Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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咖啡果小蠹防治之綜合管理策略
No full text咖啡是世界上具有高經濟價值之作物之一，近年因為發生咖啡果小蠹危害，造成產業界嚴重的經濟損失，巴拿馬、美國等咖啡產區國家，因此開始實施有害生物綜合管理措施，藉由田間咖啡果小蠹的監測，了解咖啡園區受到危害的果實數量與作物受到侵害感染的情況，配合物理防治、化學防治、生物防治及栽培防治等作物有害生物綜合管理策略，以確保在咖啡採收季節的關鍵時刻，維持產區內咖啡果小蠹較低的侵害比率，而其中要達到田間咖啡果小蠹的低密度控制之栽培管理策略則包括咖啡樹採收前後處理，收穫成熟果實運送處理過程避免咖啡果小蠹的移動危害，採收後徹底清園與整枝修剪等，此些措施均有助於降低咖啡果小蠹的數量至不會造成經濟損失的程度
Studies on Application of Biofertilizers in Production of Organic Muskmelons
No full text菌根菌在作物育苗期接種是最經濟最有效率的時期，但菌根菌使用時，必須配合適當的肥料量，方能使菌根菌效果顯著。目前並無市售添加菌根菌之育苗介質，本計畫擬透過合理有機土壤與肥培管理，配合微生物肥料使用，健康土壤與作物，提昇瓜果類產量與品質，以達到永續農業利用及降低有機栽培生產成本。不同配方介質與菌種對洋香瓜育苗之菌根苗感染率，發現菌根感染以細椰纖：蛭石混合感染率最高 55.4%，泥炭：蛭石次之，而以泥炭：蛭石加蚓糞堆肥最低，感染率僅 43.4%。生長勢以泥炭：蛭石與蚓糞堆肥最優，細椰纖：蛭石最低，亦發現以細椰纖與蛭石為介質作物生長勢低於泥炭：蛭石，此可能為此細椰纖與蛭石配方養分含量較低所致。進行不同育苗介質試驗調查顯示植株生長勢，以接菌+蚓糞堆肥處理最高，未接菌處理最低，並進行植體採樣分析，以瞭解處理養分吸收情形，由葉片分析資料顯示蚓糞堆肥與接菌+蚓糞堆肥兩處理鉀離子濃度較未接菌處理低；接菌、蚓糞堆肥與接菌+蚓糞堆肥三處理之鈣與鎂濃度較未接菌處理高，鈉離子含量則以未接菌處理最高，其他三處理均有降低情形，此與作者前試驗接種菌根菌可以提昇甜瓜耐鹽分逆境能力。
Endomycorrhizae has been used is seedling nursery. However, this practice should be supplemented with appropriate amount of fertilizers. Now, no cultural medium or growth medium containing mycorrhiza is available on market. The experiment was attempted to develop appropriate composition of growth medium to low down the supplement of various amount of fertilizers. Results of muskmelon experiments indicated that best infection rate i.e.55.4% of the plants infected mycorrhiza was found in the growth medium containing coconut shell fiber (CSF): vermiculite (V), and the least in the medium with peat moss (PM): V with vermicompost i.e.43.4%. Best growth of muskmelon one month after planting was observed in the medium with PM: V with vermicompost plus inoculation of Gm inoculation, and lowest growth in the medium with CSF: V plus inoculation of Gm inoculation. Best growth of muskmelon one month after planting was observed in the medium with vermicompost plus inoculation of Gm , and without inoculation is the lowest. Another tests also showed that inoculation of Gm increased Ca2+ and Mg2+ absorption and decreased Na+ absorption. If the plants were inoculated, Na+ concentration was decreased, It means that inoculation may disturb absorption of Na+. Demonstration areas through inoculation can promote nutrient absorption, reduced sodium ion uptake, if they were compared with the control group, but yields and total soluble solids increased
Effect of Temperature Treatments on the Development of Shoot Apical Meristem in Tropical Cauliflower
No full text藉由觀察花椰菜莖頂端分生組織，以及春化基因BoVRN2與開花抑制基因BoFLC1和BoFLC2的表現，以了解溫度對熱帶花椰菜苗期的影響。結果顯示，溫度、自交系及其交感作用間均顯著影響莖頂端分生組織的發育。在18℃處理中，‘Winner’的莖頂端生長顯著較佳，經由BoVRN2、BoFLC1與BoFLC2的調控，加速花球的發育。‘Winner’在22℃處理的花球發育成長僅次於18℃處理，BoFLC1量的降低促使莖頂端分生組織形成花球。在26℃中與30℃中，‘Winner’的BoFLC1量微幅波動或後續調升，使莖頂端分生組織的生長較為緩慢，雖然‘Winner’屬於耐熱早生型的花椰菜，但在苗期因高溫的影響亦會延緩其生長。‘PI244664’在22℃、26℃與30℃處理中，BoFLC1與BoFLC2量皆顯著增加，明顯抑制中晚生型花椰菜的結球發育。本研究結果有助於了解溫度對熱帶花椰菜結球表現的影響，對於不同類型花椰菜在栽培或季節條件的選定上提供新的資訊
Analysis of Soil Microbial Diversity and Function in Rice and Maize Fields under Long-term Upland and Lowland Rotational System in Different Fertilization Treatments
No full text本研究計畫之試驗田區長期以水稻與玉米進行輪作，自1995 年至今逾20 年之久，田區施肥管理策略以多種處理(化肥、堆肥、綠肥、泥炭及對照組)進行逢機完全區集設計(RCBD)，在不同生長時期採集土壤分析。碳源利用測定結果顯示，堆肥加2/3 化學氮肥處理組中慢生型微生物族群數量多於其他處理，而快生型微生物族群數量則少於其他處理， 微生物活性 (AWCD) 與多樣性(Shannon) 皆為傳統化肥處理最低。PacBio 16S rDNA 之全長定序及分析結果可觀察到，微生物之組成受到作物之影響大於處理。對照組處理的Chao 1 值 (豐富度) 受到採樣時間點的影響較大。在玉米期時，各處理間之Shannon 值差異較大，水稻期各處理差異較小，傳統化肥組處理之Shannon 值隨採樣期變動最大，堆肥加2/3 化肥組處理次之。主成分分析圖中顯示，樣品大致以作物種類分成兩大群，與親緣關係圖UPGMA 結果相似，但玉米齊膝期時各處理微生物相之差異較大。加權後的貝塔指標顯示，對照組與堆肥添加1/3 化肥的處理組有較高的生物多樣性。綠肥添加1/3 化肥與泥炭添加1/3 化肥的處理組，其生物多樣性相似度較高。細菌的種類及數量OTU heatmap 圖顯示，栽種玉米田區的土壤樣品，其生物多樣性的相對豐度明顯高於栽種水稻的土壤。水稻及玉米產量中，對照組水稻收穫最低，化肥及堆肥加化學氮肥的處理，作物收穫有較高的趨勢且兩者產量接近；玉米收穫情況與水稻相似。堆肥處理之土壤，在水稻及玉米產量，皆與化肥處理無顯著差異，甚至有些年度水稻產量高過化肥處理。
The experimental plot of this research project has been cultivated by the upland and lowland rotational system over 20 years since 1995, and the management strategy of the field fertilization has been carried out in various treatments (fertilizer, compost, green manure, peat and control group) by RCBD design. Soil sample was collected and analysed at different growth stages. The results of carbon source utilization test showed that the number of slow-growing microbial populations in Compost + 2/3N group was higher than that in other treatments, while the number of fast-growing microbial populations was less than other treatments. The microbial activity and diversity were lowest in chemical fertilizers treatment. The full-length sequencing and analysis results of PacBio 16S rDNA showed that the composition of the microorganisms was more affected by the crop than the treatment. The Chao 1 value of the Control group was greatly affected by the sampling time. In Maize, the Shannon values of the treatments were different, and the differences in the treatments in the rice field sample were small. The Shannon values of the Chemical fertilizer groups varied the most with the sampling time, and the Compost + 2/3N group were the second. The Principal Component Analysis shows that the samples are roughly divided into two groups according to the crop type, which is similar to the UPGMA results, but the difference in the microbial diversity of each treatment during the maize tillering period is biger. The weighted beta-diversity showed that the Control and Compost + 1/3N had higher biodiversity. GM +1/3N and Peat + 1/3N had higher similarity. The OTU heatmap shows that the relative abundance of biodiversity in the soil samples in maize is significantly higher than that in the rice. In the rice and maize yields, the Control group had the lowest production, the Chemical fertilizers and Compost +1/3N had a higher production and the yields of the two gropus were close ; the maize production was similar to rice
Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses reveal three distinct lineages of the invasive brown root-rot pathogen, Phellinus noxius, and bioclimatic modeling predicts differences in associated climate niches
No full textPhellinus noxius, the cause of brown root-rot disease, is an invasive fungal pathogen that causes a white rot among woody plants in Asia, Oceania, and Africa. Because the origin and diversity of this pathogen are unknown, it is difficult to predict its behavior and invasive capacity, especially under future climate-change scenarios. We characterized genetic relationships and ecological differences among P. noxius lineages across eastern Asia and Oceania to better understand evolutionary responses of the pathogen to environmental changes. Sequences of four loci (nuclear large subunit, internal transcribed spacers, partial RNA polymerase II, and partial translation elongation factor - 1 alpha) from 95 P. noxius isolates were used for genetic analyses. Our analyses revealed three genetically distinct lineages of P. noxius: 1) eastern Asia (Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Malaysia); 2) western Oceania/Japan/Taiwan (including Australia, Palau, Guam, Saipan, Yap, Pohnpei, and Kosrae) with some isolates from Japan and Taiwan; and 3) a distinct group from American Samoa. Population genetic analyses highlighted admixture and migration among the three lineages. Climate-based, species distribution models were used to predict ecological patterns of P. noxius for two genetic lineages: eastern Asia and western Oceania/Japan/Taiwan. Contemporary bioclimatic models depicted potential areas at high risk for P. noxius invasion, and predicted that suitable climate space (potential distribution) is lineage specific. Trade of important economic crops worldwide coupled with changing climates could exacerbate the spread of P. noxius into new geographic areas with suitable habitats for brown root-rot disease
