Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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Masspropagation
No full text本研究探討觀賞石斛(Dendrobium Ekapal｀King Panda’)擬原球體(protocorm like body, PLB)大量繁殖、芽體形成及發根之影響因子。橫切之 PLB 培植體於添加2mg/L NAA，IBA，kinetin，BA 或 TDZ 生長調節劑之基本培養基(MS 基本鹽類添加 80g/L 馬鈴薯、30g/L 蔗糖及 9g/L 洋菜)中培養，結果顯示細胞分裂素(cytokinin)較生長素(auxin)對PLB 增殖有提高之作用，其中以2 mg/L zeatin 及BA 處理之PLB增殖率最高，約 70% 之培植體皆可增殖 16 個以上之PLB。進一步將上述試驗所得之 PLB 單顆接種於含有 80g/L 豆薯或馬鈴薯的基本培養基中，比較有機添加物對PLB 之芽體形成之影響，結果顯示自 2 mg/L zeatin 處理誘導所得之PLB，接種在豆薯培養基中有最高之芽體形成率；而自 IBA 處理中所誘得之 PLB 在豆薯及馬鈴薯培養基中皆有高比例之芽體形成率。發根試驗中探討培養基中 MS 基本鹽類濃度及繼代培養時進行切根處理對小苗發根生長之影響，結果顯示含有 1/4 MS 基本鹽類濃度之培養基發根率最高，而繼代時之切根處理，會影響組培苗地上部之苗長及不定芽數，但對地下部之根長及根數影響並不顯著。
This study is to investigate mass propagation of the protocorm like bodies (PLB) of ornamental Dendrobium (Dendrobium Ekapal ‘King Panda’). The PLBs of ornamental Dendrobium were transversely cut and adopted as explants. They were cultured on the MS basal salt media containing 30 g/L of sucrose, 80 g/L of potato homogenate, 9 g/L of agar and in combination with 2 mg/L of different kinds of plant growth regulator such as NAA, IBA, BA, kinetin, TDZ and zeatin for PLB proliferation investigation. After 30 days, cytokinin was superior to auxin for PLB proliferation. The highest PLB multiplication rate was obtained on the media containing 2 mg/L of zeatin or BA, about 70% of the explants generating 16 or more PLBs in a month. The PLBs proliferated from the above experiment were subcultured one by one on the MS basal salt media with the organic compound made of yam bean or potato homogenate for shoot formation investigation. After 60 days, PLBs, from the zeatin treatment, subculture on the medium containing yam bean had the highest shoot formation rate. The shoot formation rate of IBAinducedPLBs was high, no matter they were cultured on yam bean or potato homogenate containing media. The 1/4 diluted MS basal salt medium had the best root induction and growth rate. Root cutting affected plantlet height and the number of shoot. However it had no significant influence on root length and number of root
Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Genetic Relationship Identification Using Leaf Volatile Constituents as Indicators
No full text本試驗樣品分別採自臺灣及薩爾瓦多，共22個品種，24個參試樣品。臺灣之樣品取自農業試驗所嘉義分所及沈清德先生果園，薩爾瓦多之樣品取自薩國農業試驗所種源保存區。比較樣品製備方法後，選用頂空－固相微萃取聯用氣相層析質譜儀配合同位素標定之內標準品，分析酪梨葉片揮發性化合物組成且進行相對性定量。自單純品系樣品之氣相層析質譜儀分析結果，挑選12個品系專一化合物及10個數量級變異化合物，作爲各酪梨品系之特徵指標化合物。數據分析以歐式距離計算特徵指標化合物相對校正量，取普通對數值之相似性矩陣，再以非加權配對算術平均法進行群聚分析。此數據分析結果繪製之群聚樹狀圖中，三大類酪梨單純品系樣品可明顯區分爲三大群，與文獻之酪梨品系分類結果相符。以揮發性化合物組成作爲親緣關係之鑑別方法，具試驗重複性與再現性、實驗操作簡單及分析快速等優點。分析資料可加入資料庫中，並與資料庫中之資料合併加入群聚分析。此分析模式未來應可用於其他物種之親緣關係檢測。
Twenty-four leaf samples in twenty-two avocado pure race cultivars were collected in Taiwan and El Salvador. Taiwan avocado leaf samples were collected from Chia-yi Agricultural Experimental Station (CAES) and Shen's orchard. Import leaf samples were supplied by Germplasm Reserves of Institute of Agricultural Experiments in El Salvador. In comparison with headspace-gas tight syringe direct injection, solvent extraction, pyrolysis, and headspace-solid phase microextraction, HS-SPME was chosen for sample preparation. HS-SPME GC-MS utilizing EPA Method 8270 stable isotope internal standards provide a sensitive and reproducible quantitative method for analyzing avocado leaf aroma. Twelve race-specific compounds and ten magnitude-varied compounds were selected as the characteristic indicator compounds for further analysis. Chavicol and methyl eugenol, sesquiterpene I and sesquiterpene III, were race-specific compounds for Mexican and Guatemalan race. Hexanal, phenylacetaldehyde and caryophyllene isomer were race-specific compounds for West Indian race. β-myrcene, γ-terpinene, and nonyl aldehyde could only be found in Guatemalan and West Indian races, trans-anethole could only befound in Mexican and West Indian race, sesquiterpene IV could only be found in Mexican and Guatemalan race. The magnitude-varied compounds included terpenoid, aldehyde and phenylpropanoid, such astrans2hexenal, α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene+eucalyptol, estragole, α-copaene, sesquiterpene II, caryophyllene, α-humulene, and sesquiterpene V. Similarity matrix of volatile constituents was calculatedby Euclidean distance of base10logarithm value of characteristic indicator compounds calibratedabundance, and dendrogram was clustered based on unweighted pair group method arithmetic average (UPGMA). Three avocado horticultural race samples were separated into three major groups on the dendrogram of volatile constituent test results. The cluster result of test samples agreed with the classification information from literature review of three races. The total ion chromatogram of 'Horshim' was identified as the hybrid between Mexican and Guatemalan races. Because of the benefits of easyoperation, fast analysis, good repeatability and reproducibility, volatile constituent analysis of avocado leaves could be used as a morphological chemotaxonomy method. Calibrated abundance by internal standards of testing data of GC-MS could be merged into database, and generated a new dendrogram with the all data in the database. Experimental results proved that this is a feasible method for genetic relationship identification
The Current Status and Prspective of Phalaenopsis Orchid Production and Marketing in the USA and Canada
No full text蝴蝶蘭是我國外銷最重要的農產品之一，近年來蝴蝶蘭在美國的銷售量躍升，成為第2大盆花。為瞭解美國蝴蝶蘭市場行銷、生產管理、經營與發展，藉由農委會之計畫，於95年5月5日至17日前往考察，考察之地區包括美國紐約、芝加哥、洛杉磯與舊金山，加拿大溫哥華。參訪當地主要之蝴蝶蘭生產蘭園、連鎖店及花卉市場，經過短程的參訪可以得知美國蝴蝶蘭市場需求將會快速擴展，需求量非常龐大。由於許多蘭園自國外進口中、大苗，在美國培育為開花株後出售，因此美國近年將會需要大量苗株進口，此狀況很有利於台灣生產種苗外銷美國。以往台灣以裸根苗空運美國，損耗率約為30%，高級花育成率約20%，經營不易。2004年美國同意台灣帶介質進口，損耗率降低至1-5%（空運）或5-15%（海運），高級花育成率達70%以上，並可縮短培育期，提昇溫室使用週轉率，成為台灣產業發展之重要關鍵因素。海運運費約僅空運運費之20%，損耗率高之問題已由技術提升逐漸降低。美國市場偏好大白花（約50%），其次為大紅花（約35%），有利於台灣目前盛行品種之出口。在美國蝴蝶蘭市場需求全年平穩，以母親節需求量最高，2月至4月上旬淡季。銷售通路以連鎖店、批發商與花店為主，因此需要時間建立行銷管道。台灣蘭花業者在美設立產銷據點主要分佈在加州、美東等地，計有17戶左右，溫室面積約18公頃。大都屬於中小企業，資金取得不易，難以和國外大規模經營者抗衡。市場上主流之品種大多來自於台灣、日本、荷蘭等國，台灣需要注重品種智財權之保護。由於蝴蝶蘭在美國市場前景看好，目前除了美國大規模經營者大量生產，以及台灣業者經營生產蘭園之外，韓國、以色列已積極投入生產，荷蘭Floricultura公司已購地，將積極開發美國市場。加拿大溫哥華地區蝴蝶蘭以往供應美國西北地區不少，近年漸減，而本地供應量似趨飽和。目前大都以裸根苗空運進口，栽培品質較低，帶介質進口將有利於蝴蝶蘭之發展。為此建議政府積極輔導相關業者籌建合格之輸美溫室；在符合WTO規範下，於台南蘭花生物科技園區建造標準輸美溫室，租予業者；加強節能措施之開發；加速研發優質苗株量產技術、貯運及檢疫技術，並輔導業者建立實用體系；協助業者在美國設立末端生產基地；對商業化重要品種在美國申請品種保護權。
Phalaenopsis orchid is one of the most important agricultural products for exportation in Taiwan. Orchid pot plant becomes the second important pot plant in the USA. The quantity of Phalaenopsis young plants exported to the USA from Taiwan is increasing. To know the production and marketing of Phalaenopsis orchid in the USA, the authors had been to the USA and Vancouver, Canada to visite growers and flower markets in May, 2006. It is obvious that the demand of Phalaenopsis in the USA market is huge and still increasing. All the growers imported young plant from foreign countries mainly from Taiwan. They cultivated these plants into flowering plants for sale. In the past all the young plants imported from Taiwan were with bared root. It took time to replant and to get recover for these plants. About 30% of the plants would be discarded. Moreover the plants were weak and with low quality flowers. Only 20% of the plants had high quality flowers. The quality of flower was improved greatly when the young plants were imported with moss and pot. The cultivation period was also shortened greatly. However the cost for air freightage was so high that the quantity of potted plant exported was not much. Recently the technique of marine shipment has been developed. The cost for transportation by sea was less than 20% of that by air shipment. The high loss due to marine long term transportation needs to be solved. The ways that the Phalaenopsis plants were sold in the USA includes chain stores, wholesalers, flower markets and flower shops etc. Varieties with big white flower were the most welcomed. It occupies about 50% of the varieties in the market. Varieties with big red flower were the second ones and occupy about 35% of varieties in the market. The demand of the flowering plants in the whole year was stable except for Mother's day. The demand was the most high during the Mother's day. The price of Phalaenopsis flower plants was quite stable the whole year round. The retail price was about two times or more of the whole sale price. The main producing area in the USA were Florida state and California state. There were about 17 nurseries from Taiwan. They have about 18 hectares of greenhouse located mainly in the east coast and the west cost of the USA. Phalaenopsis young plants imported to Canada were mainly with bared root. The quality of flower was not quite good. The market was not big in Vancouver. Phalaenopsis flowering plants were mainly produced from 4 nurseries. The quantity supplied seems more than demand. The marketing in Canada was quite similar to that in the USA. Many of the plants were sold through a local auction market called United Flower Growers. Many of the flowering plants went to Washington State of the USA. The quantity exported to the USA is decreasing. The major problems for Phalaenopsis orchid to be exported to the United States include techniques for maintaining the quality of seedlings, affording the quantity of market demands, reducing the rates of mutants and virus and clarifying the environmental conditions for forcing. Accordingly, to develop the marketing of Phalaenopsis orchid, it was critical to improve the quality of seedlings, to reduce the rates of mutants and virus and to provide environmental conditions for forcing for those major cultivars and thus to improve the acceptance of those foreign orchid growers and to enlarge American markets. To reach these purposes, the flower suggestions were recommended to (1)establish qualified standard greenhouses of Phalaenopsis orchid for exporting to the United States in Tainan Orchid Plantation for rent to those interested orchid growers in Taiwan, (2)to enhance the developments of energy-saving facilities, (3)to speed up the researches of cultivating technologies for the mass production, storage and shipment and quarantine of seedlings, (4)to assist the interested growers to establish practical application system and help them to establish final nurseries for commercial flowering plants in America, and (5)to merchandize the major orchid varieties in the United States by applying for variety protection
Insights into the Biology, Diversity, and Origins of Weedy Red Rice and the Use of Phylogeographical Structures to Control its Seed-mediated Contamination in Taiwan
No full textWeedy red rice (WRR) possesses traits, including seed dormancy and shattering, that
facilitate its infestation in rice paddies from one crop season to the next. These plants are not only the potential source of pollen-mediated gene flow and hosts for diseases or other pests, but also are competitors for fertilizer due to their vigorous growth. In addition to increased production costs to control this weed, the red pericarp and undesirable eating qualities of WRR lead to reduced product value, consequently putting production constraints on the global rice industry. In rice cultivation regions world-wide, the rice industry is in search of effective ways to control WRR. The rice production system in Taiwan relies on transplanting which is recommended for effective control of weeds in rice fields during the seedling stage. However, the infestation of WRR in rice paddies has become increasingly severe in the past few years in Taiwan. Although WRR occurs at a rate of only 0.5 to 1% in contaminated paddies, it can be spread easily through use of shared field equipment among rice fields. Ratoon cropping or tillage immediately after harvest increases the population densities of WRR, resulting in future yield losses. Effective control strategies for WRR should meet the balance between economic benefit, efficiency, and feasibility. The recommended WRR control measures under a transplanting system begin with irrigating the paddy field after harvest to induce the sprouting of shattered seed, followed by plowing the WRR seedlings into the land. Herbicide is then applied three times in succession every seven days to kill emerging WRR and to field infestations. The final step is the manual removal of the remaining off-type plants of WRR
Studies on Black Colored Soils in Taiwan II Comparing the Physico-chemical Properties of black Soils of Basalt and Rendzinas
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