Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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Effects of Superheated Steam and Roasting Treatment on Quality and Antioxidant Capacity of Sweet Potatoes
No full text甘藷營養豐富且具有多種加工形式，如烤藷就是甚受消費者所喜愛的一種，因為在烘烤的過程中會發生梅納反應，使烘烤藷散發出誘人的香氣。但由於烘烤時間長，易使甘藷表皮發生焦黑的情形，故本研究利用過熱蒸汽熱傳快速的優點改善此問題，並比較過熱蒸汽與烘烤處理對甘藷品質與抗氧化力之差異。研究結果顯示，甘藷分別經過熱蒸汽和烘烤30 min後，發現以140℃過熱蒸汽即可使甘藷糊化度達到95%以上，而烘烤則必需在240℃。在外觀上，甘藷經過熱蒸汽加熱不會造成焦黑的情形，而以烘烤者則會發生。甘藷經過140℃熱蒸汽加熱30 min，經感官品評和質地剖面分析後，其兩者的結果相近，但在香氣上則以烘烤者較佳。整體接受度以240℃烘烤50 min者最高，140℃過熱蒸汽加熱70 min者次之。在抗氧化力方面，發現不論總酚、類黃酮、清除DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)或FRAP (Ferric reducing ability of plasma)值皆以140℃過熱蒸汽加熱30 min者最高。
Sweet potato is a very nutritious vegetable and can be processed into many kinds of forms. For example, the roasted sweet potato is a favorite for consumers, since the Millard reaction in a roasting process leads to attractive aroma. However, the long duration of roasting would also easily make sweet potatoes burnt black. Therefore, the study would take advantage of superheated steam’s swift heat-conduction to alleviate this problem. As the results showed, when sweet potatoes were broiled by superheated steam or roasted for 30 min, it was found that the degree of gelatinization of sweet potatoes could reach up to 95% by 140℃ superheated steam, while roasting temperature as high as 240℃ was needed to reach the same degree. In appearance, the sweet potatoes processed by superheated steam would not become burnt as the roasting process would do. After being processed by 140℃ superheated steam for 30 min, the sensory evaluation and profile analysis of quality between these two groups were similar, but the aroma of roasted sweet potatoes was better. The roasted sweet potato (240℃ for 50 min) had the highest overall acceptance followed by the superheated steam heated sweet potato (140℃ for 70 min). For anti-oxidant capability, it was found that the 140℃ superheated steam-heated sweet potato had the highest contents of total phenol and flavonoids, and the best scavenging ability of DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (Ferric reducing ability of plasma)
Case Analysis of Industry Transformation Applying Organizational Learning and Cooperation Network
No full text本研究以一個民間傳統青草藥業者轉型生技公司為研究對象，探討企業如何藉由組織學習及網絡關係，累積資源基礎以持續企業競爭優勢。研究結果發現，個案公司藉由持續的良好網路關係，取得所需之資源與核心能力，包括產品知識與技術、政府資金補助與行銷通路，乃至獎項之取得；並透過產官學合作，形成有效的組織學習，以創新技術及產品研發，促成人才培育與公司成長；也將某些產品委外代工，使能以較少投入來迅速擴大經營規模。因此藉由組織學習及網絡關係，可強化公司的競爭力，使成功轉型為一個有績效的企業。
This research investigated the application of organizational learning and cooperation network on the accumulation of resource bases for sustaining the competitive superiority of enterprise. A company which moved from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine industry to biotechnology industry was chosen for our case study. The results showed the company retained good network relationships to obtain required resources and core competence, including product knowledge and technologies, as well as government funds and marketing channels, even receiving an award. Moreover, the company built effective organizational learning through industry-government-university collaboration. It was therefore beneficial to technology innovation, product development, personnel training and business growth. The company also subcontracted some products for utilizing less investment resources to rapidly expand business scale. Thus, organizational learning and cooperation networks can enable enterprises to strengthen their competitiveness and successfully transform themselves into excellence performers
(68(4):261-273)台灣應用共通資訊平台和農業管理資訊系統i-PLANT 於消費者友善農產品的生產
No full textThe traceability system of agro-product is considered an approach that may lead to create product differentiation in the market, elevate product competitiveness, and bring better production and consumption environment for agro-products in Taiwan. Through the integration of self-monitoring by agro-product operators, verification of product sources by distributors, feedback from consumers and government oversight with regulation, the local agricultural sector is able to promote the effectiveness of Taiwan’s agro-product traceability system and help to differentiate these products in the market. “Smart Agriculture (SA)”, a 6-year research program initiated by the Council of Agriculture in 2017, based on sensor/sensing technology, intelligent robot, internet of things (IoT) and big data analytics, is expected to build local smart production, marketing and digital service systems to efficiently enhance the whole agricultural productivity and capacity. Furthermore, it is anticipated to build an
active, all-purpose agricultural consumption/service platform to earn customer’s trust for food safety by completing the program. In the SA program, a common information platform which uses the Open Application Programming Interface (Open API) to connect with a range of existing application databases has been established. According to the policy of the food safety, all primary and secondary schools need to use traceable agricultural and aquaculture products tagged with the information of the “Three Labels and One QR Code (3L1Q)”. The Campus Food Ingredients Registration Platform of the Ministry of Education can get food safety information daily from the common information platform by Open API mechanism to ensure safety of campus lunch. The agriculture management system “i-PLANT” applies technologies in terms of geographic information system (GIS), IoT and aerial photography, as well as cumulative agricultural experience and the information recorded via the mobile application (APP) of crop production. That is, “i-PLANT” combines environmental layer nesting with data services for field production risk management and decision analysis. It promotes a new type of “agriculture service industry”, which allows farmers to cultivate and record field data more easily and also enables consumers to eat with confidence for food safety. Moreover, the relationship between agricultural operations and food can be further strengthened by the system, connecting the upstream agricultural production and middle/lower reached logistics sales to smart agri-food supply chains.
農產品的生產追溯系統可在市場上創造產品差異化與提升產品競爭力，並能為台灣農產品帶來更好的生產和消費環境。透過農業生產者自主監控與整合，經銷商對農產品來源的驗證，消費者的回饋及政府法規的監督，讓各地農業單位能夠有效的執行農產品追溯系統，提升此類農產品在市場的差異化。「智慧農業」(Smart Agriculture; SA) 是農業委員會於2017 年提出的6 年期研究計畫，基於感測器/感測技術、智能機器人、物聯網 (internet of things; IoT) 和大數據分析，預期將可建立地區性的智慧生產、銷售和數位服務系統，有利於提高整體農業生產力和效率。此外，希望透過此計畫的執行，建構主動式且全方位農業消費/服務平台，提高消費者對農產品安全的信賴感。在智慧農業的共通資訊平台已使用開放式應用程式介面 (Open Application Programming Interface; Open API) 技術提供與現有的資料庫進行介接。根據食品安全政策的推動，全國國中小學之學生午餐都必需使用「三章一Q」(Three Labels and One QR Code; 3L1Q) 的可追溯農漁畜產品。教育部的校園食材登錄平台可以通過Open API 機制，每天從共通資訊平台取得食材溯源資料以確保學生午餐的安全。農業管理系統i-PLANT 應用地理資訊系統 (geographic information system; GIS)、物聯網及衛星影像資料，以手機APP 記錄農作物的生產資訊，也就是結合環境層與資料服務，以APP 方式應用於田間的生產風險管理和決策分析。這是一種新型態的農業服務業，提供農民能夠更容易地栽培和記錄田間的數據，讓消費者可以放心食用並確保農產品安全。此外，該系統可進一步強化農業經營者與農產品的關係，將上游農產品和中低層物流銷售與智慧農產品供應鏈串聯起來
(68(4):274-292)The Development and Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing Platform
No full text全球暖化導致極端氣候，造成全球性作物減產及糧食危機，因應氣候變遷之逆境抗性品種的快速選育來確保糧食安全，已是刻不容緩的研究議題。現今作物品種改良，是藉由回交或雜交將帶有逆境抗性基因導入現行優良品種，但因遠緣雜交育種之障礙及種原遺傳多樣性的喪失，而限制育種的廣度及進程。Cluster regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) 基因編輯技術系統自確立可應用在真核生物以來，受到學術界、研發單位、產業界與政府相關單位的重視。此技術相較於之前的基因編輯方法，不僅操作簡化且所需經費亦相對便宜，更重要的是能精準且有效編輯目標基因，使其不論在動物、植物或者人類疾病治療等皆有廣泛性的應用。在植物育種方面，由於CRISPR/Cas9 系統能準確編輯目標基因，對於植物性狀變異的掌控或者功能性基因的探索上，無疑可跳脫現有技術限制，而成為新興的育種工具。爰此，本篇主要在回顧整理基因編輯技術歷程、CRISPR/Cas9 系統的原理發展與應用，冀以提供國內學者或分子育種專家參考。
Extreme weather caused by global warming could lead to increase of crop diseases, reduction of crop yield and food crisis. It is a top research priority to improve plant stress tolerance for the adaptation of weather extremes and food security. Plant breeding has been devised for improving crop varieties by backcross or hybridization. However, the limitation of distant hybridization and loss of genetic diversity make the breeding program difficult, and the selection of crop improvement through conventional plant breeding is inefficient and unpredictable. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) as a powerful gene editing tool has received a great degree of attention since its establishment on eukaryote. Compared with the previous gene editing technology, the CRISPR-Cas9 system is an easy to use and low-cost requirement tool. More importantly, the efficiency and accuracy of CRISPR/Cas9 system on target gene editing makes it as a widely used tool in animal, plant and human. CRISPR/Cas9 as a revolutionary plant breeding tool can facilitate precision crop improvement by controlling the gene function accurately. To provide a concept for follow-up researcher or breeding experts, we review the history of CRISPR/Cas9 system and its genome-editing mechanism. We also describe the current progress and the potential application for crop improvement
Growth and Quality of Rice as Affected by Management of Soil Moisture
No full text本研究一系列田間試驗結果顯示，適度減少灌溉水，提高土壤水分張力至0.01 MPa，可以提昇土壤氧化還原電位，有助於提昇水稻幼苗根活性及乾物質累積速率。若於高張力提早晒田後，適量補量磷肥，有助於提高根活性，增加分蘗數，增加稻穀產量18%。營養生長期提昇灌溉起點之土壤水分張力至0.02 MPa，對臺中秈10號並未造成產量降低，但臺中189號產量顯著降低25%，顯示品種間對乾旱忍受性有相當大之差異。建議在容易缺水地區，推廣適當品種種植，可以獲得較高之灌溉水利用效率。穀粒充實期可施以間歇性灌溉，一期作以0.018 MPa，二期作提高至0.027 MPa做爲灌溉地點，可以獲得最高產量。
Results from a series of field experiments showed that reduced irrigation water for rice cultivation is feasible. During seedling stage, increased soil moisture tension to 0.01MPa enhanced soil redox potential, and thus a higher root activity and dry weight accumulation rate resulted. Supplementary phosphate fertilizer applied after 0.08 MPa intermittent drying practiced during the 10-tiller stage promoted root activity and tiller number, and thus a 18% grain yield increased. During vegetative growth stage, increased soil moisture tension to 0.02 MPa reduced 25% grain yield in rice cultivar Taichung 189, but no such effect occurred in the cultivar Taichung Sen 10. Results suggest that Taichung Sen 10 has a higher drought tolerance and water use efficiency. During grain filling stage, 0.018 MPa in the first crop and 0.027 MPa in the second crop as the irrigation starting point of soil moisture tension gave the highest grain yield
The Occurrence of ＂Corythucha morrilli＂ Osborn and Drake (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in Taiwan
No full text2011年在苗栗縣銅鑼鄉發現方翅網椿取食為害杭菊（＂Chrysanthemum morifolium＂ Ramat.），使葉片產生白斑及其黑色排泄物影響植株生長及菊花產量，經鑑定為墨里尼方翅網椿（＂Corythucha morrilli＂ Osborn and Drake），本文為該蟲在臺灣首次發生記錄。在定溫28℃下，觀察本種方翅網椿飼以咸豐草（＂Bidens pilosa＂ L.）生活史，卵期9日，幼蟲期9.8日，成蟲平均壽命17.8日。由於本種網椿主要寄主菊科植物在臺分布廣，未來是否擴大為害至其他經濟作物值得關注。
In 2011 the Morrill lace bug, ＂Corythucha morrilli＂ Osborn and Drake, a pest, was found on ＂Chrysanthemum morifolium＂ in Tongluo, Miaoli County, Taiwan. White spots and black feces resulting from their feeding behavior on leaves affects plant growth and flower production. This species was first recorded from Taiwan. At 28oC, the developmental time of both egg and nymph on Bidens pilosa L. lasted 9 and 9.8 days on average. The average longevity of an adult is 17.8 days. Based on the main host plants of ＂C. morrilli＂, various species of ＂Compositae＂, are common in Taiwan, its expansion into other cultivated crops caused damage is worth of future attention
