Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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The development of smart agriculture
No full text智慧農業已是世界農業的趨勢。臺灣農業在耕地面積狹小的不利條件下，面臨農業人口老化、缺工、全球化競爭與氣候變遷等問題，以小農為主體的臺灣農業目前面臨永續發展的挑戰，推動智慧農業發展已刻不容緩。我國農業生產技術水準以精緻化、多樣化、特色化為主，多數農業經營者皆具有本身獨特的生產技術與優質農產品，國內的資通訊零組件技術純熟且已具有世界級水準，在製造業之應用或外銷國外已有豐碩實績，如何透過跨域整合以推動智慧農業，已成為重要的課題。本文透過國內外智慧農業發展,搭配實際案例，進以探討智慧農業的發展現況
Application of Smart Electric Energy Consumption Monitoring System in Mushroom Cultivation System
No full text本研究使用智慧用電監測系統於菇類場域栽培之用電量測，系統可使用遠端方式進行操作與管理結果顯示，系統量測之度數與台電帳單顯示之度數誤差最大約在3.3％，未來若產業化應用其誤差可用校正的方式使兩者之數據趨於一致。
由用電結果顯示場域環控參數中以用於溫度調節的能源(電能)消耗最大，並隨著氣溫上升而增加。其監測數值分析結果也顯示，本場域用電量變化與外界溫度變化趨勢一致。未來有機會可根據外界溫度變化提出用電預測或節能之建議
The genus Lochmaea Weise, 1883 in Taiwan: results of taxonomic expeditions by citizen scientists (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae)
No full textMore than 520 specimens of the chrysomelid genus Lochmaea were available for study as the result of collecting efforts by citizen scientists. Taiwanese species of Lochmaea can be separated into two species groups based on presence or absence of hind wings. The Lochmaea lesagei group (winged) contains L. lesagei Kimoto, 1996 and L. tsoui sp. n. The L. smetanai group (wingless) contains L. smetanai Kimoto, 1996, L. thou sp. n., and L. jungehani sp. n. Members of the L. smetanai group inhabit alpine microhabitats and are the only wingless galerucines in Taiwan that occur in harsh environments, as is the case with most brachelytrous Chrysomelidae
The analysis platform for mechanisms on controlling tomato Fusarium wilt with Bacillus mycoides
No full text本研究在三角瓶中栽培番茄實生苗與接種生物防治菌及植物病原菌，以分析生物防治菌誘導番茄植株產生抗病的相關機制。以Biolog GP Microplate分析番茄萎凋病菌Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Fol－04菌株及Bacillus mycoides CHT2402和NP02兩菌株對於碳、氮素源的需求，隨後比較生物防治菌及病原菌對營養需求的差異性，以便確立基礎培養基的配方，結果得知在Murashige和Skoog兩氏（MS）培養基中蔗糖的濃度調為1%（w/v），最適於番茄植株、生物防治菌及病原菌等三者間的交互作用。將番茄種子於B. mycoides CHT2402與NP02菌液中催芽後培養於MS培養基二週，再以番茄萎凋病菌單孢接種於番茄莖基部，5天後可見對照組的植株已受病原菌感染且出現倒伏的現象，惟兩生物防治菌處理過的植株尚維持挺立且未表現病徵。自三角瓶、溫室栽植處理及未處理過B. mycoides CHT2402與NP02菌株之番茄根部取樣後，以環氧樹脂包埋後切片，再以光學顯微鏡觀察根部組織之細胞結構，可見處理過B. mycoides CHT2402與NP02之植株根部於表皮細胞下方的細胞壁均較對照組分別增厚0.015－0.018 μm與0.014－0.016 μm以上，至於皮層細胞下方的細胞壁也有是分別類似增厚的現象0－0.008 μm與0.014－0.03 μm。利用穿透式電子顯微鏡觀察的結果，顯示處理過B. mycoides之番茄根部細胞大多於細胞間隙以非結晶物質累積於細胞壁，造成組織增厚的現象。在防禦相關基因表現方面，以即時定量反轉錄聚合酶鏈鎖反應（real time quantitative reverse transcription－polymerase chain reaction，real time qRT－PCR）分析處理B. mycoides之番茄根部於第9、11、13、15天後之苯丙氨酸氨裂解酶（phenylalanine ammonia lyase，PAL）與脂氧合酶（lipoxygenase，LOX）基因表現差異。結果顯示於三角瓶中處理B. mycoides NP02後第11天與處理B. mycoides CHT2402後第13天PAL與LOX基因有提高表現之趨勢；另外，溫室中處理過B. mycoides NP02的番茄根部於 11－13天後PAL基因有受誘導表現的現象，且於處理後第13－15天LOX基因亦受誘導表現；然而處理過B. mycoides CHT2402的番茄根部則於處理後第13天僅LOX基因有受高量誘導表現的現象。綜合本研究結果得知B. mycoides須先在病原菌感染前纏據於番茄根部與維管束組織，且誘導番茄植株產生防禦反應，才能有效扺抗萎凋病菌的感染。
In order to explore the control mechanisms for tomato plants resistant to Fusarium wilt disease by the biocontrol agent Bacillus mycoides, a platform was set up for simultaneously culturing tomato seedlings, B. mycoides, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Fol-04 in the flask cultivation system. Biolog GP Microplate was used to analyze the utilization of carbon and nitrogen sources by F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Fol-04, B. mycoides CHT2402 and NP02 isolates. The results showed that adjusting sucrose concentration in Murashige's and Skoog's (MS) medium to 1% (w/ v) was suitable for the interactions among tomato seedlings, the pathogen, and biocontrol agents. Tomato seeds were incubated in the cell suspension (10^8 cfu/mL) of B. mycoides CHT2402 and NP02 for 3 days, and then they were transplanted to the modified MS medium in the flask. Two weeks later, each tomato seedlings was inoculated with single spore of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Fol-04 near the root. It was found that tomato seedlings could be protected from the pathogen by B. mycoides CHT2402 and NP02 for five days in the flask cultivation system. To study the mechanisms for controlling tomato Fusarium wilt by the biocontrol agents, the root tissues of tomato plants treated respectively with B. mycoides CHT2402 and NP02 were analyzed by tissue section and real time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) techniques. The results of Spurr's resin block section indicated that the cell wall thickness of epidermis cells of the tomato plant treated with B. mycoides CHT2402 and NP02, respectively, increased 0.015-0.018 μm and 0.014-0.016 μm, whereas the cell wall thickness of cortex cells increased 0-0.008 μm and 0.014-0.03 μm. In addition, the expression of PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase) and LOX (lipoxygenase) genes in tomato roots was analyzed by qRT-PCR after B. mycoides CHT2402 and NP02 application in both flask cultivation and greenhouse condition. Accordingly, the results demonstrated B. mycoides CHT2402 and NP02 application induced the expression of PAL and LOX in tomato plants at different time points. Collectively, our results suggest that B. mycoides CHT2402 and NP02 are able to control tomato Fusarium wilt if they could colonize the roots and vascular tissues of tomato plants and trigger PAL and LOX expression prior to pathogen infection
良質水稻的健康管理
No full text作物健康管理的基本理念是以環境友善型生產管理概念，為生產安全良好農產品的方法。本研究以水稻為試驗材料，施已插秧密度為30×24 cm，比傳統的密度30×16 cm為疏，肥料的總量應用在各個生長階段，健康管理田比對照田減少15%。結果顯示，在健康管理中稻熱病可減少12%的感染，雖然稻穀產量降低19.7%、但米粒外觀較白且透明約提高12%、及食味品質增加3%。綜合而論，健康管理模式以培育健全秧苗、寬行寬植及適當肥量營造通風的植株群落環境，因此農藥及肥料施用少1~2次，總支出成本因而減少32.1%，且此生產模式可減少環境污染，是一種環境友善型的生產管理。
Crop healthy management (CHM) is based on integrated management of environment-friendly method to product safe and good quality foods. Rice is a major staple food in the world as well as in Taiwan. At transplanting, plant density was adjusted to 30 x 24 cm from the conventional density of 30 x 16 cm. Total amount of fertilizers was decreased 15% from the control field. The results showed that infection of blast was reduced by 12% and the eating quality of rice was increased by 3%, although the yield was decreased by 19.7%. In conclusion, the developed health management may create a better ventilation environment through using the healthy seedlings, wider planting space, and appropriate amount of fertilizer. The management system had less pesticide and fertilizer application, then the net input was reduced by 32.1%. The present results suggested that the developed system has potential to be beneficial for both environment and farmers income