Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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Glandular Areas of Male Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Important to Agricultural Plants in Taiwan
No full text薊馬為引起多種作物經濟損失、傳播植物病毒及檢疫障礙之重要農業害蟲。聚集費洛蒙為新興監測及防治誘引物質。雄蟲腹部腹板腺室為聚集費洛蒙釋放之可能源頭，腺室形狀、大小及分布位置，為輔助薊馬分類鑑定之依據。本文描述台灣薊馬科(Thripidae)15屬21種薊馬雄蟲形態及其腺室，依其特性製作檢索表作為鑑別21種類之參考。依據薊馬之經濟重要性、雄蟲發生比率及其腺室種類等，評估開發費洛蒙製劑之可行性。
Thrips are major agricultural pests that can cause produce to be quarantined, and they transmit plant viruses and cause damage to a multitude of crops. The use of an aggregation pheromone is a novel method for monitoring and controlling thrips. The glandular area on the sternite of male thrips is related to the secretion of pheromones. Therefore, the identification, shape, size and distribution of these glandular areas is useful. Adult males of 21 species belonging to 15 genera were examined and identified by their morphology and the characteristics of their glandular areas. We then considered the sex ratio of male to females, the glandular area of the males, the economic importance of these pests and other related issues and estimated the possibility to develop a pheromone formulation and its potential to be applied as a pest control in the field
Study on Spikelet Distribution Pattern of the Sodium Azide-Induced Mutants of Rice Variety Tainung 67
No full text本研究以自水稻台農67號疊氮化鈉突變庫篩選所獲得的5個穎花分佈型態之突變品系為材料，以誘變親台農67號為對照品種，進行連續2年4期作之穎花分佈調查。結果發現，無論一次枝梗數、一次枝梗穎花數、二次枝梗數及二次枝梗穎花數之數量等性狀，突變品系均產生不同於誘變親台農67號之穎花分佈型式。一次枝梗數增加或減少最多可達3個；大部分突變品系之一次枝梗穎花數均與台農67號相似，約為5~6粒，但突變品系SA0418部分枝梗可增加至7粒。整體而言，每個突變品系在第一期作（2個年度）之二次枝梗穎花數變化曲線並無明顯變異，但第二期作之穎花分佈明顯異於一期作，且年度間表現不一致。突變品系SA04018之二次枝梗穎花數明顯減少，2001年2期作甚至減少到二次枝梗幾乎無穎花之生產，台農67號之二次枝梗穎花數以中部節位最具優勢，突變品系SA04019於一期作則以中上部節位最具優勢，對穗之乾重累積特性而言，可能為優良之突變性狀。總而言之、水稻穎花分佈會隨年度、期作及誘變處理而改變，疊氫化鈉誘變處理可增加穎花分佈之變異程度及產生優良穎花分佈型態之品系，值得研究利用。
Five mutants derived from sodium aside mutagenesis with various spikelet distribution patterns on rice panicle were investigated and compared with its mother parent, TNG67 variety, for four crop seasons. The results have shown that the significant differences were observed in primary rachis-branches number, spikelet number on the primary rachis-branch, number of the secondary rachis-branch and number of spikelet on the secondary rachis-branch as compared with the characteristics of TNG67 variety. Most mutants and TNG67 produce 5~6 spikelets on the primary rachis-branch, but mutant SA0418 produced 7 spikelets on parts of its primary rachis-branch. No distinct difference in spikelet distribution on secondary rachis-branch was observed in the first crop season for two years but it was not stable in the second crop season. Mutant SA0418 produced less spikelets in the secondary rachis-branch as compared with TNG67, and most spikelets were found in the secondary rachis-branch, especially in the secondary crop season of year 2001. In mutant, SA0419, a large number of spikelets distributed in the secondary rachis-branch above the middle nodal in the first crop season providing a good characteristic for dry matter accumulation in rice panicle. In conclusion, spikelets distribution pattern of rice may have variable expressions in different year and crop season, and can also be altered by mutagenesis. Rice mutants with variations in spikelet distribution pattern provide good characteristics for further physiological study as well as variety improvement
Sources and Transformations of NO3 in the Groundwater of Ming-Jian, Nantou County
No full text本研究分析南投名間農作區與城鎮區共12口水井及一處湧泉水樣的NO3- 之濃度及氮、氧同位素組成，以了解名間地區地下水NO3- 污染狀況，探討地下水中NO3- 的來源及轉化。結果顯示在2004年6月至2005年9月研究期間，約有54%水樣之NO3- 濃度高於飲用水標準這些超標的地下水主要發生在農作區內，其NO3- 之來源主要是土壤有機物和化學肥料少部份來自動物性堆肥。基本上，本研究區地下水、。之濃度及氮氧同位素特微反映不同來源氮之硝化作用，以及後續不同來源氮之混合作用的影響。農作區地下水中並未顯示發生造成NO3- 濃度降低之脫氮或同化作用：反之，城鎮區之地下水則很明顯曾受到同化作用。
This study analyzed the concentration, and nitrogen and oxygen isotope compositions of groundwater's NO3(superscript-), including twelve wells and one spring in agricultural and urban regions of Ming-Jian, Nantou Colunty. The purpose was to better understand NO3(superscript-) pollution and discuss possible NO3(superscript-) sources and transformation. The results indicate that nearly 54% of NO3(superscript-) contaminated samples exceeded the criterion for drinking water during the studied period (June 2004 to September 2005), especially in the agricultural region. The sources of NO3(superscript-) in polluted groundwater are mainly related to soil nitrogen and chemical fertilizer, in addition to minor animal manure. The concentration and nitrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of groundwater NO3(superscript-) in the studied area are mainly controlled by the nitrification from varied nitrogen sources and the subsequent mixing process between the varied sources. Denitrification/assimilation that could reduce the NO3(superscript-) concentration in groundwater is not evidenced in the agricultural region studied, but the assimilation is significant in urban groundwater
Evaluation of the Effect of Substitution of Corn by Brown Rice in Diets on the Growth Performance and Carcass Quality of Growing-Finishing Pigs
No full text本研究使用平均體重約30公斤之LD雜交肉豬，依體重逢機分為五個處理組，每組十頭，試驗飼糧第一組為對照組，第二至四組分別以糙米取代對照組玉米用量之50%、75%及100%，並於第四組飼糧中添加0.2%之胺基酸鐵作為第5組飼糧，飼糧採任食，飲水充分供應，豬隻平均體重約達65公斤時，更換肥育期飼糧餵飼至體重約達120公斤時，結束試驗，測定豬生長性能。同時每組選取體重相近之豬隻六頭，經屠宰後測定屠體品質、屠肉成分、色澤及進行豬肉品評。結果顯示，以糙米取代飼料中之玉米用量50%之飼糧，於生長期飼料轉換率較高、背脂厚度較薄、而肌間脂肪含量百分比高，且其背最長肌品評之總接受度，和攝食100%玉米之對照組豬隻，無顯著差異，然顯著地高於其他各組。而背最長肌中脂肪酸組成，於各組間，未有顯著之差異，飼糧添加糙米取代玉米餵飼生長肥育豬，其取代量係以重量取代50%玉米為宜。
A total of 50 LD (Landrace×Duroc-Jersey) crossbred pigs, average body weight 30 kg, were used as experimental animals. Pigs were allocated into 5 treatments by body weight (BW) and fed with five diets, i.e. Control, graded levels substitution of corn in the control diet by brown rice (SC 50%, SC 75%, SC 100% and SC 100% added Fe-amino acid). Feed and water were provided on an ad libitum basis. Pigs were fed the finisher diet when the average body weight of the pigs reached 65 kg. When BW reached 120 kg, all pigs were weighed and 6 pigs from each treatment were delivered to the slaughterhouse and the carcass characteristics were measured. The growth performance, carcass quality, meat composition, panel test of loin meat and fatty acid composition of the meat were evaluated. The results showed the pigs fed a diet of SC 50% had more efficient utilization of feed during the growing period. The pigs of SC 50% had less backfat thickness and higher marbling in the loin meat. The overall acceptability of loin from pigs fed the SC 50% did not differ from the control group, but was higher than the other groups. No difference was observed on the fatty acid composition of loin meat among the groups. Substitution of corn by brown rice in the diet of growing - finishing pigs to 50% is recommended
STUDY ON PAP AlN COLLECTION OF SOMESELECTED PAPAYA
No full text1 . 綜合特性比較:
(1) 就各品種性別而論， 具有雌、雄株兩種性別者， 二者交配後，後代性比為♀ :♂ =1: 1 ， 因雄株生產果質極少， 或完全不能結果，故在栽培時需拔除50% 雄株，頗不經濟， 本研究中計有 de Florida，IFA C 360 , Haiti 三品種。具有雌、雄， 兩性株三種性別品種，用雌株與兩性株交配採種， 後代中則無雄株發生， 其性比為♀: ♂ =1 : 1 ， 因每株均能生產，在裁培上頗為有利，計有褋交一號， Phi1ippine, Semangka , 本地種， Solo 129 ，五品種。褋交一號即屬於此類，故極適於生產上之要求。
(2) 在供試8品種中，褋交一號( Px5) F1， 聯合株高及株組比較， 除Philippine 外， 較其他品種均為矮生粗健， 若與本地種比較， 約超過本地種20%，結果部位低，用為採收木瓜酵素，可以節省勞力，抗風力強可以防止倒折， 因其生育極為健旺，在栽培管理上極為有利。
(3) 木瓜在雨季由於土壤中Phthium 及Fusarium兩種真菌，所引起之根腐病而言， 其抵抗力之大小，依次為褋交一號， Philippine，Semangka，本地種，Haiti，de Florida，Solo 129 ， IFA C 360 。據以上抗病力，以褋交一號為最強，Philippine 及Semangka 次之。de Florida 與Haiti 酵素產量及de Florida 與Semangka 生果產量，雖僅次於褋交一號，但對於根腐病而言， 遠較褋交一號為劣。 8品種中de Florida為非洲採收酵素經濟品種之一， 據本研究之結果在臺灣栽培尚不夠理想，由此可知適於臺灣環境條件下栽培之木瓜品種， 以在本土自行育成者最為適宜。
2. 產量比較:
(1) 果質產量比較:
( a) 褋交一號雖較de Florida產量稍高，在統計數字上並無顯著差異，但較Semangka 等其他6 品種，均呈極顯著之豐產， 差異標準達 1% 平準。
(b ) de Florida 品種產量， 除稍次於褋交一號，較其他6品種分別增產達5% 與1% 平準。
( c) Semangka ， 本地種，Haiti 三品體，較IFA C 360 及Solo 129均豐產分別達到 5% 與1 %平準。
(d ) 本試驗8 品種間，以Philippine 品種產量較低， 其中以IFA C 360 及Solo 129 兩品種產量為最低。
(2)酵素產量比較:
據品種間木瓜酵素產量比較結果， 結論如次:
(a) 供試8品種中，彼此間均有極顯著之優劣差異。
(b) 褋交一號較其他7品種，均呈極顯著之豐產，差異標準達1%。
(c) de Florida 除與Haiti，Semangka，Philippine 三品種無顯著差異外，但較本地種，IFA C 360，Solo 129 均豐產達5%與1%平準。
(d) 本試驗8 品種間，以本地種產量較低， 而以IFA C 360 及Solo 129 為最低。
3. 供試8品種酵素蛋白質分解活力，係以乾酪素( Casein ) 分解法測定，所採用單位為每1小時每1ml。 (milli- liter) 木瓜酵素，所能消化同單位 Casein 之倍率表示之。各品種活力之大小依次為Haiti，IFA C 360 ，褋交一號，Philippine，de Florida，Semangka，本地種及Solo 129 。
較褋交一號優者，有Haiti，IFAC 360二品種，但其酵素及果實產量均顯著較褋交一號為低。de Florida 酵素活力及產量， 均稍次於褋交一號，其他各品種活力均低於褋交一號。褋交一號酵素之樣品，據試銷美國前化驗結果，亦在國際標準以上，故在活力上亦符合生產條件。
4. 綜合以上結論，褋交一號在產量及品質、生育、環境適應性等方面極為理想， 在酵素及生果推廣上，均可採用褋交一號最為優良。
5. 酵素採收方法研究:
(1)就刺劃果質大小，道數，相隔日數與酵素產量關係而論， 以採用大果較中果為優，但相差不大，小果則較大果及中果顯著為低，大果及中果以每隔8日，刺劃10道為最優。小果則以每隔4 日，刺劃4道為最優。果實最適採收期標準長度， 採用大果時，雌果為18.5cm，兩性果為22.5cm 。中果時雌果為14.5cm，兩性果為18. 5cm。小果時雌果為10.5cm，兩性果為14.5cm。
(2) 關於刺劃深度與產量關係為利用大果供試，用二種不同深度刺劃刀組合，於同一果實上同時刺劃相互比較。據1-4組合(0.lcm 及0.2cm , 0.1cm 及0.3cm , 0.1cm 及0.4cm , 0.2cm及0.3cm) ， 均為產量隨深度而依次增加， 第5組合探0.2cm者較0.4cm者產量為高，第6組合0.3cm者與0.4cm者產量相同，由此可知以採用0.3cm 為最適深度。因乳腺均位於表皮層下部，過深不僅使部份酵素，存留於採取乳液果肉間隙底部， 使產量減少，同時易於引起果實腐爛。刺劃相隔距離， 以在2cm 以上為當。
(3) 據利用100個果簣， 每果連讀採收9次結果，由於刺劃次數之增加， 酵素產量則依次誠少，由於外在氣象條件，產量偶有波動情形發生，綜合雌果及兩性果乳液(latex) 與乾燥後酵素之比， 為1.26g:0.28g=4.5: 1 。
1. Comparison of the Ge n eral Characteristics.
(1) So far as the sex is concenned, the sex ratio of the progenies raised from the seeds of the dioecious varieties is ♀:♂ = 1 : 1 . Since the male plant yields only a few fruit or no fruit at all, about 50% of the male young plants should be practieally rooted out during the period of growth. Three varieties were tested in this study. They are de Florida. IFAC 360 and Haiti. With the polygamous varieties no male plant had been found from the progenies raised from the seeds of crossing between female and hermaphrodite plant. The sex ratio of their progenies is ♀ : ♂ = 1 : 1. All of the progenies can normally yield fruits, and meet the requirement of the market. The polygamens, varieties deserved are
Hybrid No.1. philippine, Semangka and Local variety.
(2) In Comparison of the heights and the diameters of the stems of the 8 varieties tested in this study, except the philippine variety, the Hybrid No. 1 ( PxS) F1 is the lowest, Its stem diameter is 20 % greater than that of the Local variety. It has stronger resistance to the wind and the fruit growing on a lower position, very convenient for
çollecting papain from them.
(3)In Comparison of the ability of resistance to the disease of root rot caused by the fungus during the rainy season. The order is Hybrid No.1, philippine, Semangka, Local variety,Haiti, de Florida, Solo 129 and IFAC 360. Though the output of papain of de Forida and Haiti, and the yield of fruit of de Florida and Semangka are only a little lower than the Hybrid No. 1. The ability of resistance of these varieties 10 root rot are much lower than that of No.1 Among the 8 tested varieties, the Flcrida is one of the economical variety for yielding papain in Africa. But according to the result of this experimet, it seems not a desiraole one in Fromosa. I am sure that only the variety Hybrid No.1 it this island is suitable to local natural conditions.
2. Comparison of Yields
(1) Comparison of the Yields of Fruit
( a) Though the Hybrid No. 1 gives a little higher yield than the de Florida does. It shows no significant difference beteen them in statistics. But in comparison with the Semangka and the other 6 varities, the hybrid No.1 gives much higher yield of fruit.
(b) The yield of de F1orida is a litt1e lower than Hybrid No.1, But it gives higher. yield than the other 6 varieties. the Standard Significance attains to the level of 1% and 5 %.
(c) The yields of Semangka, Local Variety and Haiti are higher than those of the IFAC 360 and Solo 129. Their Standard Significance attain to the level of 5% and 1% respectively.
( b) In Comparison of the yields of the 8 tested varieties in the research-The yield of the Philippine is somewhat lower and the IFAC 36O and Solo 129 are the lowest.
(2) Comparison of the Yields of Papain
According ta the comparison of the amounts of papain collected from fruits of different varieties tested in this research. The following conclusions can be drawn:
(a) There are evident differences in t be yields of papain between the 8 tested varieties.
(b) The Hybrid No. 1 gives the highest yield than the rest of the varieties. Its standard significance is 1%
(c) No prominent differences in the amounts of papain yielding have been found among the Hail i, Serrlangka and Philippine, But their yields are higher than those the Local variety, IFAC 360 and Solo 129. The standar d Significances are up to the leveI of 5% and 1%.
(d) Among the 8 tested varieties the yield of the Local variety is rather low. But those of the IFAC 360 and Solo 129 are the lowest.
3. In examining the proteolytic activity of papain, the method of analysis of casein measuring is adopted in this research. The unit employed is the measuring of the amount of casein dissolved in one millititer of papain in one hour. The ability of dissolution of the
tested varieties in order are Haiti, IFAC 360. Hybrid No. 1, Philippine, de Florida, Semangka, Local varity and Solo 129. Though the Haiti and IFAC 360 are of the high ability of dissolution than the Hybrid No. 1. Both the papain content and fruit production
of the formers are lower than the latter. Through the analysis of the samples sent to the United States of America for sale the result shows good agreement with the international standard in the ability of proteolytic activity.
4. In Summing up the conclusions listed above. Hybrid No.1 is the ideal variety on yield, quality, growth and on the ability of adaptation to enviroment, and is the best variety for yielding of fruit and collecting papain. Since 1959 the J. C. R. R., Bureau of Agricalture and Bureau of Food jointly raised great many seeds of Hybrid No. 1 for the purpose of development of papain collecting in the east part of Formosa. and of fruits production by using the plants as intercrop with pineapple in the west part of Formosa. The possibility of the use of fruits as provender as well as the utilization of the by-product of papain are also under favourable consideration.
5. Discuss ion on Method of Papain Collection
(1) So far as the size of fruit. number lancing, time for collecting and the amount of yield of papain are concemed, there is no evident difference in yield between fruits of Jarge and median size. but the fruits small size are found much lower in yielding than the formers. The best way for collecting papain from the fruits of the large or median size is to lance 10 lines .on it in every other 8 days. For the smaller fruits to lance lines in every other 4 days is enough. The desirable length of fruits for collecting papain are: To the large sizes, 18.5 cm for female female, 22. 5 cm for hermaphrodite fruit. To the median sizes, 14.5 cm for female. 18.5 cm for hermaphrodite. To the small sizes. 10.5 cm female. 14. 5 cm for hermaphrodite.
( 2) In order to find out the relationship between depth of lancing and amount of yield of papain, two different depths of lancing on one fruit were made as a set of test. Through the analysis of results obtained from this study. it is found that from set 1 through set 4 ( 0.1 cm and 0.2 cm. 0.1 cm and 0. 3 cm. 0.1 cm and 0.4 cm. 0: 2 cm and 0.4cm) the amount of yield of papain is proportional to the depth of lacing. In the set 5, the yiled of papain with depth 0. 2 cm is higher than that of the 0. 4 cm. with in set 6. no difference in yield can be found between the lancing depths 0. 3 cm and 0. 4 cm. There-fore . the lancing depth of 0. 3 cm is t he most desirable for collecting papain. This is because of the latex tubes are just below the surface skin of fruit. a too deep lancing usually detain a part of papain in the lancing cracks. and is also very easy to cause disease
of rot. The distances beteen lancing lines should not less than 2.0 cm.
(3) From the results of a continuous !) times collecting papain on each of the 100 testing fruits. The data shows that the more the times of collecting. the less of amount of yield will be obtained. Owing to tbe effect of weather. there are also some fluctuations in the yield of papain. In Comparison with the ratio of lat ex and dried papain in the female or hermaphrodite fruits. t he following relationship is obtained 1.21g: 0.28g= 4.5 :1. That means that the weight of latex is 4.5 times of the papain