個月後調查生根情形，結果顯示除在IBA 1,000ppm下，接穗萌發枝條無根發生外，其餘皆有10%生根，但處理間之差異不顯著。從接穗萌發枝條生長根部位下方剪斷，即可繁殖得1新植株，將其盆栽於泥炭土對真珠石體積各半之介質後，可順利成活。
Because root rot (Phytophthora cinnommomi Rands) was a major threat to Taiwan avocado industry, root rot resistant stock propagation was very important. In this report propagation of ”Duke 7” by using ”Franqueamiento” method was tested. In order to study the effect of scion cut date, scion storage period and date of grafting on the percent of successful graft unions during two scion cut dates, ”Duke 7” scions every one week storage were grafted to common seedling stocks and that is continued the following four weeks. It was showed that the treatment, the ”Duke 7” scions which were cut on January 17 and grafted after storaged two weeks, had 74.4% percent of successful graft union, which was best of all the treatments. Both of the average of all the percent of successful graft unions of ”Duke 7” through the five weeks during two cut dates at least could attained 43.53%, but showed no statistically significant difference.
To study the effect of regulators on the root inducing of shoots growed from scions, solutions which contained IBA 0 to 10,000ppm or NAA 0 to 300ppm, alone or in combination, were prepare and on thin piece of wood, which previously dipped and saturated with on of theos solutions, was inserted the lengthwise cut, made from bottom to top through the shoot. Then those treated shoots were air layered. All treatments had 10% rooting shoots except the treatment which was treated with IBA 1,000 ppm, but all treatments showed no statistically significant difference
Studies on Leaf Morphology and Photosynthetic Characteristics at Various Ages of 'Hak lp' Litchi
No full text荔枝葉片的下表皮才具有氣孔，成熟葉片的氣孔密度爲3-4個／平方公厘。荔枝葉片葉肉組織內細胞的排列，除了在5天葉齡的幼葉排列非常緊密之外，其餘葉齡的葉肉組織都會發現有空隙的存在。葉片並無明顯維管束鞘的構造存在，上下表皮均有明顯的角質層。
荔枝葉片葉綠素含量在5天葉齡時高於10天葉齡，之後便隨著葉齡增加而增加，葉齡20天後達一較穩定的值，葉齡50天後又隨葉齡之增加而上升，直至葉齡90天。
荔枝不同葉齡的葉片在溫度27℃、二氧化碳350ppm、蒸氣壓差1.0kPa之內的條件下，光飽合點約400-500μmole photon/平方公尺•sec，光補償點在5-20μmole photon/平方公尺•sec之間，而與葉齡並無規律性關係存在；在光飽合點以上、二氧化碳350ppm、蒸氣壓差1.0kPa之內的條件下，光合成適溫在27℃至30℃之間。
荔枝各個葉齡葉片之淨光合成速率均隨著蒸氣壓差的變大而降低。在600ppm範圍內，荔枝各個葉齡葉片之浄光合成速率均隨著二氧化碳濃度之增加而呈直線增加；荔枝各個葉齡葉片的二氧化碳補償點在40-450ppm之間，與葉齡並無明顯相關性存在。光呼吸率隨著葉齡的增加而逐漸下降；暗呼吸速率與葉齡則無明顯關系存在。
Litchi was hypostomatous with 3.4 stomata/mm^2 on mature leaf. Mature leaves was dorsiventral and all the mesophyll cells were loosely packed. There was no apparent structure of vasicular bundle sheath in the leaves. Thick cuticle layer was found on both abaxial and adaxial surfaces.
The chlorophyll concentration of 5-day-old litchi leaves was higher than that of 10 day-old ones. Its concentration increased with increasing age to 20 day-old and maintain a plateau up to 50 days, and then increased again, until 90 days.
The photosynthetic characteristics of litchi (cv. Hak IP) leaves at various ages were measured under the condition of 27℃, 350ppm CO2 and ＜1.0 kPa vapor pressure deficit (VPD). The light saturation point was about 400-500 μmole photon/m^2•sec of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), the point of light compensation was about 5-20μmole photon/m^2 sec and their magnitude were not related with leaf age. Under the condition of PPFD is higher than light saturation point, 350ppm CO2, and ＜1.0kPa VPD, the optimum temperature for photosynthesis was between 27℃ and 30℃.
No matter what was the age of leaf, all the net photosynthetic rate decreased with increasing VPD. In the range of 600ppm, the net photosynthetic rate of leaves with various ages increased linearly with the concentration of CO2. The CO2 compensation point was 40-150ppm and its concentration had no obvious relation with leaf age. The photorespiration rate decreased with increasing leaf age whereas dark respiration rate was not related with leaf age
The Avocado and Human Nutrition I.Some Human Health Aspects of the Avocado
No full text由於有些人對酪梨有不利的誤解，致減少酪梨的使用。酪梨有各式用法：因有快速滲透皮膚之優點，故可作爲一種自然和化粧品及作爲一種上等的天然防曬膏；酪梨油在烹調及健康方面有許多益處。酪梨的果肉部分較當爲人所利用。食用酪梨並有下述重要的優點：可用於控制人的體重、具高營養密度、可當作主要抗氧化物之來源、可預防中風、可作爲水果蛋白質之來源、可作爲纖維之來源：此外也可作爲嬰兒食品，並有其他膳食上之益處。本篇也澄清大眾對酪梨所含卡路里量及酪梨會致癌的一些錯誤認知
The Situation of Virus-free Citrus Germplasm Preservation and Utilization
No full text柑橘是臺灣主要常綠果樹之一，因長期無性繁殖及病毒危害，致經濟樹齡縮短、產量及品質亦受到嚴重影響。有鑑於此，特於農業試驗所嘉義分所成立柑橘無病毒化原原種、原種園及無病毒柑橘採穗園，並以頂梢嫁接法(shoot-tip micrografting)逐步將柑橘種原無病毒化。目前嘉義分所保存之原原種、原種柑橘計有柳橙等89品種10品系651株，均以白色樹脂盆栽種於隔離網室內，施予嚴密的培育管理及病毒追蹤檢定；供應無病毒化柑橘接穗做採穗園或提供教學研究之用，累計已提供椪柑等37品種12,237芽。
The citrus is an important sub-tropical fruits in Taiwan, because the farmers usually use vegetative propagation and virus infected citrus plants, so both the tree economic years and yeild decreased. The fruit quality was the same, then the Virus-free citrus Foundation Block was established at Chia-Yi Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES), Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute in 1984. The materrials were cleaned up and reestablished the citrus germplasm using shoot-tip microgating. There are 89 varieties, 10 lines, and 651 foundation stocks kept isolated in screen houses at CAES. Currently, 37 varieties and 12,237 virus-free buds of ponkan, etc., had been released to Citrus Scion Nursery at CAES or for research use
Responses of Garlic Bulbs (Allium sativum L.) to Storage Temperatures
No full text鑑於臺灣生產之蒜球（Allium sativum L.）於三、四月採收後在普通通風庫貯藏至當年秋、冬季期間常發生萌芽、乾腐與失重等問題，造成嚴重損失，本研究觀察貯藏溫度對蒜球芽體伸長及呼吸率等生理作用之反應，欲藉對生理反應之瞭解與影響品質之優劣變化，進一步找尋貯藏適溫。‘大片黑’大蒜之蒜球採收後先經熱風烘乾處理，然後以1°、5°、10°、15°、20°、25°、35°及40℃八種溫度貯藏6或10個月。結果貯藏在5°、10°及15℃的蒜球迅速萌芽；貯藏在20℃及25℃的蒜球雖然外觀不見萌芽，但芽體在蒜瓣中迅速伸長而曲褶；貯藏在40℃的蒜球則受熱傷害。蒜球於5℃至25℃之間貯藏6或10個月者呼吸率很高，貯藏在1℃或35℃者呼吸率較低。由於萌芽、乾腐、失重或熱傷害等劣變發生，蒜球在5°、10°、15°及40℃貯藏6個月者完全喪失商品價值，在20℃及25℃貯藏10個月者亦完全喪失商品價值，而在1℃或35℃貯藏10個月後仍有60％以上之可售率。貯藏在1℃的蒜球呼吸率、失重率或萌芽率均低，但芽體在蒜瓣中仍不斷伸長，出庫後置20℃櫥架觀察10天期間因迅速萌芽及失重，商品價值低落。在35℃貯藏6或10個月後的蒜球都還有10天以上的櫥架壽命。
Properly cured (dried) garlic bulbs (Allium sativum L.) were stored at 1°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 35° or 40℃ for 6 or 10 months. Those stored at 40℃ had severe heat injury before 6 months. Those stored at 5°, 10° or 15℃ sprouted early, had high respiration rates, and had a storage life of <6 months. Those stored at 20° or 25℃ had high respiration rates, high weight losses, and severe dry rot disorders during the period between 6 to 10 months of storage. Those stored at 1℃ or 35℃ had low respiration rates, low wight losses, and did not sprout within 10 months. However, those stored at 1℃ for 6 or 10 months sprouted quickly and had a severe weight loss during the 10-day shelf-life observation at 20℃. More than 60% of the initial weight of the garlic bulbs stored at 35℃ for 10 months followed by 10-day shelf-life at 20℃ had an acceptable quality for the market