Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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(68(2): 189-194)Separation of Almond Moth [Cadra cautella (Walker)]Eggs and Residual Scales Using Cyclonic Separation
No full text粉斑螟蛾 [Cadra cautella (Walker)] 卵粒常被應用作為生物天敵的代用食餌，但其卵粒上所沾附的鱗粉可能干擾到應用時操作，故研發分離蛾卵與鱗粉之技術有利於生物天敵應用推廣。傳統過篩法將卵粒與沾附鱗粉分離，但過篩後卵粒上殘留的鱗粉仍多，且器械本身體積龐大。本研究研發旋風分離法，分離粉斑螟蛾卵粒上沾附鱗粉。旋風分離法處理之卵粒，每粒卵殘留0.1 片鱗片，卵粒遺失率為0.3% ± 0.3%，與過篩法處理組 (4.7 片 ± 0.2 片；10.5% ± 1.0%) 有顯著差異，惟兩者處理之卵破損率及卵孵化率皆無顯著差異。旋風分離法對粉斑螟蛾卵粒所沾附之鱗粉分離效果優異，卵遺失率低，未對卵粒造成破損，且器械簡便，亟具有自動化應用潛力。
Almond moth [Cadra cautella (Walker)] eggs are a critical type of factitious prey for beneficial insect enemy species. However, the residual adhesive scales on the eggs create commercial inconveniences. In previous attempts to solve these problems, conventional sieving device could not completely detach the scales from the moth eggs, and increased equipment size. This study used conventional sieving device and cyclonic separation to detach almond moth eggs from the adhesive scales. There were no significant differences were observed for the broken eggs and the hatch rate between the two separation methods. However, the residual scale per moth egg and egg lost rate differed significantly from cyclonic separation method and conventional sieving device (0.1 piece ± 0.0 piece vs. 4.7 piece ± 0.2 piece; 0.3% ± 0.3% vs. 10.5% ± 1.0%). This cyclonic separation method using a simple device is efficient for egg-scale detachment and thus has potential for use in almond moth rearing
Research and Development on Off-season Production and Adaptation Industry in Pineapple (Ananas comosus)
No full text臺灣鳳梨不論在年產量、產值、外銷量及外銷值等，均居果樹單一品項之冠，此與鮮食品種選擇多樣性、農政學研產銷各界致力發展鮮食鳳梨，且鳳梨酥及果乾加工產業蓬勃發展有關，使鳳梨產業得以維持經濟面向的重要性。105 年臺灣的鳳梨收穫面積為10,379 公頃，年產量 53 萬公噸，年產值達新臺幣 121 億元 (9)，鮮果外銷量 29,075 公噸，外銷值 1,262,542 千元，僅占總產量之 5.52%，雖比率不高，其經濟效益 ( 例如每公斤產值 ) 約可增加 1 倍；其餘 94.48% 鮮果則供國內鮮食及部分加工需求。為因應目前產業變化趨勢及未來發展方向，應著重於提升市場的供貨量質，以穩定內、外銷市場週年供果能力。為達此目標，栽培方面宜依據經營標的採適地適種、加強推動生產專區與集團經營方式，提高生產效率並降低成本。其次，以市場需求為導向，選擇適合的栽培品種及有效的栽培管理技術以穩定外銷用果供貨品質。考量鳳梨植株經種植一年、充分生長至完全葉達 35 片以上時，即可利用電石、乙烯、NAA、BOH 等藥劑處理，誘導花芽分化以提早果實生產期，或利用 500ppm AVG、150ppm NAA 等藥劑抑制花芽分化，以延緩果實自然產期。栽培上利用調整種植時期、種苗種類及大小，並於適當時期施行藥物處理，可有效調節鳳梨花芽分化，達到果園周年生產及市場穩定供貨之目的，對於提高鳳梨產業競爭力極為重要。
Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.) now in Taiwan is the top fruit tree irrespective of its yield and value of production, as well as amount and value of export. Its variety diversity, advanced agricultural research, coordination of government policy, and the well-developed fruit processing industry makes pineapple industry stand firmly in the economic system in Taiwan. In 105, the harvested area of pineapple is 10,379 ha, with production of 530 thousand tons and year price value of 11 billion NT dollars. Most of the production, 94.48%, is for domestic fresh fruit supply and fruit processing, while the rest, 5.52%, is for fresh fruit export. The amount of pineapple export is 29,074 tons with value of 1,262,542 thousand NT dollars. Though the proportion of export of pineapple is relatively low, it has greater economic performance than domestic usage. In response to the current industrial trends and the future development direction, we need to improve the quantity and quality of production to stabilize the annual supply in both domestic and export market. First, we force on proper plant selection of the target-based management, strengthening the promotion of the production area and the group management to improve production efficiency and reduce costs. Second, to meet the needs of market and to stabilize the quality of fruit export, we need to select appropriate cultivars combining with effective cultivation and management techniques. After one year of planting, pineapple plants will have more than 35 leaves, the floral initiation of which can be induced by chemicals, e.g. CaC2, ethylene, NAA and BOH, to advance the fruit harvest date. On the other hand, 500ppm AVG and 150ppm NAA can inhibit floral induction and thus leads to delay the original supply period. By adjusting planting date, seedling classes and sizes, combing with proper chemical treatment, floral induction of pineapple could be well controlled to stabilize annual production of orchards and market supply, which can help to increase the competitiveness of pineapple industry
Curd Initiation and Transformation in Tropical Cauliflower Cultivars under Different Temperature Treatments
No full textThis study investigated the effects of different temperature treatments (18, 24, and 30 °C) on apex development in tropical cauliflower cultivars of varying maturity types. Two commercial cultivars, H-37 (early maturity) and H-80 (mid–late maturity), were used as the testing materials. ‘H-37’ reached the curd-initiation phase earlier than ‘H-80’ and showed superior growth during the curd’s initial development phase under all temperature treatments. Analysis of variance revealed significant effects regarding main temperature and cultivar as well as their interaction. ‘H-37’ at a temperature of 18 °C demonstrated the optimal transformation of apex development from the vegetative to reproductive stage. A temperature of 24 °C promoted the apex development of ‘H-37’ at the curd initial development phase. Gene expression analysis results indicated that the BoFLC2 expression of ‘H-37’ was significantly down-regulated than that of ‘H-80’ after curd initiation and advanced growth. A temperature 30 °C accelerated the ending of juvenile stage and forward to curd initiation in ‘H-80’ and declined with temperature decreased. Moreover, expression of the BoFLC2 transcript level of both tropical cauliflower cultivars nearly disappeared at the high temperature of 30 °C following curd initiation, suggesting that heat stress hinders curd formation. The results of this study also indicate that the number of leaves required to induce curd initiation is less than nine in tropical cauliflower at temperatures of 18 to 30 °C. In conclusion, under nonvernalized high temperatures, different cultivars of tropical cauliflower can initiate curd development but with a different pattern from those cultivars grown in temperate zones. This information may provide novel insights for cauliflower farmers or breeders in tropical regions
(68(3): 202-214)Studies on Application of Bootstrap Method to Estimate the Crop Cutting Surveys of Rice Grain Yield
No full text本研究以2017 年行政院農委會農業試驗所嘉義農業試驗分所之溪口農場水稻坪割估計產量資料為例，利用蒙地卡羅模擬取樣探討bootstrap 估計法分別在母體分布及樣本數不同的條件下，其點估計與區間估計的表現，並與傳統參數估計法做比較。研究結果顯示，無論以母體分布為常態或有偏分布，樣本數為小樣本 (n < 30) 或大樣本，bootstrap 與傳統參數估計法在點估計的表現幾乎相同。由於bootstrap 估計法於估計過程中並未增加新的樣本訊息，因此對於點估計精確度的提升助益不大。在區間估計方面，比較傳統參數估計法、bootstrap normal (BN)、bootstrap percentile (BP) 及bootstrap-t (Bt) 等4 種區間估計法在0.95 的信賴係數下的估計表現。在任何母體分布及樣本數條件下，Bt 估計法之覆蓋機率均達到0.95 或以上的水準，而BN 及BP估計法僅在母體為常態分布，樣本數n = 100 時之覆蓋機率始接近0.95。區間寬度期望值則恆以BN 及BP 估計法為最窄，Bt 估計法為最寬。實際上在固定之信賴係數下，覆蓋機率與區間寬度兩者之間常出現此消彼長的現象。本研究顯示在各種母體分布或樣本數之變化下，無論覆蓋機率或區間寬度均以bootstrap 估計法的表現較佳，說明基於bootstrap 原理的估計法對於區間估計精確度表現具有相當的穩健性。
This study used the data collected from Xikou Farm of Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Branch of Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute in 2017 to estimate the crop cutting surveys of rice grain yield. Monte simulation of sampling was adopted to realize the performance between the point estimation and interval estimation, while bootstrap method was in the conditions of different group distributions and different samplings, then it was compared to conventional parametric estimation. The results showed that point estimation from bootstrap and parametric estimation was nearly identical, no matter the group distribution was normal or skewed distribution, or the sampling size was small (n < 30), or large sample. The bootstrap method of point estimation did not add new sampling information, so it could not increase precision of point estimation a lot. In the interval estimation, compared to the performances of 4 interval estimations of conventional parametric estimation, bootstrap normal (BN), bootstrap percentile (BP) and bootstrap-t (Bt) in 0.95 confidence coefficient, the coverage probability of Bt reached 0.95 or higher in the conditions of any group distributions and samplings. BN and BP reached nearly 0.95, while its group was normal distribution and its sample size was 100. Expected length of BN and BP were narrower than others, but Bt was the widest one. In reality, both coverage probability and expected length varied alternatively while confidence coefficient was fixed. This study showed that in the conditions of various group distributions and samplings, the coverage probability and expected length from bootstrap methods got the best performances, implying that bootstrap method was relatively robust to estimate the performance of the interval estimation precisely
The Characteristics of Low Rainfall in North Taiwan
No full text本研究擇取中央氣象局所屬基隆、台北、新竹與宜蘭等四個測站之月降雨資料，從事統計上之定量分析，設Ri,j為i年間各月份(j，1-12月)之雨量，若任意移動降雨之累計期間(k)，得累計雨量為Ri,j,k，其平年值為Rj,k，而Ri,j，對K之Rj,k之比為C，爾後從C值之頻率分布，探討本省北部某特定少雨雨量之頻率分布殁其持續與恢復情形，對今後水資源之營運管理或某月份起可能發生乾旱之定量預測，提供更爲明確有效之資訊。
This study deals with the characteristics of low rainfall in north Taiwan based on the monthly rainfall data from Keelung, Taipei, Hsinchu and Ilan. Let Ri,j represents the amount of rainfall on month j (Jan. to Dec.) of year i, Ri,j,k, represents the amount of accumulated rainfall from month j through time period K and Rj,k is the average of normal year, through which the ratio (C) of Ri,j,k to Rj,k can be obtained. From the analysis of frequency distribution of C-value, an understanding of the quantitative expression for low rainfall occurrence and its persistence at certain locations in north Taiwan can be obtained. Based on the results, we can offer more precise information for water resource operation and management, and predict low rainfall quantitatively
