Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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Effects of bagging and girding of fruit growth of the Hylocereus undatus
No full text套袋可減少光線透過率，導致葉綠素葉含量下降而能增進果實轉色；環剝主要影響韌皮部的運輸及葉片光合產物之分配。紅龍果果實轉色前果肉酸度會有一短暫高峰出現，為釐清此現象與果皮轉色之相關性，進行果實的套袋與環剝處理。期能了解果肉酸之變化是否為提供果皮轉色之主要物質與光合產物運移是否具相關性。紅龍果果實套袋後增加果皮亮度，並且套袋對果實內部成份皆無顯著影響。開花後16天進行紅龍果肉質莖環剝處理則會提早果實轉色促進果實的後熟，此外，環剝顯著減少果實大小、果肉可滴定酸、有機酸、可溶性醣、葡萄糖和果糖等成分，並延緩有機酸之高峰出現，主要因此階段為澱粉合成旺盛時期，環剝處理減少光合產物碳水化合物的供給所致。由上述結果顯示，果實有機酸之合成與代謝是否提供果皮轉色之重要成分有待進一步之研究。
Bagging practice reduces the transparent rate of light and causes the decrease in chlorophyll content which increases color turning of pitaya fruits. Girdling treatment mainly influences the phloem transport and the partitioning of leaf photosynthetic assimilates. Fruit acidity of pitaya reaches to a peak temporarily right before the fruit color turning. To figure out the relation of fruit acidity and color turning, and whether the change in fruit acidity is due to photosynthetic assimilate transportation as the substance for color turning, bagging and girdling treatments were applied. Bagging increased peel lightness of pitaya fruit, and has no significant influence to fruit quality. Girdling treatment at 16 days after anthesis caused early color turning and induced fruit ripening. Besides, Girdling also significantly decreased fruit size, titratable acidity, organic acid content, soluble sugar, glucose, fructose content, and delays the peak of organic acid assimilation. This may due to the reduced supplement of photosynthetic assimilate by girdling in this stage, which underwent vigorousstarch synthesis. According to our data, whether the synthesis of organic acid in fruit provide critical substance for peel color turning was unclear, further research will perform
Study of physiology and treatment technology for red pitaya fruit harvest
No full text比較國內主要紅肉種紅龍果栽培品種'大紅'、'蜜寶'、'石火泉'果實生長發育，三者進程相似，花後25-30天為轉色期，品質發生明顯變化，包括果肉軟化達到穩定(降至3.0 N)、可溶性固形物逐漸累積(增至13.3%)、可滴定酸由最高點急劇下降(降至0.33%)、果肉澱粉消失、果皮與果肉紅色素累積。花後30-32天達採收最低成熟度，延後採收有助於果實品質與產量提升，建議採收適期‘石火泉’為花後34-36天，‘大紅’與‘蜜寶’為花後34-38天。‘蜜寶’果皮厚(4.5 mm)、苞片最硬12.1 N、酸度高(0.34%)，在20℃較耐貯運，貯運壽命達18天，唯對低溫耐受性差。‘石火泉’果皮最薄(1.2 mm)、苞片硬度9.6 N，在20℃只有9天貯藏壽命，最不耐貯運，但其對低溫最具耐受性，5℃貯藏壽命相似於其他兩個品種。果皮病害為採後主要劣變原因。5℃為建議貯運溫度，貯藏壽命約3週。
The patterns of fruit development of three major red-fleshed pitaya cultivars in Taiwan, namely ‘Da Hong’, ’Mi Bao’, and ‘Shih Huo Cyuan’, were similar. It took 25-30 days from blooming to color break stage. Several quality attributes change during the ripening phase, including flesh softening (to 3.0 N), increase of total soluble contents (to 13.3%), decline of titratable acidity (to 0.33%), starch hydrolysis, and accumulation of red pigment in peel and flesh. The minimum harvest maturity was 30-32 days after anthesis (DAA); however, the fruit quality and yield continued to be enhance when the fruit retains on the plant after ripening. The recommended harvest maturity was 34-36 DAA for ‘Shih Huo Cyuan’ and 34-38 DAA for ‘Da Hong’ and ’Mi Bao’, respectively. ’Mi Bao’ had the longest storage life, 18 days, among the three cultivars at 20℃, which was attributed to its thicker peel (4.5 mm), taught bract (12.1 N), and high acidity (0.34 %); but this commodity was highly chilling intolerance. In contrast, although ‘Shih Huo Cyuan’ was characterized with thinner peel (1.2 mm), low bract strength (9.6 N), and short market longevity (9 days) at 20℃, it exhibited the best tolerance to cold temperature and, therefore, the postharvest life at 5℃ was similar to the others. Pathological breakdown at peel was the major factor causing deterioration in these fruit products. The storage life was 3 weeks at 5℃, the recommended temperature for storage and transportation of red-fleshed
pitaya
綠介殼蟲
No full textSince green scale was introduced to Taiwan it has done considerable damage to coffee, Citrus, Gardenia, etc. It not only weakens the hosts but also induces sooty mould owing to its secretion of honeydew, It also interrupts the photosynthesis of infested plants as well as attracts ants to refuce the parasitic wasp population of both green scale and other citrus insects.
綠介殼蟲Coccus viridis (Green)為外來害蟲之一，現已分布全島，主害柑橘，尤以未結果之幼樹受害最重。本廬之特徵與同屬其他為害柑橘之三種介殼蟲之區別，有作扼要說明。
本種一年發生4～5代，完成一代，夏天需50～70天，冬天需80～100天。產卵前期20～46天，產卵期10～28天，每隻雌蟲產卵量約100拉。雄蟲猶未發現
蔬菜害蟲消長調查及藥劑防治試驗報告
No full text本省蔬菜栽培以十字花科蔬菜為最多，尤以小白菜最為普遍，面積亦最廣，且小白菜為一年四季均可栽種，其害蟲之發生除氣侯因子外，食料終年存在常導致其大發生，故菜農之施藥亦特別多，因之造成蔬菜上蟲藥之殘毒問題亦最大。主要之害蟲有斜紋夜蛾( Prodenia litura Fabricius)，小地蠶(Agrolis ypsilon Rottenberg)，小菜蛾(Plutella maculipennis Curtis)，菜螟(Crocidaolmja binolalis Zeller)，菜心螟(Oebia (Helhda) undalis Fabricius)，黑點粉蝶(Pier is canidia cordida Butler)，擬尺蟻(Phylometra ni Hübner)，黃條葉蚤(Phyllotreta vittata Fabricius)，偽菜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach)，桃蚜(Myzus Persicae Suizer)等，其中除斜紋夜蛾、小菜蛾、小地儅、黃條葉蚤等全年發生外，其餘害蟲似有季節性，故為明瞭此等害蟲在蔬菜上之消長情形，特舉行本調查
棉大紅鈴蟲生態調查
No full text一、據民國48年3月間之調查，各棉農所堆積之棉桿上殘鈴平均每2-5個，內有大紅鈴幼蟲一頭，並已有許多羽化之蛹殼。收穫後之棉桿，多放在農場住屋旁邊，供為家庭燃料，棉悍燒燬完畢口期，依棉栽面債之大小而異，植棉面積達30公畝以上者，在短期間內無法燒完，而至5，6月以後才能盛部燒完。因此，遺留堆積之棉悍上殘鈴給予大紅鈴蟲幼蟲適當之越冬場所
Seasonal Variation in Photosynthesis of Picea morrisonicola Grown at Tatachia area Of Taiwan
No full text本研究之目的在探討生長於亞熱帶亞高山地區臺灣雲杉(Picea morrisonicola)光合作用能力之季節變化，試驗於1998年11月至2001年5月間進行。結果顯示光合作用能力(光飽合淨光合速率，psat)、葉綠素螢光(Fv/Fm)及可溶性蛋白質(SP)含量等在仲或暮春經夏秋至早冬期間均維持在較高之水準。其中Fv/Fm值大致與氣溫間呈曲線迴歸關係，Fv/Fm開始降低或完全恢復之關鍵日均溫約在12℃左右Psat及SP之季節變化與Fv/Fm的變化趨勢大致相似，但入春後氣溫及Fv/Fm均已回升，但Psat及SP含量仍暫處於較低之水準。複迥歸分析結果顯示Fv/Fm與SP含量共同影響了Psat的季節變化，其迴歸方程式為：Psat=-3594+6288 Fv/Fm+22.21SP，(R2=0.788，p<0.01)。顯示臺灣雲杉在冬季Psat降低及在春季回復之主因，為光抑制及葉片可溶性蛋白質含量之變化所致。而Psat在春季回復遲緩之原因，為葉片可溶性蛋白質含量回升較慢使然。
The purpose of this study is to investigate seasonal variation in photosynthesis capacity of Taiwan spruce (Picea morrisonicola) grown in sub-alpine region (Tatachia area, 23°29', 120°53', 2650 m) of Taiwan. Experiments were conducted from November 1998 to May 2001 to cover several different growing seasons. It was observed that the photosynthesis capacity (light saturated net photosynthetic rate, Psat), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and soluble protein (SP) content of needles maintained in higher levels during the period from mid or late spring to early winter. A curvilinear relationship was detected between Fv/Fm and multi-day mean temperature. Among these independent variables, the mean temperature of the measuring days showed the highest correlation to the Fv/Fm. The switching point for Fv/Fm activities, either start to decrease or begin to make full recovery, was found at about 12℃ air temperature. The seasonal variations of Psat and soluble protein content of needles were similar to that of the Fv/Fm. However, at early or mid spring, Psat and soluble protein content were still kept in a lower level, whereas the air temperature and Fv/Fm levels had already risen. By applying multiple regression analysis, it was shown that both Fv/Fm and soluble protein content of needles affected the seasonal variation of Psat: Psat -359.04+623.88 Fv/Fm + 22.21 sp, (R2=0.788, P<0.01). Results suggest that the decrease in photosynthesis capacity for Taiwan spruce in winter and its recovery in the spring may due to the photoinhibition and soluble protein content in needles. The other possible reason of the delay in the recovery for photosynthesis capacity in spring may due to the late recovery of soluble protein contents in needles
Development and Reproduction of Ophraella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Parthenium hysterophorus and its Potential for Biological Control
No full text豬草 (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) 與銀膠菊 (Parthenium hysterophorus L.)為世界性重要雜草，嚴重影響農耕、人畜健康及環境生態。在台灣均屬外來入侵種，豬草分布以北部為主，密度由盛而衰；銀膠菊分布於中、南與東部，危害日趨嚴重。依其滋生特性，生物防治為理想的防治方法，國際上豬草生物防治已發展數十年，銀膠菊生物防治則近年才開始起步。豬草與銀膠菊上有金花蟲、介殼蟲、網椿、蛾類、蠅類等植食性昆蟲以及椿象、蜘蛛、釉小蜂等捕食或寄生性天敵，其中豬草金花蟲(Ophraella communa LeSage) 屬於對豬草或銀膠菊最有防治潛力的昆蟲之一，而以此蟲防治雜草之試驗研究資料目前尙頗欠缺。豬草金花蟲可完成發育的溫度範圍在20～32℃間，於相同溫度下，未成熟期發育時間不因取食植物種類而不同，卵期4～10日，幼蟲期9～15 日，蛹期5～9 日。金花蟲以豬草為食的存活率較以銀膠菊為食者高，且產卵數多，尤以 28℃ 豬草上金花蟲一生產卵超過一千粒，約為銀膠菊上產卵數2 倍，顯示該金花蟲在銀膠菊上之存活與繁殖力略遜於豬草。在約250 m3 紗網罩內，於2 株高約25～30 cm 豬草或銀膠菊上釋放2 對第3～5 日齡已開始產卵的金花蟲成蟲。網罩內幼蟲孵化後大量取食，使兩種植株均於20 日內被嚴重破壞至將近枯死，顯示本金花蟲具有壓抑兩種雜草生長而進行生物防治的潛力。然而豬草金花蟲於田間少數植株上以少量釋放後，傾向於數小時內飛離寄主植物，而失散後再重新尋找豬草或銀膠菊的能力不強，影響防治效果。欲使釋放後的金花蟲在豬草或銀膠菊上立足並維持族群，尚需配合適當的釋放技術，並進一步掌握其在田間雜草上的個體反應與族群變化，使金花蟲能充分展現防治雜草的能力。
Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) and parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) are two weeds of global importance. They seriously affect agriculture, human and animal health, as well as the environmental ecosystems. A substantial number of studies on the biological control of ragweed have been conducted for decades, although the studies on parthenium weed started more recently. Both these plants are invasive weeds in Taiwan. Ragweed occurs mainly in northern Taiwan where their population is rapidly decreasing, while parthenium weed occurs in central, southern and eastern Taiwan, where their population is increasing. Chrysomelids, scales, mealybugs, tussock moths, and leafminers have been found on both these weeds. Among these phytophagous insects, the ragweed beetle (Ophraella communa LeSage) is the most promising species for biocontrol. The temperature range for their development was 20～32℃, their egg incubation period ranged from 4 to 10 days, larval developmental time was from 9 to 15 days, and pupation period was 5 to 9 days. No significant differences were shown between immature developmental times when fed on ragweed or parthenium weed under the same temperature. The emergence rates and number of eggs laid per female were higher on ragweed than on parthenium weed. At 28℃, females on ragweed laid more than one thousand eggs, which is about twice the number of eggs laid on parthenium weed. Our observations showed that ragweed was a better host for this beetle to survive and reproduce. When two pairs of beetles were released on either two ragweed plants or two parthenium weed plants, each about 25～ 30 cm high, in a net tent of about 250 m3, the plants were seriously damaged within 3 weeks. However, small-scale releasing of adults on potted ragweed plants in an open field did not provide a satisfactory result. The adults tended to fly away from the weed plants within several hours, and were unable to find the other host plants. Biological control will only be successful if the released beetles can establish and maintain a population on the host plants. Further research is needed to develop proper release techniques, and to understand the individual reactions and field population dynamics of this beetle
Measurement/Estimation and Application of Field Evapotranspiration
No full text田間蒸發散量的多寡不僅直接影響土壤中的有效水分含量及作物產量，也是擬定灌溉計畵和進行水資源規劃時的重要參考資料。本文首先說明測定地表蒸發散量的技術，介紹利用氣象資料推估地表蒸發散量的方法，然後論及估計區域蒸發散量的注意事項，以及農業上可能的應用方向使用滲漏計法和微氣象法可以測得田間蒸發散量短期間內的動態變化，是計算作物係數和評估作物水分利用效率的重要基礎資料。氣象資料只適合推估長期的盆面蒸發散量，若要推估大區域盆面蒸發散量的分佈，還必須考量所使用氣象測站資料的適用範圍與測站密度就台灣西南部地區而言，利用氣溫和日射資料可以合理推估月累積盆面蒸發量之空間分佈。
Field evapotranspiration affects not only soil available water and crop yields but also water resources management and planning. In the paper, measurement techniques and estimation methods for determining field evapotranspiration were discussed. Spatial distribution of regional potential evapotranspiration and its agricultural applications were also discussed. Both lysimetric and micrometeorological methods can provide dynamic changes of field evapotranspiration which serves as the basis of computing crop coefficients and crop water use efficiency. Meteorological data are suitable for estimating long-term field evapotranspiration. To estimate regional potential evapotranspiration from meteorological data, the representative range of data used and density of available stations must be taken into consideration. For southwest region of Taiwan, spatial distribution of monthly pan evaporation can be reasonably estimated by mean air temperature and solar radiation
