Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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The Occurrence of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and Its Parasitoids on fields of Gerbera jamesonii
No full text自1991年10月至1994年6月在臺中大坑兩處施藥非洲菊園調查得知，非洲菊斑潛蠅在非洲菊之第二至第七葉間產卵，且該蠅第三齡幼蟲在第三、四葉與第六、七葉上之密度相近。非洲菊斑潛蠅第二齡與第三齡幼蟲之空間分布型為聚集型，基本單位為3.3-7.3個群體分布。當平均每葉斑潛蠅幼蟲數為4與8隻時，最適取樣葉數分別為12-41與5-20葉片。在田間非洲菊斑潛蠅與其寄生蜂同步發生，該蠅在施藥與寄生蜂之抑制下，其第三齡幼蟲之發生密度由1991-1993年之0-18.4隻／葉，降至1994年之0-7.7隻／葉，發生頻率亦由經常發生降為偶發性。非洲菊斑潛蠅之本地種寄生蜂共有7種，其中異角釉小蜂與華釉小蜂分別占寄生蜂量之38.86與44.77% (n = 19,014隻)，且未發現有重複寄生蜂。此兩種蜂之發生期頗為一致。非洲菊園內常見之雜草有11種，但適宜非洲菊斑潛蠅及其寄生蜂羽化者則有9與5種，其中又以飢荒草與龍葵為兩者最適之寄主植物。自1991年10月至1994年6月在臺中大坑兩處施藥非洲菊園調查得知，非洲菊斑潛蠅在非洲菊之第二至第七葉間產卵，且該蠅第三齡幼蟲在第三、四葉與第六、七葉上之密度相近。非洲菊斑潛蠅第二齡與第三齡幼蟲之空間分布型為聚集型。基本單位為3.3～7.3個體群分布。當平均每葉斑潛蠅幼蟲數為4與8隻時，最適取樣葉數分別為12～41與5～20葉片。在田間非洲菊斑潛蠅與其寄生蜂同步發生，該蠅在施藥與寄生蜂之抑制下，其第三齡幼蟲之發生 密度由1991～1993年之0～18.4隻/葉，降至1994年之0～7.7隻/葉，發生頻率亦由經常發生降為偶發性。非洲菊斑潛蠅之本地種寄生蜂共有7種，其中異角釉小蜂與華釉小蜂分別占寄生蜂量之38.86與44.7%(n=19,014 隻)，且未發現有重複寄生蜂。此兩種蜂之發生期頗為一致。非洲菊園內常見之雜草有11種，但適宜非洲菊斑潛蠅及其寄生蜂羽化者則有9與5種，其中又以飢荒草與龍葵為兩者最適之寄主植物
Microscopic Identification and EDX Analysis of Smoke Particles Deposited on Vegetation Surface Originated from an Oihfired Power Plant
No full text台北縣萬里鄉大坪村海芋、芥菜及甘藍菜表面，及基隆市瑪西里一帶之文旦、甘藍表面上之黑煙，經以光學顯微鏡觀察，發現皆以小於l微米之粉狀黑煙及1至3微米，平均2微米之反光球狀黑煙為主要成員，而此2種典型黑煙與萬里鄉東方10公里一座燃油火力電廠之排煙具有相同之形態及組成。利用掃描式電子顯微境加以觀測，亦能得到相同的結果，而X光微量分析的結果，發現花葉表面2微米之黑煙主含Si及Al二元素，與電廠排煙中2微米者相同，而與3微米以止或蜂窩狀黑煙者不同。而基隆市附近5家其他工廠之排煙發現皆與花葉上所見者完全不同。珍91年4月l日至5月12日於萬鄉大坪村設站採集到31批共60個樣品中發現皆含有上述典型顆粒，此與採樣期間每日皆有東風吹龍有關。綜合研判可知燃油火力電廠之排煙確實可以傳送沈降於10公里外之花葉表面，唯其與地形之關係，及沈降詳細途徑皆尚待學界繼續研究。
The black smoke particles heavily deposited on the surfaces of calla flowers, mustard and cabbage leaves collected from Ta-Pin hill area of Wanli, Taipei County, and those on the wentan and cabbage leaves at Ma-Shi hill area of Keelung City were found to consist of 1-3 µ light-reflecting black spheres and many submicron amorphous -particulates when observed under a metallurgical microscope. The composition of deposited particles on vegetation surface was found to be similar to that emitted from an oil-fired power plant located about 10 km east from Ta-Pin hill of Wanli, but differed to those from two heavy oilfired boilers from nearby textile factories, one fertilizer factory, one steel refinery and exhausts from various vehicles. Scanning electron microscopy of the deposited 1-3 u particles also showed the same appearance as those collected from the stack of the oil-fired power plant. Further analysis with an energy-dispersive X-ray microanalyzer showed that both particles mostly contained Si and Al, although larger particles collected from electrostatic precipitator of the power plant might contain more S and V other than Si and Al. Sixty petridish samplers from two particle collection stations collected daily from April 1 to May 12, 1991 in the farms at Ta-Pin hill showed that typical 1-3 µ particles deposited on this area everyday, while simultaneous meteorological data indicated that east wind dominated or existed during each collecting day in this period. These evidences revealed that the heavily deposited particles on the vegetation surface were from the upwind power plant 10 km away
An Analysis of the Ozone Pollution in Taiwan
No full text本文分析1989年環保署監測之O3、NO與NO2資料，指出台灣臭氧污染問題嚴重。北部地區以夏季為明顯，南部地區以春、秋季為明顯。其中南部秋季時，O3小時濃度超過國家標準120ppb的次數相當驚人。又以七賢站為最顯明，一年內超過50次。在北部則以板橋站為代表。基本上，北部地區交通污染嚴重，NO/NO2比值大，NO且濃度亦大，但在夏季晴朗炎熱時，易出現午時高臭氧濃度。而中南部地區，交通污染較輕微，但晴朗日的出現頻率高，若配合適當之低風速環境，則一日內可持續出現約11小時的高臭氧狀態，非常值得注意。近年內，國內空氣污染均為懸浮微粒(PM10)為主因，而臭氧污染問題在PSI（空氣污染指標）的計算過程中被掩蓋住，值得重視。
In this paper, we have analyzed the air-quality data collected by EPA during 1989. The results indicate that the ozone pollution problem is quite serious in Taiwan. in northern area, the pollution is most obvious in summer, Whereas, in southern Taiwan, the pollution is most serious in spring and autumn. For instance, the Chigsien station located near Kaohsiung observes more than 50 times of hourly mean ozone concentration exceeding the national standard of 120 ppbv. Basically, the traffic emission is serious is serious in the northern Taiwan, where the concentration of NO is high and the ratio of NO/NO2 is also large. During hot summer day, the frequency of observing noontime time ozone peak is high. Meanwhile, in the southern area, the traffic emission is light, but the industrial emission of NO is considerably large. Also, the chance of having clean shiny day is high. Hence, in a staganant condition, we can observe a continuous 11 hours of high ozone level. In the recent years, the Taiwan pollution index keeps showing that aerosol (PM 10) is the most serious poilutant in Taiwan. But the problem with ozone pollution can not be ignored any more
Classification of Extent and Degree of Drought Stressed Rice by Remote Sensing techniques
No full text農業用水約佔臺灣地區水資源的75%，當降雨減少稻作生產易遭受旱害。如果可以利用遙測影像判別遭受旱害影響之水稻面積和受影響的程度，對於水資源的調配、稻作生產預估、以及農民災害補助等工作，都將可以提高工作的效率和準確度。分析累積的少數地真資料指出，植被指數NDV跑0.7,SRVI拙5.5可作為鑑別水稻是否遭受旱害之判定標準，且NDVI和SRVI的數值亦可作為區分旱害等級的依據。此外，應用遙測技術也可預估生育前期乾旱對水稻產量之影響。惟目前國內仍缺乏系統性的研究規劃，作為確認水稻旱害分類的依據，因此還無法將遙測技術落實於實際的旱害調查作業中。
Agricultural production used 75% of annual water resources in Taiwan. At drought year, rice cultivation was severely affected. If remote sensing techniques are used to identify drought extent and degree of affected rice fields, the efficiency and accuracy of water management, rice production estimation, and damage compensation can be improved. From the preliminary ground truth data collected, we suggested that vegetation indices NDVI≥0.7 and SRVI≥5.5 can be served as the criteria for drought damage in rice. Drought level could be further classified according to the value of NDVI and SRVI. Besides, rice yield as affected by drought at early growth stage could also be estimated through remote sensing techniques. However, systematic experiments to confirm the drought classification scheme were still lacking. Therefore, remote sensing techniques are still not implemented in the field survey in Taiwan
蝴蝶蘭新品種與種苗量產整合技術開發
No full text蝴蝶蘭為我國重要旗艦產業之一，其種苗年出口值已達新台幣30億元以上。新品種研發為國內產、官、學各界之強項，而組織培養種苗生產技術則為新品種量產所必備工具。優良商業品種、品系或原種利用雜交授粉，可創造出各種新奇花形、花色、市場需求規格之新品系。本研究團隊近年育成迷你多花型、中輪花、大唇等之新品系，已授權業界進行量產。國內組培業多半提供自家公司種苗量產所需，另有少數小規模業者為專業代工組培服務。為提供組培量產技術與新創業者，或既存業者擬改善提升組培能力，本團隊近五年已經開發出數個關鍵組培技術，包括成熟種子無菌播技術，可縮短育種時程及提升效率、花梗芽誘導及種苗量產技術、擬原球體誘導及增殖技術。由於國際市場競爭，種苗開花特性須符合需求，因此另開發多梗誘導技術，可供帶梗苗出口，提升銷售通路及效益。大唇瓣品種為近年被開發具新穎性蝴蝶蘭類型，透過大唇之雜交育種，了解其遺傳控制機制，可提升育種效率。本團隊亦已找出關鍵調控基因，其特殊表現模式造成大唇發育，已獲得智財局審核通過專利申請
Research on flower regulation of Nobile Dendrobium and its potential on industrial application
No full text本研究利用Den. Lai's Lovely Momo一年生以上營養繁殖株，以人工合成之藥劑（代號T）配合適當溫度條件，可達良好的催花效果，可提高總花朵數達21朵、增加可開花節數達5節，每節花數平均4.4朵，隨處理濃度越高，花朵數越多，花朵橫徑越小，畸型花出現的機會增加。處理環境方面，於較溫暖的B溫室下進行處理，約可縮短到花日數20日，在葉月碳氮比分析方面，利用Dol. Lai's Yukisakura為材料進行催花處理後，可觀察到第l周即有明顯的可溶性糖類上升，應與花芽創始有關，第2周後可溶性糖含量持續下降，可推測是用於花序之形成與發育。未來可配合適當植株成熟度、施用濃度及溫度環境，應用於春石斛蘭產期調節體系，增加市場競爭力。
This research was conducted to use artificial drug T with appropriate temperature to induce flowering of Den. Lai's Lovely Momo older than one-year. Drug T promoted floral buds efficiently; it could increasing flower number to 21, nodes with flower to 5 nodes, average of 4.4 flowers per node. The higher the concentration of T, the more flowers would be, but diameter of flowers would decrease and also got higher frequency of malformed flowers. As regards temperature effects, treatment conducted in warmer greenhouse B could shorten days to flowering ,approximately shorten 20days. Den. Lai's Yukisakura was also used to analyze level of Nitrogen and total suspended solids (TSS) after flower induction treatment. After plants treated for one week, TSS level were obviously increasing which was presumed to correspond to flower initiation. By the second sampling (the second week ), the total TSS of leaves decreased continually, it was presumed to be used for inflorescence formation and development. In the future, treatment modified with drug T at appropriate plant maturity, concentration and suitable temperature, it could be apply to production regulations of Dendrobium pot flower and to improve competition of Taiwan dendrobium in product markets
