Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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臺灣總督府中央研究所農業部彙報 第74號 黃麻の剪葉による減收
No full text本文為針對纖維作物，特別是黃麻的葉部遭受病蟲害與風害時，所造成的損傷與減收程度之間的關係所作之研究報告，而關於防除病蟲害與風害所須的費用與模擬災害的人工剪葉試驗，亦為本文重點。內文共分八部分，依序為：緒言、試驗方法、實施經過與三次試驗的成績、植物長度的抑制率分析、減收率分析、損失額統計，以及假設防除成功後的利益估計，最後為全文摘要
Evaluation of cryotherapy for its industrial application in virus elimination of several important vegetative propagation crops in Taiwan
No full text超低溫冷凍技術主要應用於種原保存，去病毒為附加效果。目前去病毒技術主流仍為生長點組織培養，但在不易得到無病毒生長點培植體且已建立超低溫冷凍保存系統的作物，可評估使用超低溫冷凍去病毒技術（冷療處理）之可行性。比較生長點組織培養與超低溫冷凍技術對去除病毒的效果，過去的研究案例顯示，以生長點培養的再生率較高，惟去病毒率則以超低溫冷凍處理較高，不同品種間之再生率與去病毒率差異極大。本報告嘗試以經濟效益評估蝴蝶蘭、文心蘭、百香果、紅龍果、馬鈴薯、甘藷、草莓、柑橘及綠竹等9種作物應用超低溫冷凍技術去除病毒的可行性。其中草莓及柑桔已有應用超低溫冷凍技術之報告，在有新病毒發生且無法以生長點組織培養去病毒之情況下，建議可嘗試超低溫冷凍去病毒技術之開發應用；蘭花種類繁多，目前農政單位並無提供健康種苗，業者通常以確認無病毒之植株進行分生苗繁殖，農業試驗所（農試所）亦利用擬原球體 （Protocorm-Like Body, PLB）加上薄層培養技術建立蝴蝶蘭去病毒技術；馬鈴薯及甘藷生長點培養去病毒效率較超低溫冷凍技術高；百香果、紅龍果及綠竹則尚未建立超低溫冷凍相關技術。總結評估推論目前蝴蝶蘭、文心蘭、百香果、紅龍果、馬鈴薯、甘藷及綠竹等7種作物在臺灣較無發展超低溫冷凍技術去除病毒之急迫性與必要性。
Cryopreservation is a technique commonly used to preserve plant tissues in liquid nitrogen. This method is one of the most important tools to preserve germplasms. When shoot tips are used as explants, cryopreservation may have extra functions in virus elimination. This phenomenon is known as cryotherapy. Studies have shown that using shoot-tip or meristem culture could improve the efficacy of regeneration but fails to completely eliminate viruses occasionally. Cryotherapy could greatly improve the efficiency of virus elimination in some crops. Plant cells in the top layers of apical dome and primordia of two youngest leaves are able to survive after cryotherapy. However, the regeneration rate and virus elimination vary considerably even among different varieties of the same crop. This report evaluates the economic feasibility of cryotherapy applying to eliminate viruses in nine vegetatively propagated crops including Phalaenopsis, Oncidium, passion fruit, pitaya, potato, sweet potato, strawberry, citrus and bamboo in Taiwan. Cryopreservation has been reported in strawberry and citrus. To deal with newly invasive viruses which can't be eliminated by meristem culture, cryotherapy would be a better alternative. Unlike strawberry and citrus, cryotherapy may not be economically practical in potato and sweet potato because viruses in these two crops can be effectively removed by meristem culture. Cryopreservation has never been developed for passion fruit, pitaya and bamboo and it remains unclear whether or not the method will be effective to eliminate viruses in these three crops. There is an urgent need to eliminate viruses using cryotherapy in orchids. When orchid plants are infected by viruses, meristem culture coupling with chemotherapy and/or thermotherapy is often used to generate virus-free plants. In addition, researchers in the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute have recently developed a new technique using thin sections from protocorm-like body (PLB) and ribavirin treatment to eliminate viruses in Phalaenopsis and Oncidium. Through our assessments, we conclude that there is no urgent need to develop cryotherapy to eliminate viruses in Phalaenopsis, Oncidium, potato, sweet potato, passion fruit, pitaya and bamboo in Taiwan
Application of EM-AMMI to Analyze Integrated Regional Trial Data over Multiple Years
No full text區域試驗施行於品系產量試驗之後，其目的為確保品系之產量與農藝性狀在不同環境下皆能具有穩定表現。當區域試驗資料的基因與環境交感效應顯著時，可採用AMMI模式對基因與環境交感項做進一步之分析，能提升品系選拔的效率。惟使用AMMI模式分析區域試驗資料時，不允許基因型與環境組合的平均產量有缺值的情形。然而AMMI模式奇異值分解的不允許基因型與環境組合的平均產量有缺值的情形，但多年期多重地區之區域試驗資料通常高度不均衡，限制育種家探討跨年期間基因型與環境的交感。本研究利用EM-AMMI方式進行缺值估計。模擬結果顯示，無論缺值率大小，僅使用第一主成分軸之缺值估計效果為最佳。本研究亦應用EM-AMMI於跨年期毛豆區域試驗資料之品種穩定性比較，希望藉此幫助育種家進行較長期的育種材料評估。
The regional trials aim to ensure the stability of yields and agronomic traits of the targeted lines under various environments. When there exists a significant genotype-by-environment interaction, AMMI model can be applied to improve the efficiency of selection. However, AMMI model is not applicable when the average yields are missing in some genotype and environment combinations, which cannot be avoided when combining multiple regional trial data to study the genotype-by-environment interaction across years. In this study, we adopted Expectation-Maximization-Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (EM-AMMI) method to impute the missing average yields. According the simulations, imputation using only the first principle component axis had the most accurate estimates regardless of the missing percentages. We also applied EM-AMMI method to the multiple-season vegetable soybean regional trial dataset and then proceed to AMMI analysis on the imputed dataset. The proposed method may make it possible for the breeders to perform long-term evaluations on their breeding materials
Annual Report for Statistics of Crop Germplasm Conserved in National Plant Genetic Resources Center and International Seeds and Seedlings Exchange (2016)
No full text變率施噴系統之研發與初期評估
No full text一組以專家決策系統事先編製地圖為基礎之變率施噴系統被研發以適應台灣稻田之空間變異，使用Mid-Tech公司TASC 6200主控器之流量控制噴霧系統當主要架構，以執行一般的自動噴霧功能。變率施噴系統之初期評估測試了差分全球定位系統(DGPS)接收器之靜態與動態訊號反應、噴藥機施噴流量及噴嘴流量／噴桿樣式。本研究主要結果如下：具有平均靜態誤差大約1.6m與平均2DRMS值大約2.3m，此差分全球定位系統RX-400p接收器之準確度足以用於導航，但尚不足以適用於田間工作。動態準確度測試所得之趨勢與其他的研究者獲致之結果有差異，不過差分全球定位系統的速率資料可用以提供噴霧機速度資訊。此差分全球定位接收器在行進速度0.2至1m/s時，於經緯度方向表現一致而具有平均動態位置誤差2.23m，而在行進速度0.4至1m/s時其平均偏差時間為3.48秒。較高的施噴率及行進速度會導致較高的噴霧機流量誤差，校正係數153.1及155可用以校正流量計而無明顯之差異。四種噴嘴型式之噴嘴流量／噴桿樣式由於變異係數值皆小於5%顯然相當一致，本研究所收集之資料對改良及運用適於台灣情況之變率施噴機具提供極有價值的資訊。
A variable rate chemical application system based on prescription maps from an accompanying expert decision system was developed to accommodate in-field spatial variability of paddy fields in Taiwan. A flow-based spraying system using a TASC 6200 console by Mid-Tech®, Inc. was used as the main frame to perform the general automated spraying functions. Preliminary evaluation of the variable rate spraying system was performed by testing Differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS) receiver static and dynamic signal responses, sprayer flow, and nozzle flow/boom patterns. Main conclusions drawn from this study were stated as follows. With an average static error of approximately 1.6 meters and an average 2-Distance RMS of approximately 2.3 meters, the used RX-400p receiver is accurate enough for navigation, but not sufficient for field work. The trend obtained from dynamic accuracy test does not coincide with that from other researchers. However, the velocity data from the DGPS receiver may be used for providing speed information of the sprayer. The re-verification experiments showed that the tested DGPS receiver moving with a traveling speed varied from 0.2 to 1 m/s behaved almost the same in both longitude and latitude with an average dynamic position error of 2.23 m. The averaged offset time for the tested DGPS receiver moving with a traveling speed varied from 0.4 to 1 m/s was found to be 3.48 seconds. The higher the application rate and traveling speed, the larger the sprayer flow error. Both calibration numbers, 153.1 and 155, with minimal sprayer flow error can be used for calibrating the used flow meter without significant difference. The nozzle flow/boom patterns of four nozzle types with CVs less than 5% were very uniform. The data collected provided valuable information for improving and implementing variable rate application suitable for Taiwan's situations
The smut fungus Ustilago esculenta has a bipolar mating system with three idiomorphs larger than 500 kb
No full textZizania latifolia Turcz., which is mainly distributed in Asia, has had a long cultivation history as a cereal and vegetable crop. On infection with the smut fungus Ustilago esculenta, Z. latifolia becomes an edible vegetable, water bamboo. Two main cultivars, with a green shell and red shell, are cultivated for commercial production in Taiwan. Previous studies indicated that cultivars of Z. latifolia may be related to the infected U. esculenta isolates. However, related research is limited. The infection process of the corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis is coupled with sexual development and under control of the mating type locus. Thus, we aimed to use the knowledge of U. maydis to reveal the mating system of U. esculenta. We collected water bamboo samples and isolated 145 U. esculenta strains from Taiwan's major production areas. By using PCR and idiomorph screening among meiotic offspring and field isolates, we identified three idiomorphs of the mating type locus and found no sequence recombination between them. Whole-genome sequencing (Illumina and PacBio) suggested that the mating system of U. esculenta was bipolar. Mating type locus 1 (MAT-1) was 552,895 bp and contained 44% repeated sequences. Sequence comparison revealed that U. esculenta MAT-1 shared high gene synteny with Sporisorium reilianum and many repeats with Ustilago hordei MAT-1. These results can be utilized to further explore the genomic diversity of U. esculenta isolates and their application for water bamboo breeding
Efficiency of Spinosad Bait and Fruit Net-bag for Trapping the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), in Two Orchards
No full text比較賜諾殺濃餌劑與果實網袋包，在兩種果園中，對東方果實蠅(Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel))之誘殺效果，結果顯示在酪梨園每週平均所誘得之雌蟲數，賜諾殺餌劑與果實網袋包處理顯著較噴藥對照區為少，三處理依序分別各為6.7、5.7及10.8隻。賜諾殺處理之果實被害率與被害度皆顯著較網袋包處理為少，而兩者又皆顯著較噴藥對照區為低，三處理之平均被害度分別各為1.2、4.4及7.6%。而依據對照區求得之平均防治率，則賜諾殺餌劑與果實網袋包處理分別為70.7及39.9%。在柳橙園每週平均所誘得之雌蟲數，賜諾殺餌劑、果實網袋包及噴藥處理區分別僅各為2.2、3.3及2.9隻，在統計上差異不顯著，顯示三種處理皆能有效壓制此害蟲族群。而此三處理區調查所得之平均被害率僅分別為0.03、0.03及0.07%，在統計上並無顯著差異，亦即顯示三種處理在果實蠅密度較低之時期皆能有良好的防治效果。由此等試驗結果，對於東方果實蠅之防治將可採用賜諾殺餌劑或果實網袋包或噴施農藥，可依不同果園之不同果實期，由資材成本、人力可行性、防治效果及殘毒安全性等來作決定。
Results displayed the efficiency of two baits for trapping the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), in two orchards. The average females trapped weekly in the avocado orchard after Spinosad bait, fruit net-bag or chemical treating were 6.7, 5.7 and 10.8, respectively. Both the percentage of fruit damage and degree of fruit infested were significantly less in the Spinosad bait treatment than the fruit net-bag treatment, the two treatments were significantly less than chemical spraying control. The averaged degree of fruit infested after Spinosad bait, fruit net-bag or chemical treating were 1.2, 4.4 and 7.6%, respectively. The calculated control rate against B. dorsalis by Spinosad bait or fruit net-bag treatments were 70.7 and 39.9%, respectively. The average females trapped weekly in the orange orchard after Spinosad bait, fruit net-bag or chemical treating were 2.2, 3.3 and 2.9, respectively. The percentages of fruit damage after Spinosad bait, fruit net-bag or chemical treating were 0.03, 0.03 and 0.07%, respectively. Both results showed excellent control against B. dorsalis in the orange orchard by the three treatments during low population stage. Applicable control measures against B. dorsalis can be selected among these three treatments based on different orchards, fruit stages, labor and material cost, control efficiency and pesticide residue
有機可用資材防治作物病害之研究現況與展望
No full text依據2009年12月31日農委會公布「有機農產品及有機農產加工品驗證基準」修正規定，可應用於有機栽培之病蟲害防治技術及資材共24項，其中用於病害防治之資材有：（1）抗病品種、（2）利用不含合成化學物質之紙袋、網袋、塑膠布及不織布袋等防護、（3）種子消毒（浸泡醋、次氯酸鈣、次氯酸鈉或二氧化氯）、（4）大蒜、辣椒、蔥、韭菜、苦楝、香茅、薄荷、芥菜、萬壽菊、無患子等浸出液或天然抽出液、（5）海藻、（6）咖啡粕、苦茶粕或未添加香料之菸葉渣、（7）草木灰、（8）釀造醋、酒類及植物油、（9）石灰、石灰硫磺合劑、（10）非基因改造之蘇力菌、放線菌、枯草桿菌、其他微生物及病毒性製劑、（11）植物性中草藥浸出液、（12）波爾多液、作物休眠期使用之窄域油及亞磷酸等12項。統計2002至2010年我國投入有機可用資材防治作物病害的研究數為126個，以生物防治、植物（含中草藥）萃取物、植物精油及植物油、抗病育種占多數，其他尚有醋液、有機添加物及其他資材（如亞磷酸、二氧化氯）等。近年來，新開發的有機栽培可用防病資材種類不多，多局限於微生物製劑（或微生物農藥）、植物油、天然素材或植物源保護製劑等。而植物源保護製劑宥於農藥管理法中之未列管農藥的規定尚末公布，且未列為有機可用資材，緃使其來源為植物萃取物，未來是否有機會檢討其適用性，尚有討論空間。至於國外有機可用的資材如碳酸氫鈉、碳酸氫鉀等亦未被納入，亦有進一步討論的必要。有機驗證基準所提列的部份可用資材，其病害防治的效果常受質疑，研究單位應以予驗證，並提出各項資材的防病對象與推薦用量，始能實際嘉惠有機栽培的農民，使其有所遵循
